...Running head: AMERICA'S AFFLUENCE AND OBESITY America's Affluence and Obesity Cassandra L Thomas American Intercontinental University Abstract The problem of obesity in America has risen to epidemic levels. Congress in 2002 charged the Institute of Medicine (IOM) to find ways to prevent this epidemic. The IOM appointed nineteen experts to handle this issue, experts in health, obesity, nutrition, physical activity, and public health. It has been determined that it is not just up to Congress but also the individual. ("Preventing Childhood Obesity:" 2005). This paper will take a look at how the affluence of America plays a part in this epidemic. (I.O.M 2004). America's Affluence and Obesity America’s Affluence and Obesity Since the beginning of America, folks have lived off the land. Vegetables, fruits were grown on lands free from pesticides and fertilizers. Animals used for food were allowed to eat what the land offered. People grew vegetable gardens, and traded with each other. They made their own preserves, from fresh fruits and vegetables. Fresh foods were in great abundance and there was very little waste. Then there came an educated generation that had no use or respect for the land. New Generation This new educated generation, felt they were much too educated to work the land, they went after the dollar, it became all about making money. Money to buy bigger houses, bigger cars, lusting the glamour, and glitter of Hollywood. The world became aware...
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...The Tuskegee syphilis study is an experiment conducted by the U.S. Public Health Service, to study the natural history of untreated syphilis. The purpose of study was to establish the treatment programs by investigating the effects of untreated disease. The selected 600 research participants with syphilis disease and non- diseased were selected. They were given free medical care, meals, and free burial insurance. However, the study was conducted without the benefit of patients’ informed consent. The researchers convinced local physicians not to treat the participants and not giving penicillin unless it was asked by participants. More than hundreds of people were died from this study. As for these reasons, the Assistant Secretary for Health...
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...lifestyle. Go to the gym every once in a while, or daily. Or take a run around your neighborhood. Even taking your dog for a walk is good rather than you sitting on the couch. Climb the stairs instead of taking the lift... You can do some chores, working in the garden, raking leaves, sweeping the floor...these kinds of activities may not be 'vigorous' exercise, but they can keep you moving while getting your house in order. Moreover, you can Pace while you talk. When you're on the phone, pace around or even do some cleaning while you are grossing. This is a great way to stay moving while doing something you enjoy. Frequent and routine exercise everyday helps to boost the immune system and alternatively prevents the “disease of affluence” such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and obesity. It also improves mental health, and prevents depression. Furthermore, don’t abuse your body. Don't work out too much because it can cause your body to not function properly It is best to leave a day or two off to get back your energy. You shouldn’t stress yourself over anything. Have fun! Stress can tense your muscles, which will make you feel unhappy and unwell....
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...benefitted; through saprotrophic and humicolous mode of nutrition, mushrooms serve as a dependable system for natural recycling of biodegradable substances; parasitic mushrooms are responsible for diseases of trees (Phellinus, Fomes), bamboos (Amylosporus, Laetiporus), insects (Cordyceps)...
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...elevated risks of cancer to occur throughout the body. Obesity is also a risk factor for coronary heart disease, stroke, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and other chronic illnesses. Americans currently have the cheapest food in history when measured as a fraction of disposable income. Along with the real decreases in food cost, per capita food availability has increased. Consequently, this smaller share of disposable income now buys many more calories, leading to the increase of obesity. The obesity epidemic has been fueled by historically low food prices relative to income. In the United States alone, an estimated 34,000 new cases of cancer among men (4%)...
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...Issue 5 / China’s chronic disease challenge Features from our global market research experts Free Thinking China’s chronic disease challenge Marc Yates, Director of Emerging Markets, looks at the chronic disease challenge in China and asks what it means for China’s healthcare policy and to global pharmaceutical companies looking to operate in this double-digit growth market. In 2012 the urban population exceeded the rural population for the first time. Urbanisation brings significant benefits such as improved sanitation, greater affordability and increased access to healthcare. It also changes the disease paradigm with a reduction of infectious diseases but an increase in diseases of affluence, such as cardiovascular diseases and diabetes. The diabetes problem Research from Peking University suggests that China now has more diabetes patients than even India and it is hitting the country hard. In 2007 almost 600,000 adult deaths in China were directly attributable to diabetes, and there was a significant gender difference, with males accounting for 57% of all diabetes-related deaths. And the diabetes problem is not getting any easier. The International Diabetes Federation predicts the health expenditure to increase by an average of 20% between 2007 to 2025 across the Western Pacific region. However during the same period spending on diabetes in China is forecasted to grow by 49%. Health expenditure for diabetes 2007 US$ (‘000) 2025 US$ (‘000) % Increase China Western Pacific...
