...From behaviorism to constructivism: the cognitive-behavioural approach to counselling (136 in book)Page 34 (in jotter) Behavioral alteration is an approach that takes as its beginning stage the Skinnerian thought that any circumstance or because of any boost the individual accessible a collection of conceivable reactions to any jolt, and discharges the conduct that is strengthened or compensated. This standard is known as 'operant condition' e.g. on being posed a question by somebody , there are numerous conceivable methods for reacting. The individual can address the inquiry, overlook the inquiry or they can flee. Skinner(1953) contended that the reaction which is overlooked is the particular case that has been most much of the time fortified previously. So for this situation most individuals will address an inquiry in light of the fact that in the past this conduct has brought about fortifications, for example, consideration or applause from the examiner or material prizes. In the event that, the individual has been raised in a family in which noting inquiries prompts physical ill-use and fleeing prompts wellbeing then their conduct will reflect this past support history.. They will run off. Connected to people with behavioral issues, these thoughts propose that it is useful to remunerate or strengthen coveted or fitting conduct and disregard unseemly conduct. On the off chance that a reaction or conduct is not remunerated it will as per Skinner, under go a procedure...
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...Ruminative thinking has been found to be one of the most common symptoms in patients suffering from unipolar depression due to their tendency to reflect upon themselves negatively. In this essay, the manner in which this thinking pattern has been found to worsen patients’ depressed condition is further investigated. Subsequently, a large part of it will explore research on two forms of treatment that have been tested for its work with depressive rumination, specifically, metacognitive therapy, which seeks to removing patients’ Cognitive Attentional Syndrome and alter their metacognitive beliefs, and rumination-focused cognitive behaviour therapy, that aims to help reduce maladaptive ruminative styles and helping patients adopt a more concrete, process-driven and specific style of thinking instead. Finally, a potential avenue for treating depressed patients’ ruminative thinking patterns, imagery is investigated further. Key words: rumination, unipolar depression, metacognitive therapy, cognitive behaviour therapy, imagery restructuring, treatment. Depression is a highly common illness, with the World Health Organization (WHO) estimating that, as of 2012, 350 million people are afflicted by it worldwide (World Health Organization, 2012). There are many different subtypes of this illness, one of which is unipolar depression. Also known as major depressive disorder, unipolar depression is one of the more easily recognised mood disorders where, for most cases, individuals suffer a recurrence...
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...1. Introduction This paper provides a brief overview of evidence based psychological treatments for anxiety disorders. It addresses the following questions: • How common are anxiety disorders? • What psychological treatments have empirical support? • What recovery rates can be achieved with these treatments? • How enduring are their effects? • Is there value in combining psychological treatments with medication? Psychological treatments can be delivered in a variety of formats. This paper restricts itself to the traditional, and most extensively researched, format of face-to-face contact with a fully qualified therapist. For most anxiety disorders the therapy sessions are once weekly for 60-90 minutes spread over a period of 8-20 weeks, with homework assignments in between. However, in specific phobias, the strongest outcomes have been obtained with a single, long (3-5 hour) session with a therapist, followed by a briefer follow-up session a week or so later. 2. How common are anxiety disorders? The most recent British Psychiatric Morbidity Survey1 estimates that 16.4% of the population have a diagnosable anxiety and/or depressive disorder. The diagnostic system that was used in the survey (ICD-10) is different from the diagnostic system (DSM-IV) that has been used in most trials of psychological treatments. For this reason, it is difficult to be precise about the number of individuals in the UK who have anxiety disorders for which there...
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...Running head: WORD SEARCH PAPER Word Search Research Paper COUN 711, Clinical Diagnosis Drugs and Alcohol Liberty University Abstract This document will explicitly explore the Reality therapy techniques and incorporate it into a new therapeutic technique called The Old Heart Replacement Intervention Therapy (OHRIT) to life’s issues. The goal of this document is to introduce the foundation of The Old Heart Replacement Intervention Therapy. Requires an individual to replace their old way of think and perceiving situations. One of the major emphases of the treatment plan is cognitive intervention and problem solving to get his life back on track. The focus of this document is to explain the purpose and intent of OHRIT, which is a combination of changing irrational perspective and soul care. The Biblical Word Search Condition of the Old Heart Every living human being will either be hurt or they have been hurt during the course of their life. By “hurt” I mean actions, words, tragedies, divorce, death, and attitudes that are intentional or unintentional, visible or invisible, hands-on or hands-off, other-perpetrated or self-inflicted, and barely survivable to hardly noticeable (Wilson, 2001). When a person is hurt it is difficult for that him or her to think clearly, to acknowledge the positive, or simply want to live another day. When a person encounters a crisis more than likely they are not prepared to handle the situation rationally...
