...AVILA Master of Science in Information Technology College of Computer Studies April 2014 TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT 5 CHAPTER 1 1.0 INTRODUCTION 6 CHAPTER 2 2.0 OVERVIEW OF LITERATURE 8 2.1 CYBERCRIME 9 2.2 THEORIES OF CRIME 2.2.1 CRIMINOLOGICAL THEORIES 10 2.2.2 PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORIES 12 2.3 TYPES OF CRIME 14 2.3 CAUSES CYBERCRIME 19 2.4 CYBERCRIME PREVENTION 22 CHAPTER 3 3.0 ANALYSIS CYBERCRIME CASES 26 SUMMARY OF CYBERCRIME CASES 38 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 43 REFERENCES 44 ABSTRACT The 21st century has brought about certain influences in the lives of everyone including the way we do business transactions, the way we gain education and the way we communicate; these influences are mostly revolutionized through the use of modern day technology and though these technologies have been proven to be beneficial to the entire society, it also carries with it aspects that can be worrying for everyone. Certain professionals in the said field use their expertise to illegally develop ways on how to take advantage of others with of course the use of technology hence cybercrime. This study aims to provide an overview of the said topic and depict real life incidents with major companies and also discuss ways of avoiding them. CHAPTER 1 1.0 INTRODUCTION At early times the word computer was first conceived...
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...The Malware Lifecycle The advancement of technology and the proliferation in the use of the Internet, which offers a variety of products and services to users, provide a pathway to solicit user’s information that can result in identity theft and compromising of sensitive information has increased in the last decade. Cybercrimes have evolved and intensified as hackers develop and supply exploits that can be used as tools for stealing valuable information from financial institution such as banks. Motivations and Evolution Since the evolution of hacking, the skills and creativity of hackers have matured and the motivation behind hacking has been revolutionized from the origins to its current form. Oriyano & Gregg (2011) opines that in the 1960’s, the first generation of hackers that emerged were technology enthusiasts who created the building blocks for technological advancement. These hackers were motivated by intellectual curiosity and entertainment (Oriyano & Gregg, 2011). However, Oriyano & Gregg (2011) argues that the negative connotations that society identifies hackers began in the 1980’s in which they became computer criminals. Hacker’s activities were predominantly theft of services motivated by financial gains or personal gratification (Oriyano & Gregg, 2011). Subsequently, numerous hackers did not seem satisfied with the benign exploration of computer systems simply to learn about their internal operations as the hackers were now interested in individual gains...
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...Russian Patriotic Hacking During Operation Allied Force Introduction. With the increasing number of cyberattacks, many security professionals are greatly troubled by the real threat to the information technology infrastructure in the United States. While safeguarding information has been a major issue for the private and public sectors since the beginning of the computer era, the increased level of concern over the most recent attacks has resulted in devoting more resources to combat this threat. This paper analyzes numerous cyberattacks by Russian computer enthusiast group Chaos Hackers Crew and other hacktivists during Operation Allied Force in 1999, that included taking down and defacing various NATO and US Government websites, several successful virus propagation attempts on military servers and countless spamming storms. This particular case raises curious questions about the legal definition of term cyberconflict itself, magnitude of the damage from a potential cyberattack on U.S. Government by terrorists and the level of preparedness of key military and intelligence units for the cyberwar. The cyberterrorism threat is real, however it’s essential to recognize that preserving the state of continuous distress over computer vulnerabilities can be profitable. Based on this research, cultural differences play a huge role in the world of computer hackers who decide what entity to attack and how, also the scale of a cyberattack doesn’t matter as economic damage can be devastating...
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...ABSTRACT This paper gives an outline of the developing cybercrime issue and surveys two criminological speculations that have been connected to the investigation of cybercrime and cybercrime exploitation. Enactment which characterizes cybercrimes. Also gives the lawful base to arraigning such wrongdoings has been produced at both the government and state level. Numerous government law requirement orgs have offices that endeavor to battle a wide scope of PC unlawful acts from PC interruptions to licensed innovation burglary. This paper additionally surveys different meanings of cybercrimes and orders these unlawful acts into three general classes. It then goes ahead to analyze the current level of cybercrime exploitation for both organizations and people in internationally. Digital exploitation has influenced numerous people and organizations in the very states and this issue appears to have expanded as the utilization of PCs and the web expanded in the course of the most recent decade. In the wake of investigating the current level of cybercrime internationally in this paper inspects the use of restraint and routine movement hypothesis to the investigation of cybercrime. Both of these hypotheses can be connected to the investigation of PC wrongdoing and exploitation. We also going to take interview with some IT experts of software and network companies based on cybercrimes. At long last this paper closes with a few proposals for territories of future exploration. ...
