...The main diplomatic partners of the People’s Republic of China The United States The first partner of China is undoubtedly the United States of America. However, the relations between these two countries are far from being very simple. There is no denying that China has genuinely been mesmerized by the military and economic power of the USA for a long time. And it is clear that the aim of the Chinese is to fill up this backwardness and even to surpass the American “hyper-puissance”. But in the same time, China is perfectly aware of the necessity to remain on good (and peaceful) terms with the country, which is one of the major actors of the control of the security of the Oriental Asia. Moreover, it is impossible to turn a blind eye to the fact that China largely depends on the American economy. For example, the Chinese foreign trade surplus with the US amounted to 233 billions dollars in 2006 and the currency supplies currently comes to 1000 billions dollars whose the most part is composed of American Treasury Bills. Thus, this economic interdependence allows the two countries to keep good and pacific ties. Nevertheless, the most sensible problem between China and the USA has remained Taiwan for a long time. Since the normalisation of their relations in 1979, Beijing and Washington have agreed with the fact of maintaining a status quo on this burning issue. Actually, this situation is nurtured by a kind of military confrontation, which...
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...China and Taiwan, while in practice maintaining a fragile "status quo" relationship, periodically grow impatient with the diplomatic patchwork that has kept the island separate from the Communist mainland since 1949. After losing the civil war to Communist Chinese and fleeing to Taiwan in 1949, the nationalist Kuomintang (KMT) leaders of the Republic of China regarded the Communist Chinese government as illegitimate, claiming the mainland as rightfully their own. Beijing, in turn, regards Taiwan as a renegade province, and has tried repeatedly to persuade the island to negotiate a return to the fold. The KMT returned to power in 2008 after being in opposition for eight years. During this time President Chen Shui-bian and his Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) had engaged in policy that widely departed from the KMT, invigorating efforts to seek Taiwan's sovereignty. Current President Ma Ying-jeou takes a decidedly more conciliatory approach; shortly after taking office he declared a "diplomatic truce" with China. Since then, Taiwan's relations with the mainland have improved. Share 91 6 ------------------------------------------------- “One China” Principle The two sides sharply disagree on Taiwan's de jure political status. The People's Republic of China asserts that there is only "One China" and Taiwan is an inalienable part of it. Beijing says Taiwan is bound by the consensus reached in 1992 between the representatives of both governments in Hong Kong. Referred to as...
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...countries, especially the United States, its NATO allies, and the communist nations, particularly the Soviet Union and other satellite states. The war began after World War II had got to an end. The Cold War was named so since it did not feature any form of military action. The countries in this war possessed nuclear weapons and any form of war would have led to serious destructions on both divides. The relative calm between these countries was sometimes followed by high tensions, which would have emanated into a war but did not (Gottfried & Reim, 2003). The following essay will look at what the U.S. did during that time, as well as summarize the situation that required U.S. diplomatic efforts during the president’s time in office. In addition, the essay will describe the effect of these diplomatic efforts for the U.S. and other countries as well as assess, in conclusion, the advantages and disadvantages of the particular doctrine that was followed. What the President Did During That Time During the cold war, the president was Ronald Reagan. He, together with members of his administration, came up with a strategy designed to oppose the influence that the Soviet Union had in the world. It came to be referred to as the Reagan Doctrine. This also came to be the showpiece of the United States foreign policy in the early 80s until the Cold war ended in 1991 (Gaddis, 2011). Under this Doctrine, the U.S. government provided what is widely known as “overt and covert aid” to resistant...
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...operation; economically, the diplomatic politics and security of the Asia-Pacific region. The ICBM is North Korea effort a threat capable of serving as a deterrence to United States’ attack on North Korea soil. The North Korea is using the ICBM as a means that could change the US approach to the Korean Peninsula situation. The development ICBM could also be a move to buy time for favorable negotiation. The Hwasong-15 is the newly developed ICBM of North Korea believed to have the capabilities of delivering nuclear bomb on US soil. This could be an indication that North Korea it targeted goal of nuclear production. According to some expert, Kim Jung Un is optimistic that the Hwasong -15 will be a retaliation against any aggression from the US and her allies in the region. Despite United nations and US sanctions and trade restrictions been placed on North Korea, the Kim Jung Un regime remains...
