...As America entered the twentieth century, it was a nation transformed by immigration, industrialization, and urbanization. As the nation abandoned its agricultural past and embraced its factory-driven future, tremendous tensions gripped its society. These challenges led in part to the rise of the progressive movement, which sought to strengthen the American economy and political structure. The progressives were successful to a great extent in improving urban life and eliminating much of the political corruption which plagued the nation. An important area of reform was urban living conditions. Cities were constantly growing due to the increasing availability of jobs. This led to a need of lots of housing, quickly. It was built cheaply and most areas in the city turned into tenements and slums where crime went unpunished. Many families were crammed into the small buildings, most of which were unsanitary. Thus, disease quickly spread. However, the industrial revolution the nation experienced around the early 1900s led to improved city housing. This is because of the new technology that let richer people move farther out of the city and ride back in on the new automobiles and trolley systems. Since the wealthy moved out, a larger amount of poorer people could move in. Although there were no great reform movements due to the changing technology urbanization underwent a major reform. Another key area of reform was the Government reform. Laissez-faire capitalism overtook the nation...
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...other alternatives previously? * Do we have the relevant institutional environment in place?: private property rights protection, rule-of-law, hard budget constraints, competition and regulation * Is privatisation a short run or long run solution? Debts are paid off but the loss of revenue streams for the future is a major risk… * De-centralization of PSE’s activities and responsibilities to local institutions and grass-root organizations can reduce inefficiency and mismanagement associated with central government. This diminishes the dominance government and private agencies would have over the wider society in developing countries. * Resistance to privatisation, by society, due to hike in prices. * Would you really get an increase in revenue if you cut out the working class? Would the middle & upper classes begin to utilize the services? * If government privatizes in any industry that is invaluable (transport board, hospital etc.) with few competitors, the rise in their prices would cause other competitors to raise their prices as well, thereby further hurting the consumers. * Before considering privatising public sector enterprises, efforts should be made to improve their performance level via managerial and efficiency reforms. In its true form, this is a rarely attempted alternative (Whitfield, 1992: 4). * Public sector reform should seek to change the structure, culture and attitude of the entire sector, brought about by implementing a...
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...purpose of the Programme was twofold; first, and many would argue very much foremost, to re-capitalise and restructure the banking sector. Second, €50 billion of the Programme’s total €85 billion loan was to cover “Safeguarding Public Finances” (Department of Finance Ireland, 2010). In return for the €85 billion facility the Troika demanded austerity measures and reforms that would ensure a sustainable economy within the European Growth and Stability fiscal guidelines by 2015 (and later extended to 2016). The achieve the 3% spending deficit required under these guidelines, the Irish government was obliged to implement a series of budgets with €15 billion of spending cuts over the next 4 years and implement a budget correction of 9%. Public Service employee numbers, their pay and their pensions were to be reduced (Department of Finance Ireland, 2010). The cuts were to be front-loaded with an almost €6 billion adjustment to be taken in 2011. While much was made of the Troika imposing the...
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...Roclantic must prove that Benes copied constituent elements of the work that are original. Feist, 499 U.S. at 361. Under the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit Jurisdiction, a plaintiff must either prove that the defendant copied elements directly or plaintiff “may create a presumption of copying by indirect evidence” establishing (1) defendant had access to the copyrighted work and (2) defendant's work is substantially similar to protected material. Universal Furniture Int'l, Inc. v. Collezione Europa USA, Inc., 618 F.3d 417, 435 (4th Cir. 2010). RocLantic currently has no evidence to show directly that Benes copied “Empire State of Mind,” but they will be able to show a presumption of copying through evidence that Benes had access to the lyrics and that her lyrics in “Shenandoa State of Mind” are substantially similar to “Empire State of Mind.” (1) Access The first element necessary to prove copying by indirect evidence is access. Universal, 618 F.3d at 435. Access, in the Fourth Circuit of the United States Court of Appeals, is the mere opportunity to view a copyrighted work and a substantial similarity to the copyrighted work in the work produced. Bouchat v. Baltimore Ravens, Inc., 241 F.3d 350, 354-55 (4th Cir. 2000). A plaintiff need not show defendant saw the copyrighted work; just that plaintiff had reasonable opportunity to view the work. Id. at 354. In Bouchat, the plaintiff faxed potential designs for a new National Football Team’s logo to the manager...
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...The term ‘rural development’ has for ages been used by policy makers and development planners. However, there are no universally accepted approaches to rural development since what constitutes rural development seems to vary from one society to another and from time to time. In the paste three decades (as some scholars put it), rural development was viewed from a narrow perspective in that it was taken as synonymous with agricultural development and, hence, focused on increasing agricultural production. This focus seems to have been driven primarily by the interests of industrialization to take out surpluses from the agriculture sector to strengthen industrialization. With the focus on increasing agricultural production, the main objective of most developing nations was just to promote smallholder agriculture. Over time, the smallholder agriculture-centric concept of rural development underwent significant changes. Rural development was no longer viewed from a narrow point of view as it was the case in previous decades. On the contrary, rural development later began to be perceived as a multidimensional and complex concept that should be viewed from several angles. As a result of its multidimensional nature, the concept of rural development later began to focuses not only on agriculture, but also encompasses the development of other allied activities such as village and small house industries, crafts work, socio-economic infrastructure, community services and facilities and...
