...examine this problem a bit further. In this paper I plan on discussing exactly what an eating disorder is, what causes an eating disorder, what are the possible theoretical approaches to treating an eating disorder, and finally my plan of action for treating an individual(s) who is suffering from an eating disorder. I would like to begin my examination of eating disorders by explaining what exactly an eating disorder is. An eating disorder is a complex compulsion to eat, or not eat, in a way which disturbs physical and mental health. Often the symptoms can be seen as extreme, or as extensions of culturally acceptable behavior and preoccupations. The eating may be excessive (compulsive over-eating); too limited (restricting); may include normal eating punctuated with episodes of purging; may include cycles of binging and purging; or may encompass the ingesting of non-foods. The most commonly known eating disorders are Anorexia nervosa (starving yourself) and Bulimia nervosa (bingeing and purging). The most widely and rapidly spreading eating disorder is compulsive overeating or Binge eating disorder. These are also the three most common eating disorders. All three cause severe immediate and long-term health issues and can cause death. Now that I have explained exactly what an eating disorder is, I would now like to discuss briefly what exactly causes an...
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...Introduction Davies and Bhugra (2004) noted that, the humanistic and cognitive-behaviour approaches to therapy share little more than a resounding belief in the need for a strong therapeutic alliance to affect positive and lasting change in behaviour, thoughts and attitude of clients seeking therapeutic intervention. The difference lies in the application of the techniques and the beliefs underlying the origins and treatment of psychological problems, which are associated with the physical illness and biological abnormalities of one sort or another. (Davies, and Bhugra2004). According to Barker (2003) a therapeutic alliance is a situation in which patient and psychotherapists are bound together in working towards mutual communication and understanding. This means that the professional hopes to engage with and effect change in a patient. In addition, Gabbard (1994) noted that the essence of therapy is a transaction between two collaborating human beings with the goal of helping the patients, and that there is no right treatment approach. Different theoretical models and treatments strategies may apply flexibly over the course of treatment. This essay will compare and contrast humanistic approach and cognitive behaviour approach, and discuss their relevance to psychiatric nursing practice. Both approaches will be applied to the management of anxiety. The humanistic approach According to Bugental (1967), the humanistic approach is concerned with the...
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...Cognitive Therapy for Depression Cognitive Therapy also known as (CT) is a form of psychotherapy that was developed by the psychiatrist Aaron T. Beck. This style of therapy is one that can change the unrealistic views and way of thinking of the client. This paper will discuss Cognitive Therapy for Depression on children, adults, the evidence that supports CT, and the disadvantages and advantages of CT. This paper will also discuss on how certain life experiences can cause psychological distress and how depression can develop in one’s life from childhood all the way to becoming an adult. The goal of Cognitive Therapy is to provide help to patients/clients become aware of their behavior, and challenge their negative thoughts that can cause psychological distress. A positive way to get rid of those behavioral patterns is that of reinforcement and be able to correct them. The therapist that works with Cognitive Therapy usually shows a lot of empathy to the client and will help the client as much as they can to be able to decide on a treatment plan that would be beneficial to them (Beck, A. T. (2012). Supporting Evidence Cognitive therapy was traditionally developed as a traditional therapeutic approach to mental illness. As mentioned previously; the goal of Cognitive Therapy or Cognitive Behavior Therapy is to teach the clients how to evaluate their behavior and how to accept and deal with the mishaps of life (Corey, G. 2009 p.279). The therapist will challenge the client’s...
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...descriptive and analytical. Discuss drawing on at least three academic references. In this essay the author will define social policy as an academic subject and show that despite the fact that social policy draws on other academic social science subjects it is different because it is "based upon a distinct empirical focus - support for the well-being of citizens provided through social action" (Alcock 2008:3). The author will show how as an academic subject social policy is both descriptive and analytical and will give examples. Social policy as an academic subject is difficult to describe as it is both the search of theoretical norms on how society should behave and the practical application and implementation of policies, which are considered to be social (Alcock et al 2004:1). The purpose of these policies is to improve welfare and to meet human needs (Blakemore, K. 2003:1). Spicker (2008:1) defines social policy as "the study of social services and the welfare state". The study of social policy, originally known as social administration mainly pertains to social services and includes social security, housing, health, social work and education, these being described by Spicker (2008:1) as the "big five". Social policy as an academic subject draws on other subjects such as economics, politics, history, psychology and sociology and has been described as a "magpie" subject by Blakemore (2003:3). These other subjects offer background information about the many aspects required...