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...world community come into focus in China. Many believe China’s introduction to the world stage commenced in 1972, when it replaced Taiwan as representative in the United Nations. Furthermore when Deng came into Power in 1980 and ended the Cultural Revolution, China was freed from its economic reforms. China’s leaders became convinced that large amounts of capital could be acquired from abroad to speed up the country’s modernization, a change in attitude that elicited an almost frenetic response from foreign bankers and entrepreneurs. Since then China has become a member of the United Nations Security Council, admission to the World Trade organization in 2001; selected to host the 2008 Summer Olympic Games and in 2010 staged a successful Expo Shanghai, which was China’s world exposition that showcased the most technologically advanced metropolises. These were all considered significant steps in Chinas further integration into the global community. Since then Hong Kong and Taiwan have become China’s biggest partners in investment and trade. However Japan, the Unites States, Western Europe, Singapore and Australia have also joined the bandwagon with sizable partnerships with China. The main inhibitor in China’s efforts to participate in the world community is its dispute with Taiwan. Countries establishing diplomatic relations with China are forced to end relations with Taiwan. Since America pledged its support to Taiwan against attack from China in 1950 contentions have run high...
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...companies in the world today. The company was initially set up as a distributor of phone switched before emerging as a comprehensive telecommunication equipment provider supplying network equipment, broadband devices, handsets and convergence devices. Mr. Zen Ren’s training in engineering and the army experience were key in his designing winning strategy that was unique i.e. design original indigenous technology instead of entering into joint venture with established players to the perceived risk of obtaining old or inferior technology and handing advantage to the joint venture partners . The joint venture mechanism was a common approach of most companies at the time desiring to quickly obtain new technologies and establish new production facilities. However, from his analysis this never gave an entrepreneur a chance to grow outside the wings of the partner and in most cases the joint venture partners preferred to bring in old inferior technology to avoid giving the start up a competitive advantage. The most important success factor for the company was the decision to develop complex endogenous technology. The company undertook the following steps to develop world class complex telecommunication technologies and come...
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...or Western donors and China. In contrast to Western donors, China never had a presence as a colonizer in Africa. To the contrary, China played the role of a supporter in the struggle for independence of African countries. This is highlighted by a lot of Africans, particularly in response to Western criticism of China. Some Africans feel that the reactions from the West arise because Westerners fear competition from China. Consequently Western objections to China’s way of dealing with Africa, is not perceived as a result of concern for African countries, but a protection of Western political and economic interests on the African continent. The Chinese emphasize that their engagement with Africa is in fact South-South cooperation, and that it should be beneficial to both China and Africa. Rather than emphasizing its role as a donor to African countries, China considers its engagement to be a mutual benefit, leading to win-win results. Chinese aid is mainly invested in infrastructure such as roads, railways, buildings, monuments etc. This is generally very welcomed in African countries where infrastructure is often seriously underdeveloped. Many of the infrastructure projects are implemented to facilitate trade. Although all of the countries in cooperation with China are receiving some sort of aid, the size and form of the aid inflows vary. China does not disclose how much aid and investment is going into different countries, but media announcements in China give the impression that...
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...Malaysia’s Foreign Policy (DIS 3113) Tun Abdul Razak: Malaysia-China Relationship Normalization Mej Suresh Vijayaratnam TUDM 814114 Mej Razali bin Ahmad Jumali TUDM 8141138 Introduction TUN ABDUL RAZAK’S BIOGRAPHY Tun Abdul Razak was born in Pulau Keladi, Pahang on March 11, 1922 and is the only child to Dato' Hussein bin Mohd Taib and Hajah Teh Fatimah bt Daud. He was a brilliant student and received his early education at the Malay College Kuala Kangsar in 1934. In 1939, Tun Razak joined the Malay Administrative Service. Thereafter in 1940 he was awarded a scholarship to study at Raffles College in Singapore. His studies at the college ceased with the onset of the Second World War. However Tun Razak left for Britain in 1947 to study law with a Malayan Union scholarship at the age of 25. In 1950 he received a Degree of an Utter Barrister from Lincoln's Inn. Tun Razak was a member of the British Labour Party and a prominent student leader of the Kesatuan Melayu Great Britain (Malay Association of Great Britain) during his student days in England. He also shaped the Malayan Forum, an organisation for Malayan students to discuss their country's political issues. Upon his return, he joined the Malayan Civil Service. Tun Razak joined United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) in 1950 he became the youth chief. He worked as the Assistant State Secretary of Pahang and in February 1955 and at a young age of 33 years, Tun Razak became Pahang's Chief Minister. He won...