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...the past 10 years there's been a growing movement towards diverse treatments for schizophrenia other than the acknowledged role of medication as a treatment modality (Birchwood and Tarrier 1993). Developments in psychological theory have led to a number of innovative psychological treatments drawn from human experimental psychology such as behavioural and social psychology and cognitive science. Therapies based on cognitive behavioural theory have been rapidly developing, initially for the so called ‘neurotic disorders’ but in recent years evidence has accumulated to suggest that these cognitive behavioural approaches can be effective for those people suffering from psychosis ( Williams 1995). The aim of this assignment is to explore the basis of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy and review its’ therapeutic application to schizophrenia. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT) is an evolutionary paradigm that came about a from the merging of the established paradigm of behavioural therapy and contemporary cognitive therapy (Clarke and Fairburn 1997). Behavioural therapy historically focused on anxiety, phobic and obsessional disorders. Treatments were aligned to the learning theories of Pavlov and Skinner, anxieties and phobias were conceptualise to be conditioned fear responses, passively acquired and elicited by conditioned stimulii (Clarke and Fairburn 1997). A variety of techniques were employed to enable the client to ‘unlearn’ these acquired behaviours. These...
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...Cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) is a psychotherapeutic approach based on the notion that cognition, emotions, and behaviors work together in such a way that they have a common cause and effect relationship. CBT conceptualizes the idea that many of the client’s problems are created by the client’s way of interpreting events and situations. Clients contribute to their own specific issues and difficulties by the way they perceive different events and situations in their lives. The following are attributes that can be found in CBT: 1) there is a collaborative relationship between the therapist and the client, 2) the idea that mental health difficulties are a result of disturbances in the cognitive process, 3) a focus to change cognitions in order to change behaviors, and 4) time-limited and educational treatments that focus on specific target problems. The main objective of the therapeutic process is to minimize emotional disturbances and negative behaviors by attaining a more realistic philosophy of life. CBT therapists focus on teaching the client, skills which allow the client to apply logical thinking to problem solving and emotional change. During the therapeutic process the therapist might do the following: • Encourage the client to discover irrational ideas that affect their behavior. • Challenge the client to validate their ideas. • Show the client their illogical thinking process. • Explain how negative ideas can be replaced with a more rational thinking...
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...people figure out what to do about depression, chemicals in your cerebrum thought to be part of temperament regulation. Despite the prescription taken, it will most likely take about four to six weeks before you feel any impacts, if any, and you might need to attempt more than one pep pill to discover the particular case that works best for you. Never take pep pills without the proposal and supervision of a specialist. Think about psychotherapy, maybe in synthesis with medicine, to help enhance your condition. Psychotherapy intends to help individuals comprehend their disease and advance adapting procedures to better bargain better with normal-scenarios that may emerge and to additionally figure out what to do about depression. Cognitive behavioral treatment is one ubiquitous approach. It means to change the way a patient considers a given scenario or experience and has a track record of victory in patients encountering dejection. Think about psychotherapy in finding a way how to stop depression, maybe in synthesis with medicine, to help enhance your condition. Psychotherapy intends to help individuals comprehend their...
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...GOODMAN JUNE 20TH, 2013 ONLINE THERAPY PAPER BSHA/352 TECHNOLOGY IN HUMAN SERVICES JASON ANDRADE ONLINE THERAPY PAPER INTRODUCATION This paper will discuss conduct and discuss three different online therapy sites. It will discuss the contact of each website, the professional involved, how the actual online interaction occurs. It will address how professional associations and state boards view online therapy. It will discuss the related security and ethical issues, such as informed consent and confident confidentially. Include your opinion of the advantages and disadvantages of online therapy services. The three websites that have been chosen for this assignment are Live Person, My Therapy, and Online-Therapy. ONLINE THERAPY PAPER Online therapy can be beneficial to some but not all. How online counseling works is that the mental health community has come into the new age. As other agencies and organization are now starting to offer web-based services. It has come to the attention to the mental health industry to do the same and it has become quickly growing means of opening communication in what is now a very busy world. Where most busy is conducted and communicated with professional’s online nationwide, through email, Live chat, instead messaging, Skpye, or the internet. It is not recommend that online therapy be should be the only means of therapy, but with traditional therapy it can be very useful. Online therapy can be very affordable, it provides...
