...Abstract The abusive and excessive use of credit cards are a major economical issue in Turkey for a decade, which poses threats to the core structure of our society and the individuals’ self-esteem. News regarding the problems arising due to the inappropriate use of credit cards increases on a daily-basis, which signifies the fact that the problem shows a continually expanding trend, which is worth carrying an investigation upon. In order to overcome this problem, eight solutions were proposed. These solutions were banning the installments in shopping, copying the American model by providing collateral to the banks while getting a new credit card, requesting a guarantor per person while giving a credit card, giving maximum one credit card per person who has already debt, increasing the commission rate of the point on sale machines, educating people about the usage of credit cards and tell them its advantages and disadvantages, preparing therapy meetings by government for shopaholics and limiting cash advance credit from credit cards. The underlying research methodology of these solutions includes student surveys, internet based researching, discussions with credit card users, and discussions with personnel of banks. These proposed solutions were evaluated according to their effectiveness, feasibility, acceptability, sustainability and legality. Among these solutions three of them passed the criteria and suitable to apply. The chosen solutions can be regarded as the most...
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...CHAPTER 18 REVENUE RECOGNITION MULTIPLE CHOICE—Conceptual AnswerNo.Description c1.Revenue recognition principle. b2.Definition of "realized." a3.Definition of "earned." d4.Recognizing revenue at point of sale. d5.Recording sales when right of return exists. c6.Revenue recognition when right of return exists. d7.Revenue recognition when right of return exists. b8.Appropriate accounting method for long-term contracts. c9.Percentage-of-completion method. b10.Percentage-of-completion method. c11.Classification of progress billings and construction in process. b12.Calculation of gross profit using percentage-of-completion. a13.Disclosure of earned but unbilled revenues. c14.Revenue, cost, and gross profit under completed contract. b15.Disadvantage of using percentage-of-completion. a16.Loss recognition on a long-term contract. c17.Accounting for long-term contract losses. d18.Criteria for revenue recognition of completion of production. a19.Completion-of-production basis. c20.Presentation of deferred gross profit. c21.Appropriate use of the installment-sales method. b22.Valuing repossessed assets. b23.Gross profit deferred under the installment-sales method. b24.Income recognition under the cost-recovery method. b25.Income recognition under the cost-recovery method. d26.Cost recovery basis of revenue recognition. d*27.Allocation of initial franchise fee. a*28Recognition...
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...rules consistently in all situations. Chapter 7 is devoted to a discussion and illustration of revenue transactions that result from the sale of products and the rendering of services. Throughout the discussion, attention is focused on the theory behind the accounting methods used to recognize revenue. Revenue transactions that result from leasing and the sale of assets other than inventory are discussed in other sections of the text. *Note: All asterisked (*) items relate to material contained in the Appendix to the chapter. Revenue Recognition 2. (L.O. 1) The revenue recognition principle provides that revenue is recognized when (1) it is realized or realizable, and (2) it is earned. Revenues are realized when goods and services are exchanged for cash or claims to cash (receivables). Revenues are realizable when assets received in exchange are readily convertible to known amounts of cash or claims to cash. Revenues are earned when the entity has substantially accomplished what it must do to be entitled to the benefits represented by the revenues, that is, when the earnings process is complete or virtually complete. 3. The conceptual nature of revenue as well as the basis of accounting for revenue transactions are described in the following four statements. a. Revenue from selling products is recognized at the date of sale, usually interpreted to mean the date of delivery to customers. b. Revenue from services rendered is recognized when services have been...
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...Albert Mendoza, who is also the sales manager, a part-time sales person, and bill collector, owns Tri-Cities. Transactions including sales, purchases, inventory, income, and payments are handled and documented by the bookkeeper, Alice Cook. Ray Silva operates the current IT system and is also a sales person. Tri-Cities’ current IT system consist of a small IBM computer, believed to be one of IBM’s earliest small systems, which is used to keep records of inventory of all stores and installment payments. Also, the computer is used to print furniture price tags. (RV) Problem The main problem with Tri-Cities IT system is that it is obsolete and underutilized. The system was bought with good intentions, however at this point it used very little. The owner, Mr. Mendoza, would like to compile some information about sales and other business measurables, however at this point has not been able to do so. One reason for this is that there is no documentation for the software that is loaded. The computer was purchased on the advice of an accountant from a friend. No one involved in the purchase of the computer is knowledgeable about the operation of the system within the business parameters. In addition, no one on Tri-Cities’ staff knows about programming. The consultant who does understand the system is located an hour and a half away and his services are expensive. One of the few things that the system does is keep records of inventory and installment payments. However, accounts...