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...have enough to do so. Now that we’re in a recession, I don’t think it’s in the United States’ interests to start giving money to other nations again. I do believe that the United States should fund family planning efforts in other nations, just not at this time, because studies have shown that there was a decrease in population growth in countries that had implemented these methods. Testing Your Comprehension 2. Human populations have continued to grow in spite of environmental limitations because humans have been able to develop technology to overcome its natural limits on its growth. For example; the agricultural revolution and the industrial revolution. There are other factors like poverty, consumption from affluence, a gap in wealth, and diseases like hiv/aids, that contribute to this. 6. The total fertility rate is the average number of children born per female member of a population during her lifetime. The replacement fertility for humans is 2.1 because that is when population size decreases. Europe’s TFR is affecting its natural rate of population in the way that because it is below 2.1, its population is still continuing to increase. 7. Fertility rates have fallen in many countries because more and more people are being educated about...
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...The cultural, social, and economic environment during the years prior to the planning, writing and publication the book of “Silent Spring” was a time of new affluence and intense social conformity. The cold war, with its climate of suspicion and intolerance, was at its zenith. The chemical industry, one of the chief beneficiaries of postwar technology, was also one of the chief authors of the nation’s prosperity. DDT enabled the conquest of insect pests in agriculture and of ancient insect-borne disease just as surely as the atomic bomb destroyed America’s military enemies and dramatically altered the balance of power between humans and nature. The public endowed chemists, at work in their starched white coats in remote laboratories, with almost divine wisdom. The results of their labors were gilded with the presumption of beneficence. The postwar America, science was god, and science was male. Carson first discovered nature in the company of her mother, a devotee of the nature study movement. However, Carson was confronted with the problem of environmental pollution at a formative period of her life. She witnessed her home town turning into iron and steel capital of the Western world, which the experiment led her to fight her suspicious of promises of “better living through chemistry”. One of Carson’s hypotheses was that science conceived and technology made possible must first be judged for its safety and benefit to the “whole stream of life.” The research was her...
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...their wives to join the war. This lead to a decrease in births as males were not present in their home country. This occurred in many countries not just Britain. Britain became more female orientated. This especially occurred in the more urban areas. The reason birth rates started to increased after 1950 was through the introduction of the NHS. This service, because it was free helped to save many lives. Births increased as more men were being treated and also the wars had ended therefore decreased the death rates heavily. Furthermore the TB vaccination was also brought in 1953. Tuberculosis was a very dreadful disease to catch, killing 2,200,500 people approximately before the 1950's. After that the deaths reduced dramatically to 600,000 since the vaccination. In the 60's the death rates increased. This was because of the diseases of affluence. This term describes diseases and health conditions thought to be a result of increasing wealth. The height of these deaths peaked at 0.65 million. This reason of deaths co-exists with the reason that many workers have taken up more increasingly dangerous jobs. These jobs aided in increasing the death rates. The majority of the work was manual labour because Britain was an industrial country in the 80's. The workforce was no longer skilled enough to take up administrative...
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...Often trying to find the gynecologist might lead you to the obstetrician-gynecologists, who are the proficient people to care for females and see to diverse pregnancy problems and delivery. A person might move to gynecologist for several reasons, it might be for some birth control possibilities, to know about sexually transmitted diseases (STD) and its analysis, prevention and treatment, pelvic examination for pap smear test starting from age of 21 and then continuing after two years, to learn about HPV (human papilloma virus) inoculation and concerns on baby care during pregnancy. Some problems that gynecologists have to sort out can be emotional or mental concerns stemming from hormones. It is vital for these specialists to have a good understanding on both natural and artificial hormones. The question is when to visit a gynecologist? An individual goes to gynecologist when somebody reaches age of 21 or becomes sexually active earlier. Often, females meet gynecologist if they have complications with periods and numerous other pregnancy issues. After reaching age of 40...
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...Listening to the poor explain what poverty is like in their own words is more vivid than reading descriptions of it. Listen to some of the voices of the poor about the experience of poverty in Box 1.1.1 From these, together with the voices of the poor recorded in Box 5.1 and Box 8.1, it is clear that what people living in poverty need and want extend beyond increased income to health, education, and—especially for women—empowerment. These correspond to enhanced capabilities and to the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals, both of which are introduced later in this chapter. This first fleeting glimpse at life in different parts of our planet is sufficient to raise various questions. Why does affluence coexist with dire poverty not only on different continents but also within the same country or even the same city? Can traditional, low-productivity, subsistence societies be transformed into modern, high-productivity, high-income nations? To what extent are the development aspirations of poor nations helped or hindered by the economic activities of rich nations? By what process and under what conditions do rural subsistence farmers in the remote regions of Nigeria, Brazil, or the Philippines evolve into successful commercial farmers? These and many other questions concerning international and national differences in standards of living, in areas including health and nutrition, education, employment, environmental sustainability, population growth, and...
