...free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search In finance, the net present value (NPV) or net present worth (NPW)[1] of a time series of cash flows, both incoming and outgoing, is defined as the sum of the present values (PVs) of the individual cash flows of the same entity. In the case when all future cash flows are incoming (such as coupons and principal of a bond) and the only outflow of cash is the purchase price, the NPV is simply the PV of future cash flows minus the purchase price (which is its own PV). NPV is a central tool in discounted cash flow (DCF) analysis and is a standard method for using the time value of money to appraise long-term projects. Used for capital budgeting and widely used throughout economics, finance, and accounting, it measures the excess or shortfall of cash flows, in present value terms, above the cost of funds. NPV can be described as the “difference amount” between the sums of discounted: cash inflows and cash outflows. It compares the present value of money today to the present value of money in the future, taking inflation and returns into account The NPV of a sequence of cash flows takes as input the cash flows and a discount rate or discount curve and outputs a price; the converse process in DCF analysis — taking a sequence of cash flows and a price as input and inferring as output a discount rate (the discount rate which would yield the given price as NPV) — is called the yield and is more widely used in bond trading. Contents [hide] ...
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...several scenarios that affect the Net Present Value (NPV) of the Free Cash flow projections from Year 0 to Year 10. The comparison of the various options will aid Bauer Industries in formulating a wise decision. Keywords: investments, capital budget, earnings, forecast, NPV Introduction To invest or not to invest, that is the question. That is the main question that businesses ask when an opportunity to invest in a capital project presents itself. Capital projects are normally long term ventures that require substantial amounts of capital funding. With as much funding and planning necessitated for such extraordinary projects, a very meticulous assessment must be made. So how does a company choose whether or not to invest in a capital project? They use proven analytical methods to evaluate the profitability of the project. Ye Sudong and Robert Tiong (2000), authors of NPV-AT-RISK METHOD IN INFRASTRUCTURE PROJECT INVESTMENT EVALUATION (2000) explain that “the project evaluation methods may systematically be classified into three categories: methods based on return, methods based on risk, and methods based on return and risk” (p. 227). The methods that are based on the return give the financer an idea of a possible profit. The methods that are based on risk, on the other hand, lets the financer analyze the risks involved. Some of those methods that are solely risk based include the payback period, Net Present Value (NPV), and Internal Rate of Return (IRR) (Sudong & Tiong...
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...Guillermo Furniture Store Concepts * Guillermo Furniture Store (GFS) in the late 1990s faced a financial crisis because of changes in the furniture industry. By going from a leader in the field down to a company that can hardly survive amongst its current competition, different financial concepts for GFS need to be evaluated and incremental financial decisions need to be made in order for GFS to survive (Guillermo Furniture Store Scenario, 2011). This paper will contain a discussion of the weighted average cost of capital (WACC), background on the use of multiple valuation techniques in reducing risks, a discussion on the net present value (NPV) of future cash flows for different alternative methods, and a sensitivity analysis. Guillermo Alternatives The financial downturn of Guillermo Furniture resulting from developments in the industry has caused a need for alternatives to be evaluated in order for Guillermo to remain in business. Alternative one is the option of keeping everything the same until business fails while option two offers the possibility of becoming a broker and distributor for a different furniture store that is currently dominating the market. Option three, is to allow Guillermo to keep the store he has in business but invest capital in a manner that allows the store to move into high-tech manufacturing processes to allow for a competitive edge to exist against the other industry leader. By Guillermo opting to move forward with technological advances...
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...Management This chapter introduces the topic of project management. Projects are defined as temporary endeavors undertaken to create a unique product or service. The chapter points out that recent interest in project management is based on a recognition that many organizational tasks do not fit neatly into business-as-usual. The significant differences between project management and general management are overviewed. The three interrelated objectives of budget, schedule, and specifications are also introduced. In addition, two alternative project life cycles are presented and the importance of understanding this distinction is discussed. Also included in the chapter is a discussion of project selection including both non-numeric and numeric selection methods. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the aggregate project plan and an overview of the organization of the remainder of the text. Cases and Readings Some cases appropriate to the subject of this chapter are: Harvard: 9-688-040 Boeing 767: From Concept to Production (A); 9-688-041 (B) 9-888-519 Videotape. This 19 page best-selling case shows how a massive corporation manages the evolution of an enormously complex and risky project from conception to manufacture. The 1-page B case is a supplement update about whether Boeing needs to change the way they manage such projects. The video shows the assembly process of an airplane, compressing 10 weeks of work into ten minutes. Good introductory case to the...