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...refer to these as the critical event and the measurable conditions, respectively. In this module we will discuss some exceptions to the general case. We will focus on cases where either of the two assumptions breaks down. These cases fall into two categories. In the first category, performance takes place over more than one accounting period; thus, revenue must be allocated across the periods. This is referred to as Along-term contracting@. There are two accounting methods used in this case, the percentage of completion method and the completed contract method. In the second category, cash collection is uncertain, and revenue recognition defaults to a de facto cash basis. There are also two accounting methods used in this case, the installment method and the cost recovery method. The important point to remember in each situation is that the accounting method choice affects both the B/S and the I/S, and thus any performance measures or ratios constructed from the financial statements. Thus, analysts must understand how the accounting method choice affects the reported numbers. Percentage of Completion (PCT) and Completed Contract (CC) methods These two methods are very similar, and are used mainly for construction projects that take more than one period. The methods are comprised of the same 5 journal entries. The entries (and related data) are shown in Exhibit 2.6 on page 76. Entries 1,3,4, and 5 are transaction entries that account for actual construction costs,...
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...(15-20 minutes) (a) Huish could recognize revenue at the point of sale based upon the time of shipment because the books are sold f.o.b. shipping point. Because of the return policy one might argue in favor of the cash collection basis. Because the returns can be estimated, one could argue for shipping point less estimated returns. (b) Based on the available information and lack of any information indicating that any of the criteria in FASB Statement No. 48 were not met, the correct treatment is to report revenue at the time of shipment as the gross amount less the 12% normal return factor. This is supported by the legal test of transfer of title and the criteria in FASB No. 48. One could be very conservative and use the 30% maximum return allowance. (c) July Sale Entry. Accounts Receivable 16,000,000 Allowance for Returns 1,920,000 ($16,000,000 X 12%) Sales Revenue—Texts 14,080,000 (d) October Collection. Cash 14,000,000 Sales Revenue—Texts* 80,000 Allowance for Returns 1,920,000 Accounts Receivable 16,000,000 *A debit to either Sales Revenue—Texts or Sales Returns could be made here. EXERCISE 18-2 (15-20 minutes) (a) 1. 6/3 Accounts Receivable—Kim Rhode 5,000 Sales 5,000 6/5 Sales Returns and Allowances 400 Accounts Receivable—Kim Rhode 400 6/7 Transportation-Out 24 Cash 24 6/12 Cash 4,508 Sales Discounts (2% X $4,600) 92 Accounts Receivable—Kim Rhode 4...
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...providing english courses to students,about sources of funding,there are three way of company to do funding,such as make profit by selling a product for more than it costs to produce,companies can borrow money. This can be done privately through bank loans, or it can be done publicly through a debt issue. The drawback of borrowing money is the interest that must be paid to the lender,and company can generate money by selling part of itself in the form of shares to investors, which is known as equity funding.New Dream is the company which make profit by selling a product-their Precious knowledge.In there,i will talk about three internal sources and three external sources of source of funding about new dream.The three internal sources is sale of share,sale of fixed asset and debt collection.Sale of stock is that...
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...FIN 470 Exam1 - KEY 1. What is the primary disadvantage of the corporate form of organization? Name at least two advantages of corporate organization. The primary disadvantage of the corporate form is the double taxation to shareholders of distributed earnings and dividends. Some advantages include: limited liability, ease of transferability, ability to raise capital, and unlimited life. 2. Evaluate the following statement: Managers should not focus on the current stock value because doing so will lead to an overemphasis on short-term profits at the expense of long- term profits. Presumably, the current stock value reflects the risk, timing, and magnitude of all future cash flows, both short-term and long-term. If this is correct, then the statement is false. 3. Could a company’s cash flow to stockholders be negative in a given year? Explain how this might come about. If a company raises more money from selling stock than it pays in dividends in a particular period its cash flow to stockholders will be negative. If a company borrows more than it pays in interest, its cash flow to creditors will be negative. 4. Jetson Spacecraft Corp. shows the following information on its 2009 income statement: sales $ 196,000; costs $ 104,000; other expenses $ 6,800; depreciation expense $ 9,100; interest expense $ 14,800; taxes $ 21,455; dividends $ 10,400. In addition, you’re told that the firm issued $ 5,700 in new equity during 2009 and redeemed...