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...Building an Ethical Organization Part one Phoebe Edwards HSM/230 Carrie Cooper 5/5/13 Description of the organization: This is a Behavioral Health Center, what services does the organization provide? The Behavioral Health Center services are Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Anger and stress Management, Expressive and Cognitive Therapy, Family Systems Therapy, Brief long- Term Treatment and Couple/Marital Therapy, Evidence Based Treatment, this is just a few. The clientele are people that need the help at Behavioral Health Center and it is a private group outpatient mental health practice. Evaluation and treatment services are provided to individuals, families, courts, businesses, schools, and individuals that are involved in a civil/ criminal proceedings elderly and disabled people living in long care facilities. The evidence based treatments are a treatment methods that have to do with research that will help the clients to improve functioning control symptoms and their develop recovery. And this is a for profit organization. Mission statement: what is the organization‘s mission statement? It is that the Behavioral Health Center’s mission is to provide the highest quality mental health care to the widest range of issues and ages. This will benefit the community by providing needed and timely access to services and treatments. We strive to utilize treatments with the best evidence of effectiveness. We will treat all clients with dignity and respect and hold...
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...Darrell Woodfork BSHS/311- Models of Effective Helping Instructor: Michael Phillips Date: 8/5/2013 Site Visit Essay Paper Site Visit Essay Paper Cognitive behavioral techniques are used during a counseling session in a hospital or office setting by therapist. Although I was unable to do a current Site visit to a human service department of a company to write my report, I do know from my own experience some things pertaining to programs that employ behavioral or genitive intervention and or models. In this paper I will attempt to explore some areas within a cognitive intervention such as: • What population participates in the program? • Who presents the program? • How the effectiveness of the intervention is measured • How do they determine a need for the program? • Do they have plans for other programs that use behavioral models and techniques? • What other models and theories are represented in their programs. As we look into the population of participants, it ranges based on the type of behavior being addressed, intervention and motivation strategies. Last year, when I attended my counseling session, it was held in a group session with different people of all ages. This particular group session addressed issues of anxiety and depression. I quickly learned that many people have issues with anxiety and depression, yet they are hesitant to get counseling to change the behavior. Although...
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...Cognitive Behavioral Programs Phillip J. Torres Saint Leo University CRJ-520 Contemporary Issues Correction Instructor: David Rhinehart September 30, 2013 Abstract Cognitive Behavior Programs are those programs which operate under the concept of Cognitive Behavior Therapy, (CBT) which is centered on the mindset that what a person believes influences the way he or she acts and feels. The previously mentioned principal concept behind CBT is the primary function of the client’s thoughts and feelings in influencing their behavior. The goal of this therapy is to show clients they have the power to control how they take and deal with things according to their respective situation. Cognitive behavior programs designed and implemented according to this concept which supports this theory. The development of evidence-based practices such as cognitive behavior programs have been guided by Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) concepts or principles. These types of programs have been considered to be a viable solution to the rising cost associated with incarceration and increases in recidivism rates (MacKenzie, 2006). Many of the benefits of these programs are that they are designed to promote positive changes in the offender’s behavior attributed to their lack of coping skills, cognitive skills, problem solving, moral development and reasoning (MacKenzie, 2006). One of the other restructuring therapies utilized in these programs include cognitive restructuring (MacKenzie, 2006). Within...