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...PSYB4 Past Paper Questions Listed below are all of the available past paper questions for the Debates section of your PSYB4 examination. The specimen paper below is representative of what your actual paper will look like (2 x 4 mark questions and 1 x 12 mark essay question. Older papers (June 2006-June 2009) used to have Psychology and Science as a separate section so there are a lot of past paper questions on this particular debate. Now they are combined and you would be asked a mixture of questions from across different debates. Print off the copy of this document without the answers and use this to mark them and give yourselves targets for improvement. Specimen Paper Outline what is meant by hypothesis testing and explain the role of hypothesis testing in scientific research. (4 marks) [AO3 = 4] Up to 2 marks for definition/outline of what is meant by hypothesis testing, eg a hypothesis is a testable, predictive statement/proposition specifying the relationships between events or variables. Two further marks for explanation of the role of hypothesis testing in research, eg theories need to be tested by empirical studies, hypothesis testing allows researchers to refute or support a theory, the degree of support determines confidence in a theory. Credit references to the null hypothesis and falsification of a theory 0 8 Explain what is meant by the nature-nurture debate in psychology. (4 marks) [AOl = 2, AO2 = 2] AOl One mark for outlining the term nature;...
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...linked to high performance and commitment rather than compliance. Guest (1997) recognizes that, although empirical evidence is only just beginning to show the link between HRM and performance, evidence is already suggesting that HRM works. The view from industry is also suggesting that HRM is taking on a strategic role in industry. The CIPD (2003) HR survey identified HR issues as now being regularly discussed at executive boards and HR managers seeing their role as that of a strategic business partner, with the HR function now focused on achieving key business goals and developing employee capabilities. P1.2 - Compare the differences between storey’s definitions of HRM, Personnel and IR practices. Storey (1992) has established a theoretical model based on his perception of how organizations have evolved from predominant personnel and IR practices to HRM practices as he called it ‘a model of the shift to human resource management. His model is based on ideal types and thus there are no organizations, which conform the picture in reality. Storey also underlines twenty-seven points of difference...
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...be repeating what the client says or paraphrasing the clients rather than giving answers. When counselors are doing this there is a strategy behind it. Counseling is not about expect fixing problematic people, they just motivate people to pick up the broken pieces in their behaviors that need attention. Because counselors have a lot of experience witnessing human beings in various forms of life challenges, they use techniques or share observations that are more revealing than what friends or family members might say. With these revelations, clients make decisions and with the support of the counselor, clients take action towards positive growth in their lives. This paper is an expression of my current thinking regarding a theoretical approach of individual counseling. The counselor’s approach is unique based on his or her personal belief systems and values. I have adopted and integrated counseling approach to understanding the individual’s irrational beliefs and the implications of these beliefs on thinking, feeling and behavior. In this paper, the word ‘counselor’ and ‘therapist’ will be used interchangeably. Developing Personal Style of Counseling: My integrative Approach to Counseling Different counseling theorists have proposed different theories of counseling and they are all good approaches in their...
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...analysis by critiquing a research article, which will contribute to further development of knowledge and skills in using EBP in clinical settings. A framework developed by Hek and Moule (2006) (see pages 3- ) has been used to guide the critique of a research article. A framework was used as Caldwell et al (2010 pg e1) argue that “ frameworks assist the novice healthcare practitioner with learning about approaches to research by giving consideration to aspects of the similarities and differences between the qualitative and quantitative research paradigms.” This framework was chosen as it is comprehensive and covers points/questions raised during the critiquing process, although it is important to remember that it is not a definitive checklist and other questions may be asked during the critiquing process. The method, results and discussion sections of a qualitative research article by Weston, J.M., Norris, E.V., Clark, E.M. (2011). ‘The Invisible Disease: Making Sense of an Osteoporosis Diagnosis in Older Age’, Qualitative Health Research, 21(12), pp. 1692-1704, will be critically analysed following a critique of the article...
