...Evolutionary Anthropology 21:50–57 (2012) ISSUES The Science Behind Pre-Columbian Evidence of Syphilis in Europe: Research by Documentary GEORGE J. ARMELAGOS, MOLLY K. ZUCKERMAN, AND KRISTIN N. HARPER This article discusses the presentation of scientific findings by documentary, without the process of peer review. We use, as an example, PBS’s ‘‘The Syphilis Enigma,’’ in which researchers presented novel evidence concerning the origin of syphilis that had never been reviewed by other scientists. These ‘‘findings’’ then entered the world of peer-reviewed literature through citations of the documentary itself or material associated with it. Here, we demonstrate that the case for pre-Columbian syphilis in Europe that was made in the documentary does not withstand scientific scrutiny. We also situate this example from paleopathology within a larger trend of ‘‘science by documentary’’ or ‘‘science by press conference,’’ in which researchers seek to bypass the peer review process by presenting unvetted findings directly to the public. George J. Armelagos is Goodrich C. White Professor of Anthropology at Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia. His research has focused on diet and disease in prehistory. He was the Viking Medal Medalist (Wenner-Gren Foundation) in 2005, received The Franz Boas Award for Exemplary Service to Anthropology from the American Anthropological Association in 2008, and The Charles Darwin Award for Lifetime Achievement to Biological Anthropology...
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...European power. With the economic growth of Latin America and the Pacific the United States began to see the need for a more efficient and secure route to the east coast. The Isthmus of Panama was identified as that route and was to become the target of additional United States expansion. The United States and Latin American countries met in 1825 to discuss politics and economics of the region. One of the primary goals of the meeting was to establish relationships that would provide the United States with rights to the Isthmus of Panama. The United States delegation was not allowed to enter into any formal alliance despite the openness of the Latin American countries to make agreements. Instead the canal project fell to the hands of private businessmen. The United States government did not get involved in the process until 1846 when it was feared that the British government was close to terms with Nicaragua to build a passageway. As a result of this fear the United States entered in a hastily negotiated treaty with Colombia to gain rights of transit across the Isthmus and free access to any future canal, in exchange Columbia was granted control over the area. The battle between Britain and the United States over the Isthmus went on for years during the nineteenth century. The United States negotiated treaties with Nicaragua and Honduras for the construction of a canal through their territory, while Britain was ignoring the Monroe doctrine by colonizing the Nicaragua...
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...Chapter 1 1. (Rational Self-Interest) Discuss the impact of rational self-interest on each of the following decisions: a. Whether to attend college full time or enter the workforce full time i. Individuals will consider the benefits of attending college full time and the expected cost of doing so. A benefit of attending college full time would be that it has the potential to increase their wage or salary because of increased knowledgebase, network and skills. The expected cost to consider includes tuition, fees, books and wages that could have been earned by working instead if attending school full time. If the expected benefits of attending college full time outweigh the cost, then the rational person would choose to attend school. b. Whether to buy a new textbook or a used one ii. When deciding whether to purchase a new or used textbook, individuals will consider the expected benefits of purchasing the new book at a higher cost than the used book. These benefits include a higher resale value for when they’re done with it and the ease of not being confused my other students markings or note in the book. Unfortunately, the student would have to pay more out of pocket for the new book. If the expected benefits of purchasing a new textbook out weigh the cost, then the rational person would purchase the new textbook. 2. (Resources) To which category of resources does each of the following belong? c. A taxicab iii. Physical...
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...Gerardo Mosquera GLOBALIZATION: SOME CULTURAL PREDICAMENTS The opening pages give an overview of the life and works of Gerardo Mosquera and some of the works he has done and written. The focus of this body of work is that of globalization, Mosquera seeks to define what globalization is, whom it affects and how it impacts on regions. The globalization that we imagine i.e. having interconnectivity with each other around the whole planet is different to that of the author. His beliefs are that globalization is a series of circuits passing information among each other. Essentially it is a series of centres and circuits connected. The information that these connections transfer is economics, culture and basic communication. articlemarket.blogspot.com Globalisation has an impacted on culture, by making culture known to the wider world seeks to legitimize it and make new epistemes. Instead of expanding our global space globalization seeks to make the global experience more intimate. Urbanization is the product of globalization when people move from the edges usually consisting of the countryside they are drawn to these centers (megalopolis). www.communicationagents.com The influx of people lead to city growth and further development and a bi-product of this urbanization is that of physical and mental displacement. Globalization and borders are linked, within this movement the world is being brought closer together and both physical and mental boundaries/borders...