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...Process. F 9. Construction in Process account balance. F 10. Recognition of revenue under completed-contract method. T 11. Principal advantage of completed-contract method. F 12. Recognizing loss on an unprofitable contract. F 13. Recognizing current period loss on a profitable contract. T 14. Recognizing revenue under completion-of-production basis. F 15. Recording a loss on an unprofitable contract. F 16. Deferring revenue under installment-sales method. T 17. Deferring gross profit under installment-sales method. T 18. Classification of deferred gross profit. F 19. Recognizing revenue under cost-recovery method. T 20. Recognizing profit under cost-recovery method. Multiple Choice—Conceptual Answer No. Description c 21. Revenue recognition principle. b 22. Definition of "realized." a 23. Definition of "earned." b S24. Revenue recognition representations. d P25. Definition of recognition. b P26. Revenue recognition principle. d 27. Recognizing revenue at point of sale. d 28. Recording sales when right of return exists. c 29. Revenue recognition when right of return exists. d 30. Revenue recognition when right of return exists. b 31. Appropriate accounting method for long-term contracts. c 32. Percentage-of-completion method. b 33. Percentage-of-completion method. c 34. Classification of...
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...Exercises Problems Concepts for Analysis *1. Realization and recognition; sales transactions; high rates of return. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 22 1 1, 2, 3 1 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9 *2. Long-term contracts. 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 22 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 14, 15, 16, 17 1, 2, 3, 6 *3. Installment sales. 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22 7, 8, 9 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16 1, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 15 1, 2, 3 *4. Repossessions on installment sales. 8 13, 17, 18 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 *5. Cost-recovery method; deposit method. 13, 22, 23, 24 10 15, 16 8, 9 *6. Franchising. 22, 25, 26, 27, 28 11 19, 20 10 *7. Consignments. 29 12 21 *This material is dealt with in an Appendix to the chapter. ASSIGNMENT CLASSIFICATION TABLE (BY LEARNING OBJECTIVE) Learning Objectives Brief Exercises Exercises Problems 1. Apply the revenue recognition principle. 1 1, 2, 3 2. Describe accounting issues for revenue recognition at point of sale. 1 1, 2, 3 1 3. Apply the percentage-of-completion method for long-term contracts. 2, 3 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 16, 17 4. Apply the completed-contract method for long-term contracts. 4, 5 4, 8, 9, 10 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 15, 16, 17 5. Identify the proper accounting for losses on long-term contracts. 6 10 5, 6, 7, 15 6. Describe the installment-sales method of accounting. 7, 8, 9 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18 1, 8, 9, 10, 11...
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...estimates of amounts due from customers that potentially might be uncollectible. * For product sales this also includes amounts not collectible due to customers returning the products they purchased. Installment Sales * Increasing the length of time allowed for payment usually increases the uncertainty about whether the store actually will collect a receivable * The increased uncertainty concerning the collection of cash from installment sales can be accommodated satisfactorily by estimating uncollectible amounts. * If the installment sale creates significant uncertainty concerning cash collections, making impossible a reasonable assessment of future bad debts, then revenue and expense recognition should be delayed * GAAP requires that they installment sales method be applied to retail land sale that meets certain criteria. * At times, revenue recognition is delayed due to a high degree of uncertainty related to ultimate cash collection. * The installment sales and cost recovery methods are only used in unusual circumstances Profit recognition by the full accrual method is appropriate provided: * The profit is determinable * The earnings process is virtually complete * Unless both of the above conditions exist, recognition of all or part of the profit shall be postponed and other methods of profit recognition shall be followed Installment Sales Method * Recognizes revenue and costs only when cash payments are received * Each payment...