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...The Stigma of Mental Illness and its Effects It appears that negative views of mental illness are common with in the public. According to Overton & Medina people suffering from mental illness are often portrayed as weird, defensive, and sometimes hard to talk to. According to Merriam-Webster Dictionary (1990), mental illness is defined as, “mentally distorted, mad, or crazy” (Russel, 1990). Generally, concepts about mental illness tend to be subjective, leading to difficulties in defining mental illness. Johnstone (2001) gives a broader definition of mental illness, believing that mental illness relates to the individuals spectrum of cognitions, emotions, and behaviors that damper relationships required for work, home, and in the learning facilities (Johnstone, 2001). This definition is also referenced in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed; DSM-IV; American Psychiatric Association, 1994), which categorizes the symptoms that are used to diagnose mental illness (American Psychiatric Association, 1994). Stigmatizing individuals with mental illness are causing these individuals to suffer loss of employment, housing, and stereotyping, and prejudice. There have been many different thoughts this is not research on the topic of stigma due to mental illness. This study discusses the true definitions of stigma, causes, effects, impact of the programs all ready in place, and what can be done to change the perception of the general public . Individuals...
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...experience death, dying and bereavement in all cultures, everyone’s dying process is unique and different. Some people may think of dying as a physical process, but dying is an experience of the whole person and is influenced by a combination of physical, psychological, social, cultural, and spiritual factors. Culture, identity and personal beliefs all have a profound impact on an individual’s choices in the context of dying process. Ethnicity, cultural differences, religion, personal beliefs, individual preferences and choices etc can all affect care needs and social practice at the end of life. People’s experiences of illness and death, as well as beliefs about the appropriate role of healers, are profoundly influenced by patient’s cultural background. This assignment will provide a brief discussion of the beliefs, customs and rituals associated with death, dying and the grieving process in the Jewish culture and discuss the associated theoretical principles of a grief and loss theorist named J. W. Worden. Also while discussing the challenges in applying this theory to the Jewish culture, in an acute care setting. Jewish cultural beliefs have developed a traditional system of mourning concerning death and burial. The Jewish community views deaths as an ending of life, rather than as a beginning of another. Jewish funeral and mourning rituals are centered around respect for the dead. The body is buried within 24-48 hours, so the soul can be returned to God and the body is never...
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...-----------The side of Hong Kong popularity -----------The side of newspaper -----------Introduce changes 4. Theoretical framework of change management---------------------------------p5-6. -----------Stage 1: Define the Change -----------Stage 2: Manage Barriers to Effective Change -----------Stage 3: Plan for the Change -----------Stage 4: Implement the Change -----------Stage 5: Review the Change Implementation 5. Changes planned and implemented-----------------------------------------------p7-8. -----------Re-engineering to streamline processes and reduce the workload work ----------Improvement of the wages about staffs ----------Enhance their professional skills and training and efficient management and leadership -----------Prospects for improved working -----------Implementation of a systematic manpower planning and development -----------Survival and future success 6. Resistance encountered by the organization-------------------------------------p9. 7. Impacts of such organizational changes------------------------------------------p10. -----------Impact on people -----------Impact on organization and administration structures -----------Conclusion 8. Harvard Referencing---------------------------------------------------------------p11-12. Introduction Now, I will choose the organization in order to discuss how the...
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...concise and informative abstract to accurately and comprehensively represent their research. It describes the purpose the abstract serves within the larger community of scholars and its additional importance within the Walden research process. Also presented are more detailed explanations regarding the Abstract Guidelines and before-and-after examples of abstracts that were edited to better meet university requirements. What is an abstract? As described in the Abstract Guidelines for Theses, Dissertations, and Doctoral Studies, posted on the Research Center Web site and included at the end of this primer, the abstract “is a window for others into your research.” First, consider that the title of your research will provide the first clue about your study to those who are searching various databases for studies that contain information relevant to their own scholarly interests. Next, the abstract is intended as a means for you to extend the limited information found in your title by presenting a concise portrait of your study, including research design, data analysis, results, conclusions, and implications for social change. Accordingly, the abstract should tell the story of your research from beginning to end and help the reader determine the applicability of your work to their own. Why is the abstract so important? The abstract is an especially important component of research...