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...EFFECT OF ROTATING SAVINGS AND CREDIT ASSOCIATIONS ON ECONOMIC WELLBEING OF RURAL WOMEN IN ANAMBRA STATE Abstract This study examines the effect of rotating savings and credit associations on economic wellbeing of rural women, particularly in Anambra State, Nigeria using an econometric multiple regression model of the Odinary Least Square (OLS). Findings revealed that credit/ loan services, training and advice on investment services and capital formation (savings) services through rotating savings and credit associations significantly influence the economic wellbeing of the rural women in Anambra state, Nigeria. Based on the findings, the study recommends that rotating savings and credit associations should be encouraged among rural women because...
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...billion people living in developing countries and emerging economies do not have access to financial services such as credit, savings and insurance. Formal financial intermediaries, such as commercial banks, usually refuse to serve poor households and micro-enterprises because of the high cost of small transactions, lack of traditional collateral, lack of basic requirements for financing and geographic isolation. By doing so, these institutions ignore the enormous potential in talents and entrepreneurship of this stratum of society. Providing access to financial services will stimulate the independence and self-development of poor households and micro-entrepreneurs. This will help not only to improve poor people’s economic condition, but also to provide a way to maintain or improve their quality of life in the face of uncertainty. Moreover, gaining access to financial services is a critical step in connecting the poor to a broader economic life and in building the confidence for them to play a role in the larger community. Some of this slowdown can be blamed on events elsewhere. Europe’s pain, for example, has spread far beyond its immediate neighbors. The European Union remains the biggest foreign market for many emerging economies, buying about 19% of China’s exports and 22% of South Africa’s. By increasing access to financial services for the poor segments of society, the financial sector can play an important role in alleviating poverty in developing countries. To achieve sustainable...
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...THESIS STATEMENT: Rural poverty as an economic woe; eliminating poverty through agriculture and natural resource management, women empowerment, rural infrastructure and education. In Ghana, poverty is primarily rural, with the northern regions recording the highest incidence of poverty in the country (GSS, 2007). Low agriculture productivity, undeveloped markets and lack of gainful wage employment opportunities as well as restrictive access of the less endowed to productive resources have been identified as the major causes of poverty. Governmental policies hardly favour rural areas, leading to rural-urban migration. The number of job opportunities in these poor remote areas is limited and therefore, standard of living in rural areas is generally low. Farming activities which is taunted as the backbone of the economy is left to the old-aged to pursue since the youth sees farming as an activity for people who ‘have nothing to do’. Rural poverty as an economic woe; eliminating poverty through agriculture and natural resource management, women empowerment, rural infrastructure and education. According to the FAO (2015), the severity of the natural resource constraints facing the rural poor in Ghana requires that government focus a good number of projects on natural resource management. Many rural areas in Ghana have natural resources that are untapped. The majority of the rural poor are smallholder farmers, who are responsible for most global food production. Helping them to...
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...Richmond Sagoe TOPIC: Eliminating poverty in rural areas in Ghana THESIS STATEMENT: Rural poverty as an economic woe; eliminating poverty through agriculture and natural resource management, women empowerment, rural infrastructure and education. In Ghana, poverty is primarily rural, with the northern regions recording the highest incidence of poverty in the country (GSS, 2007). Low agriculture productivity, undeveloped markets and lack of gainful wage employment opportunities as well as restrictive access of the less endowed to productive resources have been identified as the major causes of poverty. Governmental policies hardly favour rural areas, leading to rural-urban migration. The number of job opportunities in these poor remote areas is limited and therefore, standard of living in rural areas is generally low. Farming activities which is taunted as the backbone of the economy is left to the old-aged to pursue since the youth sees farming as an activity for people who ‘have nothing to do’. Rural poverty as an economic woe; eliminating poverty through agriculture and natural resource management, women empowerment, rural infrastructure and education. According to the FAO (2015), the severity of the natural resource constraints facing the rural poor in Ghana requires that government focus a good number of projects on natural resource management. Many rural areas in Ghana have natural resources that are untapped. The majority of the rural poor are smallholder farmers, who are responsible...
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...contributing to rural policy development. In China the spatial policy framework approach provides the opportunity to deal with uncoordinated and unbalanced regional development. Government is the sole decision maker and often the facts are suppressed by the...