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...China is one of the most ancient civilizations in the world that recorded about 3,000 years old. It has only in recent historical times become part of the “known world”- that is known to the West. More books had been published in Chinese than in all of the other world’s languages combined in recent time. Yet, even today Chinese literature remains unknown in the West except to specialists. The West was long ignorant of China, and the Chinese state was not inclined to initiate contacts with the West. The isolation and self-contained character of Chinese culture is epitomized by the Great Wall erected by the Chin dynasty, which made China more mysterious and attractive for other countries. Today’s China differed from old China greatly. Today’s...
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...relations between China and countries of the West and Africa have enjoyed a long standing relationship though at different levels. Since the emergence of the People’s Republic of China, China-West and China-Africa relations have advanced continuously, as shall be demonstrated herein by the deepening relations in economic, political and cultural realms. These relations have created a new form of strategic partnerships founded on political equality, economic win-win relations, mutual trust and social-cultural exchanges. Over the last 60 years or so, China-West and China-Africa co-operations, have been based on the principles of equality, sincerity, mutual benefit and international relations development. Particularly, in Africa the co-operations have demonstrated reverence to the will of African countries, deepened relations between African and Chinese businesses and indicated a higher level of sincerity in helping African countries in their development agendas. However, this may not be the case with co-operations between China and the West due to different interest between the two entities, apparently, different from those that are experienced in Africa. Notwithstanding these different interests, a common feature on trade and economic relations have reached remarkable results and the overall effect has enabled growth in business exchanges, widened scope in the relations and essentially yielded benefits to the people of China, West and Africa. The China-West and China-Africa co-operations...
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...The Forum on China Africa Cooperation, or FOCAC for short, is an official forum between Communist China and African states. This forum is very important in as far as china Africa relations are concerned because of a host of reasons. The major reason is that both China and Africa stand to benefit economically from this relationship, as China gets raw materials from the continent, in return largely for concessionary loans and assistance in rehabilitation or construction of infrastructure of various magnitudes. Another area where the importance of FOCAC is seen is China’s political support for the ruling elite in Africa, and diplomatic support for regimes usually under pressure at forums like the United Nations, as in the case of Zimbabwe and other countries accused of various shortcomings. It is clear from this therefore that relations between China and Africa are those of feeding off each other, or principally a relationship of friends in need of each other. However, as shall be seen in this essay, there are also various problems that arise with this FOCAC, not least of which are accusations that China turns a blind eye to human rights violations in Africa as long as it benefits. For the purposes of analysing the issue of relations between Africa and China, the conceptual framework of interdependence shall be pursued. This theory argues that countries relate to each other because there is dependence on each other for various strengths. For instance, China needs African resources...
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...Working Paper Series Number 121 CHINA AND CAMBODIA: PATRON AND CLIENT? John D. Ciorciari June 14, 2013 1 CHINA AND CAMBODIA: PATRON AND CLIENT? By John D. Ciorciari * International Policy Center Working Paper No. 121 Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy, University of Michigan June 14, 2013 Abstract In recent years, Cambodia has become one of China’s closest international partners and diplomatic allies. Cambodia’s recent support for China during multilateral talks on the South China Sea has demonstrated the strength of the partnership and led some critics to depict Cambodia as a Chinese “client state.” This paper examines the extent to which that label is valid. In its ideal form, a patron-client relationship entails an asymmetric exchange of benefits, typically including material support and protection from the stronger state and a degree of deference and political support from its weaker partner. This deference, which reduces the weaker state’s autonomy and often generates political backlash, is what makes governments reluctant to embrace client state status. This paper argues that the Sino-Cambodian relationship has strengthened largely because China has offered Cambodia’s governing elites a favorable bargain, providing extensive economic and political benefits without demanding costly forms of political fealty in return. That has begun to change, however. Cambodia’s governing elites have become more dependent on China, more beholden to Beijing’s policy...