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...1) In “The Human-Animal Link” William Karesh and Robert Cook discuss the increasing problem of cross-species diseases and their spread throughout the world, citing a breach in the “Darwinian divide” that has kept epidemics at bay (1). While previously, only a few diseases could affect both humans and animals, in recent years the increase of globalism and introduction of species into new environments have contributed to this global problem. Over half of the 1,415 categorized infectious diseases are known to infect both animals and humans, which presents a problem in eventual eradication (2). If Smallpox, the world’s first disease eradicated through human effort, had been able to infect animals as well, then it could have simply retreated into...
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...squatter settlements where metal scraps used to make homes/overcrowding on the train/poor sewage systems diseases more likely to spread 1. E.g. Dharavi Slum, India – 1 toilet per 400 Could argue that LEDC’s/NIC’s have poorer planning and management and when they did try to regenerate via Partnership scheme (slum clearance programme) – left in hands of developers who dumped them all on outskirts therefore very poor 2. On the contrary – Curitiba, Brazil which is BRIC country (GDP per capita in both cities is roughly same, with Curitiba earning $300 per head more) – population not growing as rapidly as MUMBAI but still quite significant. They had different approach – more sustainable: 1. Bus rapid transit system 2. Green exchange system – poor collect recycling and receive bus pass or food vouchers in return 3. Pedestrianisation * Extremely eco-friendly and though not fully developed and on par with USA and UK, shows you don’t have to be to be sustainable and have good planning and management (waste disposal/transport management) 3. On the other hand, we have MEDC’s 2. Richer so naturally have more efficient planning and management techniques – homes are built in sound ways/if in seismically active areas, the planning of the buildings is earthquake proof i.e. California where they’re...
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...HISTORY 1500 WINTER 2014 RESEARCH ESSAY TOPICS 1. Select a crusade and discuss the extent to which it accomplished its objectives. Why did it succeed or fail? Jonathan Riley-Smith, The Crusades: A Short History; Carole Hillenbrand, The Crusades: Islamic Perspectives; Christopher Tyerman, God’s War: A New History of the Crusades 2. How did anti-Semitism manifest itself in medieval Europe? Kenneth R. Stow, Alienated Minority: The Jews of Medieval Latin Europe; Mark R. Cohen, Under Crescent and Cross: The Jews in the Middle Ages; Solomon Grayzel, The Church and the Jews in the Thirteenth Century 3. What was the position of prostitutes in medieval society? Ruth Mazo Karras, Common Women; Leah Otis, Prostitution in Medieval Society; Margaret Wade Labarge, A Small Sound of the Trumpet: Women in Medieval Life 4. Why did the French choose to follow Joan of Arc during the the Hundred Years War? Kelly DeVries, Joan of Arc: A Military Leader; Bonnie Wheeler, ed., Fresh Verdicts on Joan of Arc; Margaret Wade Labarge, A Small Sound of the Trumpet: Women in Medieval Life 5. Discuss the significance of siege warfare during the crusades. You may narrow this question down to a single crusade if you wish. Jim Bradbury, The Medieval Siege; Randall Rogers, Latin Siege Warfare in the Twelfth Century; John France, Victory in the East: A Military History of the First Crusade 6. Why did the persecution...