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...Emerging market report 2007 Disclaimer PricewaterhouseCoopers has exercised professional care and diligence in the collection and processing of the information in this report. However, the data used in the preparation of this report (and on which the report is based) was provided by third-party sources. This report is intended to be of general interest only and does not constitute professional advice. PricewaterhouseCoopers makes no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy of this report. PricewaterhouseCoopers shall not be liable to any user of this report or to any other person or entity for any inaccuracy of information contained in this report or for any errors or omissions in its content, regardless of the cause of such inaccuracy, error or omission. Furthermore, to the extent permitted by law, PricewaterhouseCoopers, its members, employees and agents accept no liability and disclaim all responsibility for the consequences of you or anyone else acting, or refraining from acting, in relying upon the information contained in this report or for any decision based on it, or for any consequential, special, incidental or punitive damages to any person or entity for any matter relating to this report even if advised of the possibility of such damages. The member firms of the PricewaterhouseCoopers network (www.pwc. com) provide industry-focused assurance, tax and advisory services to build public trust and enhance value for its clients and their stakeholders...
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...Examine the main trends in births and deaths in the United Kingdom since 1900 The birthrate in the UK has been in a long-term state of decline since 1900. In 1900 the birthrate in England and wales was 28.7, but by 2007 it had fallen to an estimated 10.7. However there have been three fluctuations in the birthrate of the UK, these are know as the three ‘baby booms’ in the 20th century. The First two came after the two world wars (1914-18 and 1939-45), as returning service men and their partners started families that they postponed during the war. There was a third baby boom in the 1960s before sharply declining again in the 1970s. The rate then rose in the 1980s and fell in the 1990s, it has recently increased since 2001. There were major changes in the position of women in the 20th century. In the 20th century women gained legal equality with men including the right to vote. Women now also have increased educational opportunities and girls now do better at school than boys. There are now more women in paid employment, plus laws outlawing unequal pay and sex discrimination. As well as changes in attitudes to family life and women’s role and an easier access to divorce. As a result of these changes, women now see other opportunities in life apart from the traditional role of the house wife mother. Many are choosing to delay childbearing, or not have children at all in pursuit of a career. For example in 2006 on in five women were childless at age 45, double the number of...
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...A disease is an abnormal condition affecting the body of an organism. It is often construed to be a medical condition associated with specific symptoms and signs.[1] It may be caused by external factors, such as infectious disease, or it may be caused by internal dysfunctions, such as autoimmune diseases. In humans, "disease" is often used more broadly to refer to any condition that causes pain, dysfunction, distress, social problems, or death to the person afflicted, or similar problems for those in contact with the person. In this broader sense, it sometimes includes injuries, disabilities, disorders, syndromes, infections, isolated symptoms, deviant behaviors, and atypical variations of structure and function, while in other contexts and for other purposes these may be considered distinguishable categories. Diseases usually affect people not only physically, but also emotionally, as contracting and living with many diseases can alter one's perspective on life, and their personality. Death due to disease is called death by natural causes. There are four main types of disease: pathogenic disease, deficiency disease, hereditary disease, and physiological disease. Diseases can also be classified as communicable and non-communicable disease. Terminology In many cases, the terms disease, disorder, morbidity and illness are used interchangeably.[2] In some situations, specific terms are considered preferable. [edit]Disease The term disease broadly refers to any condition...
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...on the legal issues in the practice of public health and the effects of legal practice on public health has basically three major areas of practice: police power, the population law, and injury and disease prevention. The area of police power is engaged by agencies of the government. This area centers its attention on the growing field of bioterrorism and moreover, this has made the public health lawyers work towards the conception of the Model State Public Health Act and the Model State Emergency Health Powers Act. The area of the population law has its theoretical foundation on the legal analysis based on population. Being a new entrant in the subject of jurisprudence, the law of population has been found analyzing legal problems making use of the tool of epidemiology. The threat to the health of a society taken as a whole, on the basis of population health, is the primary concern of public health. In such situations, the population concerned with this notion can either be a handful of them or even whole of the continent, in case of an epidemic. Through the means of propagation of healthy behaviors and close observation of cases, the public health involvement promotes more of prevention of diseases rather than treating them. But in certain circumstances the treating of the diseases becomes a priority than controlling them through immunization as in the case of outbreak of pandemics. The distribution of condoms and the various vaccination programs can be exemplified as the measures...
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