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...impact of RMB, the undervalued Chinese currency. China has been accused of unfairly manipulating its currency exchange rate in order to gain a price advantage in export. While China has benefited from this export trade advantage by artificially defining the value of RMB, it has become even more difficult for U.S. manufacturers to compete with their Chinese rivals. As a result, millions of jobs have disappeared in the U.S., mostly attributed to the U.S. trade deficit with China. It seems that many of those manufacturing positions could still exist without intervention from the Chinese government in the currency market. Backgrounds: The controversy about China’s currency manipulation has long been a subtle yet sensitive argument between Beijing and Washington. Without a market based floating exchange rate, the Chinese Yuan has appreciated approximately 30% beyond the dollar since 2005 (China Daily). In order to keep the value of Chinese Yuan low, the Chinese government has artificially maintained restrictions and controls over capital transactions, and has made large-scale purchases of U.S. dollars by constituting a de facto subsidy for Chinese exports to the U.S. as well as imposing a de facto tariff on imported U.S. goods. Consequentially, this policy has severely harmed several US manufacturing sectors, especially those that have been made to compete against the low-cost Chinese products. The growing trade deficit with China has cost the United States more than 2.8 million...
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...reaction that the country aims at after a series of disputes between the owners of the waters of the two countries. There is tension and standoff between the two countries after China claimed to have the right to drill oil off the Vietnamese coast. Therefore, the area around the deep sea rig was to be cleared and left alone; warned the Chinese to the Vietnamese. There has been a series of disputes between China and its boarders. However, the recent stale with Vietnam has raised an alarm for a possible conflict between the countries. The Paracel Islands is where the China has placed an oil rig. However, current news indicate that four days ago, a Vietnamese boat collided with a Chinese ship and sank and this has ignited tension and founded grounds for Vietnam challenging the control of the island by the people’s republic of China. The challenge against China is not only from the Vietnamese, the legal framework follows a suit that was filed to the United Nations concerning the dominion of the China on the shoals of the Philippines coast. Based on this, the people of Vietnam are pressuring their prime minister to respond through a legal action towards the country. A legal move by the country will not only have diplomatic challenges but also economic effects on the country. China is a leading regional trade partner with Vietnam and this means that a legal action on the country will force the country to result to arbitration. This will result in relinquishing the control of the...
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...links between Saudi Arabia and China, which centre on the crude oil and petrochemicals industries China mainly exports to Saudi Arabia textile, clothing, light industry products, food like grain etc. It imports from Saudi Arabia crude oil, chemical fertilizer and petro-chemical raw materials the import trends between china and Saudi Arabia in the recent years (2012,2013,2014) is while there was a decline in the imports of goods from Saudi Arabia in 012 and 013, the was a general rise in 2014 placing Saudi Arabia as the 10th largest import market for china (2.5% of china’s imports) Exports trend: increased exports from 2012 to 2014, in 2012 at $18.5, in 2023 at $18.7 and at $20.6 in 2014 placing Saudi Arabia as one of the largest export markets for china. In the recent years, the bilateral trade volume of sino-saudi has achieved steady growth since the establishment of diplomatic relations while the trade balance is reducing in comparision to the China views Saudi Arabia with great importance for several reasons: (a) Saudi’s history as a reliable partner with all of its customers (b) saudi is the world’s largest petroleum exporter with capacity of 12 million barrels per day; (c) vast amount of oil which China desires, 17 percent of the world’s proven oil reserves are located in the Saudi Arabia (d) Saudi Arabia has the largest economy among the Arab countries and - (e) China recognizes that Saudi Arabia...
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