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...Research Paper Invisible Scars Putt, Putt, Boom! The car in front of me backfires and I instinctively swerve to the right to avoid it while jumping 2 feet in my seat. This is my reality and is also the reality of so many of my brothers in arms. We served our great nation in Operation Iraqi Freedom; some of us came home, while others didn’t. For those of us who returned, our inner being had been destroyed by the sights and experiences that we were exposed to during our deployments. We are victims, suffering from wounds that can’t be seen, but by internal wounds that we struggle with on a daily basis. We will never be the same. Many veterans return from war and are unable to adapt to the life they once knew. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is one of the most widely recognized lasting effects of war in service members. PTSD is a mental health condition that’s triggered by a terrifying event or ordeal in which grave physical harm occurred or was threatened (Department of Veterans Affairs). Every day while patrolling roads in Iraq we had to be aware of our surroundings and not become complacent. Improvised explosive devices (IEDs) were one of the most common threats we were exposed to. These bombs were hidden in the ground like landmines, unable to be seen with a naked eye, and could only be detected by using metal detectors, the eye in the sky, or being ran over. On several occasions my men and I were directly hit by an IED causing shrapnel to penetrate through...
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...A Look into Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Rachael S 09/15/2013 PTSD affects 7.7 million American adults, but it can occur at any age (NIMH, PTSD, Who is at risk). The sight of violence and death leaves lasting effects on people. How do you think those people cope with what they saw when the Twin Towers went down? How do people cope with such traumatic experiences? The events that lead to post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) can impact one’s life, fortunately there are ways to treat it. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) develops after a terrifying ordeal that involved physical harm or the threat of physical harm (National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), post-traumatic stress disorder Para 2). It is the consequence of a deeply shocking, threatening, and disturbing experience such as military combat, a serious road accident, sexual or physical abuse, terrorist attack, or natural disasters are all possible causes of the onset of PTSD (MacDonald, 2008). PTSD became a formal diagnosis in 1980 (Lavin, Joanne, page 42). Think about when the Twin Towers went down because of terrorist attack, this had a huge impact on many lives. Many people died or injured that day, and the people that survived the terrorist attack, witnessed bodies burned up by the fire and heard screams of fear and pain. Hurricane Katrina took many lives as well. Katrina caused an abundance of damage like taking and injuring lives, demolishing homes and businesses, flooded the homes that weren’t...
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...vignette will simply be referred to as Steve. I commenced the interaction by introducing myself to the aforementioned client asking him how he would like to be addressed, maintaining appropriate eye contact throughout. We touched upon client confidentiality and discussed my role as his named nurse and how I would be his main point of contact whilst on the unit. Once we had made our introductions I felt it necessary to build trust and rapport by engaging Steve in superficial conversation. I knew Steve was a keen skate boarder and, having some knowledge of this sport, was able to discuss this topic point with him in some detail. This proved very helpful with Steve appearing to relax immediately. I found that the conversation naturally lead on to more personal issues, enabling myself to establish Steve's current concerns. Steve stated that he was finding it very difficult to settle onto the unit as he was finding it very noisy, he then went on and discussed the he felt that he needed to move on and re - establish links with his family and young daughter. We explored the nature of the unit and that his fellow residents were in various stages of recovery and were themselves dealing with varying problems. Reassurance was given by discussing the ethos of the unit and how care was tailored to set around to the individual. I was able to ask Steve to give me a brief outline of events leading to his admission. Steve openly discussed that he had been admitted to hospital from prison...
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...(Sparks, Duncan & Field, 2008). The years prior to psychotherapy’s birth were dominated by psychoanalytic and psychodynamic approaches and its practice was largely restricted to physicians (Miller, Hubble, Chow & Seidel, 2013). Psychotherapy’s arrival was not unnoticed from opposing schools of thought who were quick to question its scientific basis. Traditionally Eysenck (1952) not only challenged psychotherapy’s efficacy but also argued that it was “potentially harmful” (Miller, Hubble, Chow & Seidel, 2013:88). However, supporters of psychotherapy refuted Eysenck’s (1952) view and debate surrounding the fields worth began to accumulate. As a result psychotherapy research for the next few decades would focus on determining whether therapy was effective (House & Loewenthal, 2009). Subsequently, a plethora of studies that demonstrated its efficacy emerged (Smith Miller & Glass, 1980; Lambert & Bergin, 1994; Ahn & Wampold, 2001). So much so, that early studies revealed the treated population fared much better in comparison to their untreated counterparts (Sparks, Duncan & Miller, 2008:1; Asay & Lambert, 1999). The finding that psychotherapy is effective was further supported by “more abstract” mathematical summaries of empirical data (Asay & Lambert, 1999:24) Meta-analysis is just that a mathematical technique that is frequently used to produce estimates of the size of any treatment effects (Asay & Lambert, 1999:24). In applying...
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