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...PWR Session 6A Eli Task Template |Claim |Source 1 Forbes |Source 2 Economist |Source 3 Nytimes |Trends Observed | |1 |“while today’s complex digital world requires |“Data breaches are becoming ever bigger and more |“CryptoWall has primarily affected Windows |Rising trend of data infiltration by hackers, | | |secure end-to-end communications, where traffic |common. Last year over 800m records were lost, |computers and Android cellphones so far, there is|across all different technological devices | | |might cross many intermediate nodes – all of |mainly through such attacks “ |no technological barrier that prevents the virus | | | |which become weak points ripe for MiM attacks.” | |from infiltrating Macs like mine.” | | |2 |“Dispersive’s approach clearly makes MiM attacks |“ A need to provide incentives to improve |“ Keep our computers backed up on an independent |Better security infrastructure will lead to | | |quite difficult, and sometimes increased |cyber-security, be they carrots or sticks. One |drive or by using a cloud backup service like ...
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...Hacking, a term where someone will be think that it is bad, not good and only think of negativity of that term. This term give several meaning to several people’s understanding and knowledge. First, hacking for computer security, and then hacking for hobbyist and last hacking for programmer subculture. There is the different meaning of hacking based on people understanding but there is also one similarity of all this three meaning, finding out weaknesses in a computer or computer network and exploiting them. The early hacker based on the internet article, wrote by Robert Trigaux, for St. Petersburg Times in 2000, this hacker is in early 1970, John Draper who hack the phone system by blowing a precise tone to ask the system to open the line for long-distance call for free. Nowadays, the internet has become the primary medium to perform business transaction and store the important data. Internet also is a primary medium for hacker to do their job. In a modern ways to make all thing easier, all the of a person can be find in internet nowadays, that make the term privacy is no more important to someone[1]. By using this medium also, a hacker can get an IP of a computer, and can breaking the computer system either to upload or download something from it. In the next paragraph will elaborate more on purpose of hacking, the effect of hacking and the way to prevent hacking. The purposes of hacking that are happen on internet or networking system in entire world today is to steal...
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...qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmrtyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmrtyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmrtyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmrtyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwer...
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...websites, personal computers, private mailing addresses, various private and public networks and highly sophisticated instruments that are controlled through the use of internet. Web attacks will be launched by an individual or a group of people who are highly knowledgeable about the use of internet and the online security system. In some cases web attacks are launched simply to fulfill petty interests such as to hack into someone’s personal information, credit card information etc. While in some cases more serious agendas work as major catalysts that leads to more sophisticated web attacks which may take place in a domestic or even international level. For instance, in several occasions, Chinese and North Korean hackers were accused of hacking into U.S. government websites to steal sensitive information. And thus the concept of “cyber war” made its debut. The emergence of World Wide Web has started a revolution throughout the globe as far as information technology (IT) is taken under consideration. The use of internet has left significant impact on our personal, social, national and global orientation. As a part of the process, the United States government has also taken steps to make a strong presence in the online world through the launch of various government websites. These government websites work as the representatives of the U.S. government in the online world to millions of domestic and international users. In the United States, as recorded last June 2011, there are...
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...Developments in Hacking, Cybercrime, and Malware The major threats that were outlined in the Symantec Security Report were mostly occurring in the United States. This was due to a weakness in the Internet Explorer. Attackers used a Web-Based attack exploited in the Internet Explorer 7 uninitialized Memory Code Execution Vulnerability accounting for 6 percent of the total. This vulnerability was published on February 10, 2009. The second most widely exploited attack was the downloading of a suspicious PDF file. Attackers tried to aim this one towards people trying to get information on the H1N1 virus, since this was the latest news that most consumers wanted information about. The attack exploited vulnerabilities in Foxit Reader. These two types of vulnerabilities took up 79% of the threats aimed at financial institutions. Threats are separated into different types of categories for example; Allowing for remote access, exporting email addresses, and exporting system data). Separating the threats into different categories helps with securing against cyber criminals. The importance of identifying these threats is to combat against them. By observing the malicious activity by region helps different companies prepare for what type of threats are most likely to be used against their systems. For example if there are threats about a PDF document that may contain code to execute a bot that will take all of your contacts and forward them to the Malicious user, you would want to prevent...
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...| | | | 1. 안전한 전자정부를 위한 법제도 E-signatures Legislation passed in the U.S., Canada, U.K., E.U., Australia, New Zealand, and most nations around the world establishes the legality of e-signatures. Documents signed online with legally compliant e-signature software are as valid and binding as traditional pen-and-paper documents. E-signatures have been upheld in numerous court cases and, in many situations, prove to be more defensible than pen signatures. This legal strength is due to the robust authentication data captured by online signature software, which provides digital evidence of who signed a document, as well as when, where, and how they did it. Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act (U.S) The E-SIGN Act, passed by Congress in June, 2000, is the premier federal law ensuring the legality of documents executed with e-signatures in the United States. The E-SIGN Act states that contracts with electronic signatures may not be denied legal effect or ruled unenforceable because they were created digitally. Uniform Electronic Transactions Act (U.S.) The National Conference of Commissioners of Uniform State Laws developed the UETA in order to bring consistency to potentially varying state laws regarding e-signatures and online document execution. Now adopted by 47 states thus far, the UETA works in unison with the federal E-SIGN Act to protect the legal enforceability of electronic contracts. Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents...