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...13 chapter TAX ACCOUNTING OBJECTIVES After completing Chapter 13, you should be able to: 1. List what are permissible tax years. 2. Explain the requirements for changing a tax year. 3. Identify the available accounting methods. 4. Understand the rules for accounting method changes. 5. Account for the capitalization of inventory costs. 6. Describe long-term contract reporting. 7. Defi ne the installment method of accounting. 13–2 CCH FEDERAL TAXATION—COMPREHENSIVE TOPICS OVERVIEW The fi rst 12 chapters are presented primarily from the individual taxpayer’s point of view (including self-employed taxpayers). This chapter provides a general discussion of the previous material as it applies to other entities and provides a discussion of accounting periods and accounting methods as they apply to all entities. Discussions of specifi c provisions as they apply to other entities (e.g., corporations, partnerships, etc.) are contained in subsequent chapters. The term “fi nancial accounting” refers to the reporting of the fi nancial data of an enterprise through fi nancial statements prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. Income tax accounting, hereafter referred to as “tax accounting,” is concerned with the reporting of fi nancial data to satisfy the requirements of the Internal Revenue Code, the Regulations which interpret the Code, rulings by the IRS which further interpret the Code and Regulations, and the decisions of the courts...
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...1 General-purpose financial statements are the product of a. financial accounting. b. managerial accounting. c. both financial and managerial accounting. d. neither financial nor managerial accounting 2 . Users of financial reports include all of the following except a. creditors. b. government agencies. c. unions. d. All of these are users. 3 . Which of the following statements is not an objective of financial reporting? a. Provide information that is useful in investment and credit decisions. b. Provide information about enterprise resources, claims to those resources, and changes to them. c. Provide information on the liquidation value of an enterprise. d. Provide information that is useful in assessing cash flow prospects. 4 . Accrual accounting is used because a. cash flows are considered less important. b. it provides a better indication of ability to generate cash flows than the cash basis. c. it recognizes revenues when cash is received and expenses when cash is paid. d. none of the above. 5 . Which of the following (a-c) are not true concerning a conceptual framework in accounting? a. It should be a basis for standard-setting. b. It should allow practical problems to be solved more quickly by reference to it. c. It should be based on fundamental truths that are derived from the laws of nature. d. All of the above (a-c)...
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...Understand Business Credit and Risk Management Topics • Main types of Credit • Common advantages and disadvantages of businesses using credit • Cost of Credit • Main factors examined for granting Credit • Credit documents • Credit regulations • Credit assistance Main Types of Credit • What is Credit? ◦ Getting something now, promise to pay later • What is trade Credit? ◦ One business getting credit from another business and paying later. • What are the main types of credit? ◦ Charge accounts ◾ Contract between creditors and debtors. Charge accounts allow debtors(customers) to receive goods or services from suppliers(creditor) and pay for them at a later date. ◾ Types and Examples: • Regular- A charge account with an electrician who re wired a house • Budget- A charge account with Progress Energy utility company • Revolving- Home equity credit line ◦ Credit Cards ◾ Allows debtors(customers) to receive goods and services from suppliers (creditor) using credit cards and pay for them later. ◾ Types and Examples: • Bank- Mastercard and Visa • Travel and Entertainment- American Express • Oil Company- BP Oil • Retail store- Belk ◦ Installment sales credit ◾ A contract issued by the seller that requires intermittent payments at specified times such as bi-weekly or monthly ◾ Example • Rooms To Go Furniture Store ◦ consumer loans ◾ Requires debtors to make monthly...
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...corporation change its scal year without IRS permission. A taxpayer engaged in two or more separate and distinct businesses may use different accounting methods for both businesses. A grocery store may use the cash basis of reporting sales. In general, a CPA on the cash basis method will never have a bad debt deduction. A cash basis taxpayer may deduct prepaid business expenses currently. Both cash and accrual basis taxpayers will be taxed on a dividend when it is actually received. Computing cost of goods soldand being on the accrual basis are independent of each other. If, in the IRSs opinion, the taxpayers books do not clearly reect income, the IRS may revise them so that they do. Taxpayers must generally obtain the permission of the IRS to change accounting methods. A correction of an error in a tax return is usually considered a change in accounting method. The IRS can require a change in accounting methods if the method used by a taxpayer does not clearly reect income. IRS permission is not required for a change from FIFO to LIFO. The installment method cannot be used unless the total selling price is known. Repossessions of real property sold on the installment basis are generally nontaxable. The installment sales rules do not apply to sales at a loss. 2009 CCH. All Rights Reserved. Chapter 13 712 CCH Federal TaxationComprehensive Topics MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONSCHAPTER 13 19. A short tax year with the subsequent annualizing of taxable income is required for which of the...
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