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...Instructor Guide CORPORATE FINANCE COURSE NUMBER: MBA591 [pic] Jones International University®, Ltd. 1.800.811.JONES (5663) http://www.jonesinternational.edu ©2008 Jones International University®, Ltd. All rights reserved. 9697 East Mineral Avenue, Englewood, Colorado 80112, USA This workbook and all accompanying audio-visual material, manuals and software (collectively, the "Materials") are copyrighted with all rights reserved. Under the copyright laws, none of the Materials may be copied in whole or in part without prior written consent of Jones International University®, Ltd. (JIU™) You may permanently transfer all of your rights in the Materials, provided that you retain no copies, and provided that you transfer all of the Materials (including all component parts, media, documentation and any prior versions and upgrades). You may not copy or allow any copies of the Materials to be made for others, whether or not you charge anyone else for the copies. Limitation of Liability. JIU™ PROVIDES ALL OF THE MATERIALS “AS IS” WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND. EACH OF JIU AND ALL ITS DEVELOPERS, TEACHING FACULTY, DIRECTORS, OFFICERS, EMPLOYEES OR AFFILIATES DISCLAIM ALL OTHER WARRANTIES, EITHER EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, NONINFRINGEMENT AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. IN NO EVENT WILL JIU OR ITS DEVELOPERS, TEACHING...
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...MBA 570 Complete Course - Saint (Assignments- Dqs - quizzes) IF You Want To Purchase A+ Work Then Click The Link Below , Instant Download http://acehomework.com/MBA-570-Complete-Course-Saint-5555500012.htm?categoryId=-1 If You Face Any Problem E- Mail Us At JohnMate1122@gmail.com MBA 570 assignment 1 This writing assignment should be in an essay format. It should use twoor more published news or academic articles which are less than a year old as cited references. In your essay, you should answer the following questions: • What are value stocks? • What are growth stocks? • What is the reasoning that investorsuse for purchasing valueor growth stocks? • Has valueor growthinvesting worked best over the long term? • Do you prefer one of the Find recent examples of news articles in which someone is described as a valueor growthinvestor . How successful have theybeen with this method? The essay will be in APA format and be 500-1,000 words in length . See the rubric on the next page for complete grading criteria Hint: One wayto find information for this assignment is to use the library’s database for the Wall Street Journal or Barron’s and search for a recent article with the words “value investor” or “growthinvestor” in the text of the article MBA570 assignment 2 Assume that you are a corporate manager that needs to make an important decision. Your company currently has its largest factory (700 employees) located in the Midwestern...
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...their potential projects? 2. Should General Foods invest in the Super project? In evaluating the Super Project, what are the relevant cash flows to use? In particular: • Test market Expenses • Overhead Expenses • Erosion of Jell-O contribution margin • Allocation of charges for the use of excess agglomerator capacity OPTIONS • Evaluation Methods – NPV, IRR, Payback, Alternative 1, 2, or 3 o Test Market Expenses – Include or Exclude o Overhead Expenses – Include or Exclude o Erosion of Jell-O contribution margin – Include or Exclude o Allocation of charges for the use of excess capacity – Include or Exclude • Accept or Reject the Super Project RECOMMENDATIONS 1. NPV is the best capital budgeting method for evaluating projects. 2. Do not include test market expenses as they are sunk costs. 3. Include only incremental overhead expenses specific to the project. 4. General Foods should account for erosion of Jell-O margin as this reflects incremental costs of the project. 5. Account for allocation of charges for the use of excess capacity as an opportunity cost. 6. Reject Super Project as it has a negative NPV. ANALYSIS Capital Budgeting Techniques The first issue that General Foods needs to address is their capital budgeting techniques. General Foods currently uses ROFE and payback (depending on the type of project) and both methods are flawed, possibly leading to faulty capital budgeting decisions. We must also address each of the alternative methods...
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...Short Analysis of Practical Difficulties of the NPV-method The Net Present Value (NPV) is a method to compare the value of an investment now and that amount in the future, taking into account the cost of capital and the cash flows generated by the investment. The formula to calculate the NPV is as follows: With t as the time of cashflow, i the discount rate and R the net cashflows. Although the formula to calculate the NPV is straightforward and takes into account the value of a cashflow (money) over time, there still is a lot of information that is up to discussion, to which numbers to use. The short comic below gives an idea: One of the umbers that is most easy to calculate is the investment, which is not more than a number. However, from that moment on all are just assumptions. An assumption of the future cash flows that will be generated and the discount rate of cost of capital. Let me use the example of the initial public offering of Twitter, for which the Financial Times has made a simplistic tool to calculate the market value of the company (http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/2/8ae5045c-4159-11e3-b064-00144feabdc0.html#axzz2lynPs27Z). Now, this short analysis does not have the goal to critique the tool, I merely use it to show what a different cost of capital can do with the ‘’market value of the company’’. A cost of capital of 10% will give an enterprise value of 23.1 billion dollar, while a cost of capital of 12% will give an enterprise value of 15.4 billion...