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...A Low-Cost Efficient Wireless Architecture for Rural Network Connectivity 1 Introduction Many rural regions around the world, especially in developing regions, do not have good connectivity solutions which are economically viable. As a result, many of these regions remain disconnected from both the rest of the world and from progress in general. In this proposal, I will describe the design of WiFi-based Rural Extensions (WiRE), a new wireless network architecture that can provide connectivity to rural regions at extremely low costs. The WiRE architecture is tailored for the typical rural landscape in several developing regions, in which the population is spread across small but scattered rural regions (less than 1-2 sq kms) within 100-200 kms of the city. WiRE is designed to be a wireless distribution network that extends connectivity from the city to each village. The WiRE architecture has largely been inspired by my prior work on WiFi-based Long Distance (WiLD) Networks [42, 62, 35, 54, 64, 34], a low cost point-to-point network connectivity solution that provides very high bandwidth (typically 6− 10 Mbps) over very long-distances. While prior work on WiLD networks [48, 5, 42, 62, 35] has made significant progress in the design of highperformance MAC layer solutions, we still lack a vision of how to design a comprehensive, low-cost, rural connectivity architecture that can efficiently support a wide-range of applications. It is this goal that I wish to achieve...
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...The accessibility of health services is often cited as a critical determinant of health-care choice in developing world (Timyan, Brechin, Measham & Ogunleye 1993). Several research findings concluded that the association of distance of health institution with utilization of maternal and child health services is negative, as distance increases the level of utilization decreases. Factors such as scarcity of vehicles and poor road condition, high transportation charges etc. limit the accessibility to the health services. A study in rural Tanzania, for example, found that 84 per cent of women who gave birth at home intended to deliver at a health facility but did not due to distance and lack of transportation (Bicego et al. 1997). A number studies...
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...Management in Developing Countries INSEAD P4 Assignment MICROFINANCE in INDONESIA By Dewi BRAMONO Ming CHUNG Yoonmi EOM Kevin LAM Yenn Khan Executive Summary • • Microfinance in Indonesia can be traced back to more than a century ago, where village credit organizations (BKDs) offered small loans to villagers. Today, BRI unit desa of Indonesia is one of the most successful and profitable microfinance institutions in the world with more than 3.1 million borrowers with a gross loan portfolio of more than USD 1.7b as of Dec 2003. Indonesia’s successful experience in microfinance is further shown during the hard-hitting Asian Financial Crisis in 1997 to 1998. At a time when commercial banks were collapsing, savings in microfinance institutions rose from IDR 8 trillion in 1997 to about IDR16 trillion in 1998, as depositors sought the stability of these institutions. There are however some outstanding issues: o Inadequate outreach to the rural community o Politics impact the microfinance efforts negatively o Lack of awareness of microfinance among stakeholders o Microfinance may not be the answer for the poorest of the poor. Recommendations include: o Greater co-ordination required with the NGOs to target the poorest of poor, especially in the rural areas(through aid, training and provision of the infrastructure) o Increase the awareness of the benefits of microfinance, and to educate stakeholders accordingly. • • • Page 1 of 12 Economics and Management in Developing Countries...
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...Title: “The Role of Health Promotion in Reducing/Eradicating Non-Income Poverty amongst the Rural Population in Developing Countries” Introduction Health and Poverty are emerging global issues at the front of development debates, discussions and initiatives. The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) (UNDP, 2013), brings to the global agenda an urging need that deserves proactive global attention if lives will be saved. Non income poverty happens when people may have a little bit of money but otherwise the quality of their life is not good. They do not have access to affordable social and physical services like schooling, health care, medications, safe water, good sanitation, good transport etc., and they may not feel safe in their homes either because they cannot trust the authorities or because they belong to some particularly vulnerable group The first MDG goal directly stresses out the significance of poverty while goals 4, 5 & 6 relate to health. The rest focus more on the socio-environmental, economic and political issues that largely determine the population’s ill-health and wellbeing. Hence it is inevitable that poverty and health are globalised issues with greater local impacts that both must be addressed well using integrated approaches if quality health outcomes need to be achieved. The concept of health promotion in particular provides the overarching framework to practically address health inequalities and inequities that are determined by the broader...
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...SUMMARY OF RESULTS OF THE SURVEY Franco Viciani Kostas G. Stamoulis Alberto Zezza Franco Viciani nd Alberto Zezza are consultants, and Kostas G. Stamoulis is a Senior Economist, Agriculture and Economic Development Analysis Division (ESA), FAO, Rome. | 1. Introduction 2. Poverty, Inequality and Food Insecurity 3. Policy Reforms Affecting Agriculture and Rural Development, and Changes in the Role of the State 4. Globalization and International Trade Liberalization 5. Increasing Agricultural Production: Sustainability and Technology Changes 1. INTRODUCTION The first step in the CUREMIS exercise was a survey conducted among all the regional and sub-regional policy officers and outposted staff of the Economic and Social Department of FAO. The survey was based on a questionnaire which was distributed to them and was structured around "major trends affecting food, agriculture and rural development" as identified in the process of preparing the FAO Strategic Framework, namely: * changes in the role and functions of the state and implication for food, agriculture and rural development * trade liberalization, globalization and increased reliance on regional blocks * persistence of poverty, mounting inequality, food insecurity and continuing risks of emergencies * population growth, urbanization and related changes in demand on agriculture; increasing pressure on natural resources and the environment * research and technology development and inequality...
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