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...First edition 2000 Second edition 2001 Third edition 2002 Fourth edition 2007 Published by EnglishforResearch.com The Whole World Company Press, Cambridge, CB7 5EQ, England © Stephen Howe and Kristina Henriksson 2000–2007 Printed by Biddles Limited, King’s Lynn, England The authors hereby assert their moral rights to be identified as the authors of the PhraseBook. You may not remove or alter the authors’ names, publisher’s name, copyright notice, disclaimers or, from the digital version, the End User Licence Agreement. All rights reserved worldwide Copyright is reserved in English and all other languages and countries of the world. PhraseBook for Writing, EnglishforResearch.com, EnglishforStudents.com and EnglishforSchool.com are worldwide trademarks and/or service marks of The Whole World Company Limited. Microsoft and Microsoft Word are trademarks or registered trademarks of Microsoft Corporation. All other trademarks and registered trademarks are the property of their respective owners and are hereby acknowledged. Do not make illegal, unauthorized copies of the PhraseBook. The PhraseBook and digital version are protected by copyright law and international treaties. The publisher and authors have striven to ensure the accuracy and correctness of the PhraseBook; however, they can accept no responsibility for any loss or inconvenience as a consequence of use, information or advice contained in the PhraseBook. PhraseBook versions ISBN 978-1-903384-02-2...
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...South Carolina Social Studies Academic Standards Mick Zais, Ph.D. State Superintendent of Education South Carolina Department of Education Columbia, South Carolina State Board Approved Document – August 18, 2011 Contents Acknowledgments.......................................................................................................................... iii Introduction .....................................................................................................................................1 Social Studies Standards Page Format .............................................................................................5 Grade-Level Standards for Social Studies Grades K–3 Kindergarten. Foundations of Social Studies: Children as Citizens ...............................................7 Grade 1. Foundations of Social Studies: Families........................................................................12 Grade 2. Foundations of Social Studies: Communities ................................................................17 Grade 3. South Carolina Studies ..................................................................................................22 Grades 4–5 Grade 4. United States Studies to 1865 ........................................................................................29 Grade 5. United States Studies: 1865 to the Present ....................................................................36 Grades 6–8 Grade 6. Early Cultures to 1600...
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...in government, the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI). Another PAN candidate Felipe CALDERON succeeded him in 2006, but the PRI regained the presidency in 2012. B. Religious and Cultural Background The word “Mexico” is derived from Mexica, the name for the indigenous group also known as the Aztecs. Aside from this, Mexicans have several cultural subdivisions within the nation, most commonly identifying themselves as Northern, Central and South/South-Eastern Mexico. The extensive, desertlike north was only sparsely populated until the middle of the twentieth century - but the more densely populated central and western Mexico is the cradle of the nation. This is where highly developed Indian cultures populated the region in pre-Columbian times and was the heart of the colony of New Spain. These have developed into large cities and major urban and industrial centers. (Everyculture.com) Mexico is predominantly Roman Catholic consisting of least three quarters of the population with around six percent adhering to various other protestant faiths. Many of these still hold various elements of the Aztec and Mayan religions. The most important practitioners are Catholic...
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...for financial instruments of all types. World product trade has expanded by more than 6 percent a year since 1950, which is more than 50 percent faster than growth of output the most dramatic increase in globalization, has occurred in financial markets. In the global forex markets, billions of dollars are transacted each day, of which more than 90 percent represent financial transactions unrelated to trade or investment. Much of this activity takes place in the so-called Euromarkets, markets outside the country whose currency is used. This pervasive growth in market interpenetration makes it increasingly difficult for any country to avoid substantial external impacts on its economy. In particular massive capital flows can push exchange rates away from levels that accurately reflect competitive relationships among nations if national economic policies or performances diverse in short run. The rapid dissemination rate of new technologies speeds the pace at which countries must adjust to external events. Smaller, more open countries, long ago gave up illusion of domestic policy autonomy. But even the largest and most apparently self-contained economies, including the US, are now significantly affected by...