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...1. (1) Option #3 was for Stryker Instruments to manufacture its own PCBs in its own facility near company headquarters. (2)Benefits for option 3: ● Better control the quality, delivery and cost; ● Maintain the business stability; ● Supply PCBs to other Stryker businesses; ● Be able to implement cost shift and avoid tax; (3) Risks for option 3: ● Carry the inventory; ● Incur large capital outlay and sunk cost; ● Increase headcount, payroll and other expenditures (materials, infrastructure, R&D, maintenance, PP&E and depreciation) of Stryker; ●Bear the risk that the equipment may be outdated; (4) Compared with option #1: ●Benefit: no capital outlay; to some extent can protect future against disruptions with lower cost; flexibility; ●Risk: instability in quality, cost, delivery and responsiveness; Compared with option #2: ●Benefit: can improve quality of the supplies by increasing business with the supplier; ●Risk: the possibility of bankruptcy and weak financial performance of supplier; the sole supplier can strongly affect Stryker’s performance; coordination problem. 2. (1) Followings are the key assumptions of our write up: ● Stryker Instruments incurred all capital expenditures including (construction and improvements, furnishings and non-manufacturing equipment, communication equipment and IT infrastructure and capital equipment) in year 2003, before the implementation...
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...Management - Handstar Inc NPV Method for Project Selection The Net Present Value (NPV) of an investment is the present value of the expected cash flows, less the cost of the investment NPV is calculated based on formula for growing annuity - a stream of cash flows that grows at a constant rate for a fixed number of periods C= First year revenue r = Discount rate = 12% g = Annual Revenue Growth T = Product Life Time = 3 years Total development hrs available with 4 developers in a year= 4 X 2500=10000 hrs Assumptions 1. In NPV calculation, we assume all projects are completed on same date 2. 3 years of Product Life time starts from date of completion of individual projects Please refer the attached excel sheet for complete calculation Project# Project Type Project Name Dev Hrs NPV (Refer Excel sheet) Project Rank (Based on NPV) 1 Update Integration of calendar and email 1250 1575155.23 4 2 Update Expense report 400 607862.11 6 3 Update Portfolio tracking system 750 1218324.22 5 4 New Product Spreadsheet Program 2500 2501024.51 3 5 New Product Web Browser 1875 6779898.70 1 6 New Product Trip Planner 6250 2944042.97 2 Q1: As per NPV ranking and available development hrs. (i.e. 10000) following 4 projects can only be undertaken. By taking up these project total 9775 hrs. will be utilized. Project Name Dev Hrs NPV (Refer Excel sheet) Project Rank (Based on NPV) Integration of calendar...
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...V O LU M E 1 9 | N U M B E R 2 | S PRING 2007 Journal of APPLIED CORPORATE FINANCE A MO RG A N S TA N L E Y P U B L I C AT I O N In This Issue: Valuation, Capital Budgeting, and Disclosure Enterprise Valuation Roundtable Presented by Ernst & Young 8 Panelists: Richard Ruback, Harvard Business School; Trevor Harris, Morgan Stanley; Aileen Stockburger, Johnson & Johnson; Dino Mauricio, General Electric; Christian Roch, BNP Paribas; Ken Meyers, Siemens Corporation; and Charles Kantor, Lehman Brothers. Moderated by Jeff Greene, Ernst & Young. The Case for Real Options Made Simple 39 Raul Guerrero, Asymmetric Strategy Valuing the Debt Tax Shield 50 Ian Cooper, London Business School, and Kjell G. Nyborg, Norwegian School of Economics and Business Administration Measuring Free Cash Flows for Equity Valuation: Pitfalls and Possible Solutions 60 Juliet Estridge, Morgan Stanley, and Barbara Lougee, University of San Diego Discount Rates in Emerging Markets: Four Models and an Application 72 Javier Estrada, IESE Business School Rail Companies: Prospects for Privatization and Consolidation 78 James Runde, Morgan Stanley A Real Option in a Jet Engine Maintenance Contract 88 Richard L. Shockley, Jr., University of Indiana A Practical Method for Valuing Real Options: The Boeing Approach 95 Scott Mathews, The Boeing Company, Vinay Datar, Seattle University, and Blake Johnson, Stanford University Accounting for Employee...