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...10 Qualitative Research Methods in Psychology Deborah Biggerstaff Warwick Medical School University of Warwick, Coventry UK 1. Introduction In the scientific community, and particularly in psychology and health, there has been an active and ongoing debate on the relative merits of adopting either quantitative or qualitative methods, especially when researching into human behaviour (Bowling, 2009; Oakley, 2000; Smith, 1995a, 1995b; Smith, 1998). In part, this debate formed a component of the development in the 1970s of our thinking about science. Andrew Pickering has described this movement as the “sociology of scientific knowledge” (SSK), where our scientific understanding, developing scientific ‘products’ and ‘know-how’, became identified as forming components in a wider engagement with society’s environmental and social context (Pickering, 1992, pp. 1). Since that time, the debate has continued so that today there is an increasing acceptance of the use of qualitative methods in the social sciences (Denzin & Lincoln, 2000; Morse, 1994; Punch, 2011; Robson, 2011) and health sciences (Bowling, 2009; Greenhalgh & Hurwitz, 1998; Murphy & Dingwall, 1998). The utility of qualitative methods has also been recognised in psychology. As Nollaig Frost (2011) observes, authors such as Carla Willig and Wendy Stainton Rogers consider qualitative psychology is much more accepted today and that it has moved from “the margins to the mainstream in psychology in the UK.” (Willig & Stainton...
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...other children confided in or came to when they wanted to talk or needed help with a problem. When growing up it was not common for black people to go to counseling. Families kept secrets among themselves and sometimes those secrets came back to haunt people many years later. When faced with problems people relied on their spiritual beliefs, the support of the family, and sometimes close friends. If a girl had gotten pregnant and not married that would have been kept top secret. Usually a family member would raise the baby and no one would ever speak openly about it. My family had to deal with the death of two of my brothers at young ages. It hurt my mother deeply having to deal with the loss of two children because of violence. These tragedies were never discussed even as we became adults. As I became older I realized that my mother and our entire family should have gotten counseling. It was not until after my mother passed that my uncle shared with me the pain and agony that she had suffered but his emotional pain as well. Your view of helping As an adult I see the damage that family secrets and not having the capability to openly discuss problems, or seek professional help when needed can cause. I believe that helping people to identify and resolve their problems is a profession that requires hard work, responsibility, honesty, ethics, and skills. Counseling is the opportunity for a person to make a positive difference in the lives the clients being served. Through research...
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...Theory Paper Holistic, CBT and Spritual Theory Approach Introduction Client’s are expecting that counselors will treat their spiritual concers, as a result many mental health professionals are now considering the healing potential of a holistic view of mind, body, and spirit when it is incorporated into the therapeutic process (Morrison, Clutter, Pritchett & Demmitt, 2009). Learning a clients spiritual history, faith preferences, and commitments is a critical assessment priority (Greggo & Lawrence, 2012). As a counselor I find it very important to focus on the clients behaviors, thoughts and spiritual needs. I would address the clients thoughts and behaviors by using pieces of Adlerian therapy while using Cognitive Behavioral Therapy to help the client learn new behaviors. I also find it important to address the clients spiriautal needs and how beliefs play a role in their treatment. When working in a secultar setting, I believe it is hard for counselors to know the best way to incorporate a clients spiritual delimas and needs while working in a therapeutic environment. I personally value and prefer this particular cognitive-behavioral orientation because I believe that it helps the client focus on the therapy as a learning process. The client learns new ways to cope with problems more effectively. Cognitive-behavioral theory stresses the role of thinking, deciding, questioning, doing, and re-deciding (put in own words) I chose CBT because it is the...
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