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...Analysis of media reporting of crime Research methods Dissemination of findings • Reports, books, articles, conference papers, roundtables, online, media Cyber crime concepts Organised Crime e.g. OMCGs Identity Crime Cyber Crime e.g. off-line crimes e.g. ID theft Internet Crime e.g. Offensive Content Phishing Financial Crime e.g. Home renovation scams A chronology of cyber crime Cloud computing risks 2009 Wireless vulnerabilities 2007 M-commerce attacks 2006 Phishing 2002 Cyberstalking 1998 Cyberterrorism attacks 1997 Spam 1995 Identity crime 1995 Online piracy 1995 Botnets 1993 Child exploitation1990 ATM fraud 1985 Funds transfer fraud 1985 Extortion 1980 Denial of service 1980 Creeper virus 1971 Computer hacking 1970 Telemarketing scams 1965 Phreaking 1961 Organised...
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...E-SECURITY REVIEW 2008 Submission from Microsoft Australia Introduction Microsoft Australia welcomes the opportunity to participate through this Submission in the Whole-of Government Review of E-Security. A periodic review of the E-Security framework, in light of the quickly evolving threat landscape, is both timely and appropriate. Over the last thirty years there have been dramatic advances in information technology - the development of the microprocessor, the rise of the personal computer, the emergence of the Internet - which have revolutionised the way information is created, stored, shared, and used. Today, powerful, affordable and diverse devices, together with expanding broadband networks, create a powerful opportunity for connectivity for individuals and communities. Over the past two decades, rapid advances in software, IT services, and communications have enabled many traditionally separate and disparate infrastructures and business operations to become more connected. Through this connectivity virtually every aspect of society has experienced a transformation. Businesses and governments have been able to manage and streamline their operations. Individuals have been offered ready access to multiple sources of information thereby expanding knowledge and choice. Across every field of endeavour – commercial, social, scientific and philanthropic – the power of information has been increased and the transaction costs of engagement have been lowered. Our broad reliance...
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...Ethics in Cyberspace: Have We Seen This Movie Before? DR. THOMAS DONALDSON Monday, February 5, 2001 Wilder Pavilion, Adamian Academic Center Bentley College Waltham, Massachusetts Presenters Njeru Salesio Kinyua: Nduati Paul Njaaga: Toroitich Patrick Kiplimo: Lemuel Mangla: Bryan Egessa: 046485 015118 049063 090716 090524 Introduction Dr. Donaldson begins by stating that his topic, ethics in cyberspace, should be approached with considerable humility. Internet has dramatically affected our lives while frustrating our attempts to understand it and therefore we should be mindful that in the past, great intellects have been undone by the appearance of new phenomena. He gives an example of Adam Smith’s where he devoted only one paragraph to the topic of the emerging phenomenon of the business corporation. He did so because he believed corporations were never going to amount to much. Professor Smith was profoundly wrong. Dr. Donaldson says he may be profoundly wrong also as he ventures into cyberspace to untangle its ethical implications. “In my attempt I am most concerned to separate the old from the new, that is, to discern which value changes we're encountering are really old stuff, like a movie we've seen before but with a different cast, and what is fundamentally new. “ An answer to this question should help us, in turn, to discover how, if at all, the internet promises to change our values and what ethical controversies...
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...An Examination of Cybercrime and Cybercrime Research: Self-control and Routine Activity Theory Katherine M. Grzybowski Arizona State University 1 March 2012 Cybercrime 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. ABSTRACT .....................................................................................................3 2. INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................4 3. A REVIEW OF CYBERCRIME ...................................................................6 3.1 Cybercrime Legislation ............................................................................7 3.1.1 Federal Laws .................................................................................7 3.1.2 State Laws ......................................................................................9 3.2 Cybercrime Law Enforcement Agencies ................................................11 3.3 Classifying Cybercrime ............................................................................16 3.4 National Levels of Cybercrime ................................................................19 3.4.1 Business Cyber Victimization ......................................................20 3.4.2 Individual Cyber Victimization ...................................................22 4. A REVIEW OF THEORIES..........................................................................26 4.1 Self-control Theory ....................................
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...help from many of my colleagues and friends in the field, I have endeavored to compile a comprehensive blog about starting an InfoSec career. This is a very lengthy blog broken into sections that may help people as parts or as a whole. We want you to succeed in our field. As always, please feel free to ask questions or leave comments / gripes / suggestions. Chapter 1: The Fundamentals Unfortunately, for all the interminable hacking tool tutorials and security guides floating around the internet, many InfoSec job candidates haven’t grasped two fundamental concepts: * To hack something (or defend it from hacking), you must have a solid understanding of how that thing works. And, * InfoSec is not a career that can be put in a box once you go home from work or school. You must be passionate enough about the field to be continually learning and aware of quickly changing current events. If you want a career that you can forget about once you go home at 5:00 PM, InfoSec is probably not the right choice. The really intriguing thing about InfoSec and hacking in general is how they draw heavily from knowledge of all sorts of IT subjects. It’s difficult to understand attacks,...
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