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...Global Information System Strategy Activity A Journal For the purpose of resolution of the issue and for discussion of the beneficial steps with regard to the Human Resource Management, the following steps and procedures, which is detailed out hereunder have been carried out. The same has been undertaken with an idea and an overall objective to ensure that there is effective utilization of resources, and on an overall basis, there is generation of value for the organisation. An organisation is composed of several factors with each constituting and providing necessary help and support to the other functions. In light of the same it becomes necessary that the management action plans are conducted in an orderly manner. It is true that the human resource department constitutes an important function in the organisation, and it is very much essential that there is an adequate system of management of the human resource department of the concern. The human resource is one such department which forms the life and blood of the organisation and any activity in support or in contravention to the same shall lead to the overall development of the organisation. At the present level and considering the overall system of activity of the management, there is a proposal of providing the concerned personnel with additional benefit in respect of some key management issues and key areas. A need has been identified to introduce a wearable tag for the employees. In this respect the following...
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...Week Four Discussion Questions 1.What is the cost of capital? How do you calculate the cost of capital? Why is it important in capital budgeting decisions. (due by midnight on Thursday) Cost of capital is the required return or the opportunity cost for a project in order to increase the value of the firm in the market place. It helps managers evaluate if an investment is worthwhile by setting a benchmark for the minimum rate of return. Cost of capital may be used as the measuring road for adopting an investment proposal. It measures the financial performance and determines the acceptability of all investment opportunities. The weighted average cost of capital (WACC) is used to measure a firm’s cost of capital. 2. What are some capital budgeting tools? Explain Net Present Value (NPV) analysis. (Due by midnight on Thursday) Different tools used in capital budgeting include NPV, discounted-cash-flow analysis, IRR, and MIRR. NPV is used to evaluate capital budgeting projects by determining the difference between the market value of an item and what it costs. 3. What is the weighted average cost of capital (WACC)? How is it calculated? What are business investment rules? (Due by midnight on Saturday) WACC is the average costs of financing sources either debt or equity. The WACC equation is the cost of each capital component multiplied by its proportional weight and then summing. WACC= E/V*Re+D/V*Rd*(1-Tc) Re=cost of equity, Rd=cost of debt, E=market value of the firm’s equity...
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...Decision Tree Analysis, and c. Option to Wait (Black Scholes Model). |1. Timing Option | We have used Timing Option to calculate the NPV if the stocks were issued immediately. Here we consider FCF in the three methods. Here, we assume 30% probability for high demand, 40% for average and 30% for low demand. We calculated the net annual cash flow for each scenario and then calculated the expected NPV for the issuance. |Demand |Probability |Annual FCF |E(NPV) | |High |30% |142400.97 |686590.51 | |Average |40% |109539.20 |526734.24 | |Low |30% |76677.44 |366877.96 | If Spiegel issued the stocks immediately the Expected net present value gained by the company would be $526734.24 thousand. |2. Decision Tree Analysis | Here we consider three types of demand a. high, b. average, and c. low. Then we calculated the average cash flow for each scenario, then we got net present value. Then we calculated expected NPV. Then we compare this NPV with the expected NPV if there was immediate issue. |0 |Probability |Cost |Future Cash...
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...their potential projects? 2. Should General Foods invest in the Super project? In evaluating the Super Project, what are the relevant cash flows to use? In particular: • Test market Expenses • Overhead Expenses • Erosion of Jell-O contribution margin • Allocation of charges for the use of excess agglomerator capacity OPTIONS • Evaluation Methods – NPV, IRR, Payback, Alternative 1, 2, or 3 o Test Market Expenses – Include or Exclude o Overhead Expenses – Include or Exclude o Erosion of Jell-O contribution margin – Include or Exclude o Allocation of charges for the use of excess capacity – Include or Exclude • Accept or Reject the Super Project RECOMMENDATIONS 1. NPV is the best capital budgeting method for evaluating projects. 2. Do not include test market expenses as they are sunk costs. 3. Include only incremental overhead expenses specific to the project. 4. General Foods should account for erosion of Jell-O margin as this reflects incremental costs of the project. 5. Account for allocation of charges for the use of excess capacity as an opportunity cost. 6. Reject Super Project as it has a negative NPV. ANALYSIS Capital Budgeting Techniques The first issue that General Foods needs to address is their capital budgeting techniques. General Foods currently uses ROFE and payback (depending on the type of project) and both methods are flawed, possibly leading to faulty capital budgeting decisions. We must also address each of the alternative methods...
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