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...Houston Community College Homework 1-5 Presented To: Lloyd W. Gaddis By Yushana Ford Government 2305 8:00A.M- 9:30A.M Mon/Wed 09/20/2015 Chapter 1: The More Things Change…The More They Stay the Same 1. Analyze current problems and issues in American Government by applying Historical perspectives: -History Repeats Itself +A new Communication medium paves the way to Electoral Victory- Meaning the internet and social media have revolutionized American politics. Campaign advertising is the use of an advertising campaign through the media to influence political debate and ultimately voters. Political advertising has changed drastically over the last several decades. Harry S. Truman was proud of his accomplishment of shaking approximately 500,000 hands but his accomplishment was soon pale compared to the next presidential election with the advent of television, war hero and presidential candidate D.W Eisenhower created commercials to get votes and so on and it different with different elections and different decades. +The Power of Incumbency- It is usually used in reference to elections where races can often be defined as being between an incumbent and non-incumbents. Incumbents have easier access to campaign finance and government resources that can be indirectly used to boost a campaign. Incumbency is any elected official who is already in office and seeking re-election. 2. Explain the Philosophical underpinnings of American Political System through...
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...Journal of Economic Literature Vol. XLV (March 2007), pp. 83–126 A Flat World, a Level Playing Field, a Small World After All, or None of the Above? A Review of Thomas L. Friedman’s The World is Flat EDWARD E. LEAMER∗ Geography, flat or not, creates special relationships between buyers and sellers who reside in the same neighborhoods, but Friedman turns this metaphor inside-out by using The World is Flat to warn us of the perils of a relationship-free world in which every economic transaction is contested globally. In his “flat” world, your wages are set in Shanghai. In fact, most of the footloose relationship-free jobs in apparel and footwear and consumer electronics departed the United States several decades ago, and few U.S. workers today feel the force of Chinese and Indian competition, notwithstanding the alarming anecdotes about the outsourcing of intellectual services. Of course, standardization, mechanization, and computerization all work to increase the number of footloose tasks, but innovation and education work in the opposite direction, creating relationship-based activities—like the writing of this review. It may only be personal conceit, but I imagine there is a reason why the Journal of Economic Literature asked me to do this review. 1. Prologue hen the Journal of Economic Literature asked me to write a review of The World is Flat: A Brief History of the Twenty-First Century (Farrar, Straus, and Giroux 2005) by Thomas Friedman, I responded with enthusiasm,...
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...When you took over this role, your boss told you that Q = 24 was the profit maximizing output for this multi-plan firm: 24 = q1 + q2 + q3. Now, the price of labour rises to $4. Provide (i) Isoquant/Isocost diagrams, (ii) Total Cost and (iii) Marginal Cost diagrams. Illustrate the substitution effect (point a to b) and output effect (point b to c) on these diagrams. Explain why your firm uses less capital even when the price of labour increases. (September 2010) For the production function q = K2 + L2 (A) Demonstrate that the elasticity of substitution is negative. (B) Provide a labelled diagram showing the q = 100 isoquant (C) Briefly explain what a negative value means for σ 3. 4. A special production function is q = min( 80K, 4L1 + 2L2). Discuss the production process described by this function. Is this production function constant returns to scale? Five-year-old Jack has set up a hot chocolate stand outside his home. His customers like hot chocolate made in only one way, one unit of chocolate and 3 units of milk to go into each unit of hot chocolate. Jack’s mother, Naomi, provides him with heat, cups and cleaning free of charge. However, she charges him $0.25 for each unit of chocolate and $0.50 for each unit of milk. What are the returns to scale for his production function? (September 2008) Please answer both of the following questions. Provide clearly written, concise answers (maximum 100 words each). Provide diagrams as appropriate. (a) How are the ideas of diminishing marginal...
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...Culture and Globalization Table of Contents PREFACE ............................................................................................................................................................................... 2 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................................................................... 2 GLOBALIZATION VS. LOCAL CULTURES .................................................................................................................................... 3 THE INFLUENCE OF U.S. CORPORATIONS ON LOCAL MORES ................................................................................................... 3 THE DOMINANCE OF THE AMERICAN MARKET .......................................................................................................................... 4 THE INTEGRATION OF CULTURES ............................................................................................................................................ 6 REAFFIRMATION OF LOCAL CULTURE ...................................................................................................................................... 6 A CLASH OF CIVILIZATIONS?.................................................................................................................................................. 7 CULTURAL IMPACTS OF GLOBALIZATION ....................................................
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