...... 2 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Why choose Cambridge? Why choose Cambridge IGCSE? Why choose Cambridge IGCSE Economics? Cambridge ICE (International Certificate of Education) How can I find out more? 2. Teacher support.............................................................................................................. 5 2.1 Support materials 2.2 Resource lists 2.3 Training 3. Syllabus content at a glance ........................................................................................... 6 4. Assessment at a glance ................................................................................................. 8 5. Syllabus aims and assessment objectives ..................................................................... 9 5.1 Syllabus aims 5.2 Assessment objectives and their weightings 6. Syllabus content ..............................................................................................................
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...Introduction to Business Environment Business environment is composed of two words ‘Business’ and ‘Environment’. In economic sense ‘Business’ means human activities like production, purchase or extraction or sales of products or services that are performed to earn money. Meanwhile ‘Environment’ means the aspect of surroundings. Business environment is the set of conditions institutional, political, economical, legal or social that is uncontrollable and affects the functions of the organization. Business environment consists of two components: external environment and internal environment. Internal environment includes of 5 M’s like management, money, machinery, material and man. On the other hand, External environment consists of demo-graphical factors, socio-cultural factors, political factors, geo-physical factors, government and legal factors. Executive Summary The assignment is organized with four parts: Introduction, executive summary, assignment and conclusion. Introduction is the brief of this assignment. Executive summary is to explain the detail of the contents. In this assignment, business environment is what we have learned by doing this assignment. Now, we can discuss the environment of business what kinds of things and what are the importance. Assignment Task1 Understand the organizational purpose of business 1.1 Identify the purpose of different types of organization An organization is an arrangement of people, pursing common goals, achieving...
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...PROJECT MANAGEMENT Introduction Many definitions had been given to project by different authors, due to the fact that project is a multidisciplinary word that has different meaning from different perspective and orientations. Engineers, Architects, Managers and so on, have their definitions coined out from their experiences as far as their professions are concerned. Project according to Project Management Institute, PMI, (2006) cited in Pinto (2007) “is a temporary activity or endeavor undertaken purposely to create a unique output (product or service) within budget, time and standards. Turner and Muller (2003) in their own words defined project as “an organization of human materials and financial resources in a novel way, to undertake a unique scope of work, of given specification, within constraints of cost and time, defined by quantitative and qualitative objectives so as to achieve a beneficial change”. The uniqueness of project is pointing to its genuine nature in the sense that there may not be a pre-existing blue print for the project’s execution and there may not be a need to repeat the project once completed. Its goal characteristics may be well perceive as achieving stated objectives or solve a particular problem, while its temporary nature signifies a discrete, definable commencement and conclusion. Project management on the other hand, according to Abbasi and Al-Mharmah (2005) “is the art and science of planning, designing and managing work throughout all the phases...
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...ECONOMICS EXAMINATION GUIDELINES GRADE 12 2014 These guidelines consist of 25 pages. Copyright reserved Please turn over Economics 2 Examination Guidelines DBE/2014 INDEX PAGE 3 1. INTRODUCTION 2. ASSESSMENT IN GRADE 12 2.1 Format of the question papers 2.2 Detail of question papers 4 4 4 3. CONTENT 6 4. CONCLUSION Copyright reserved 25 Please turn over Economics 1. 3 Examination Guidelines DBE/2014 INTRODUCTION The Curriculum and Assessment Policy Statement (CAPS) for Economics outlines the nature and purpose of the subject Economics. This guides the philosophy underlying the teaching and assessment of the subject in Grade 12. The purpose of these Examination Guidelines is to: • • Provide clarity on the depth and scope of the content to be assessed in the Grade 12 National Senior Certificate (NSC) Examination in Economics. Assist teachers to adequately prepare learners for the examinations. This document deals with the final Grade 12 external examinations. It does not deal in any depth with the School-Based Assessment (SBA). This guideline should be read in conjunction with: • • • The National Curriculum Statement (NCS) Curriculum and Assessment Policy Statement (CAPS): Economics The National Protocol of Assessment: An addendum to the policy document, the National Senior Certificate: A qualification at Level 4 on the National Qualifications Framework (NQF), regarding the National Protocol for Assessment (Grades R–12) The national policy pertaining...
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...Unit Title: The Business Environment Guided Learning Hours: 160 Level: Level 5 Number of Credits: 18 Learning Outcome 1 The learner will: Understand the significance of the environment on business activity. Assessment Criteria The learner can: 1.1 Explain the features of business activity. Indicative Content 1.1.1 Explain the business organisation as a transformation process. 1.1.2 Describe the different ways in which a business may structure its activities. 1.2 Discuss the complex interactions that operate between a business and its environment. 1.2.1 Discuss the complexity, volatility and uniqueness of an organisation's environment. 1.2.2 Explain the influence of shareholders on the internal environment of an organisation. 1.2.3 Outline the nature of the external environment (PEST). 1.3 Explain the need for change and its management within an individual business. 1.3.1 Discuss the need to monitor changes in the external environment. 1.3.2 Discuss the implications of environmental change for a business, its stakeholders and society. 1.3.3 Explain reasons for resistance to change by firms, managers and employees. 1.3.4 Describe ways in which resistance to change may be overcome. Learning Outcome 2 The learner will: Understand the structure and organisation of business. Assessment Criteria The learner can: 2.1 Discuss the impact of industrial and legal structure and size on organisational behaviour. Indicative Content 2.1.1 Classify businesses...
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...Unit Title: The Business Environment Guided Learning Hours: 160 Level: Level 5 Number of Credits: 18 Learning Outcome 1 The learner will: Understand the significance of the environment on business activity. Assessment Criteria The learner can: Indicative Content 1.1 Explain the features of business activity. 1.1.1 Explain the business organisation as a transformation process. 1.1.2 Describe the different ways in which a business may structure its activities. 1.2 Discuss the complex interactions that operate between a business and its environment. 1.2.1 Discuss the complexity, volatility and uniqueness of an organisation's environment. 1.2.2 Explain the influence of shareholders on the internal environment of an organisation. 1.2.3 Outline the nature of the external environment (PEST). 1.3 Explain the need for change and its management within an individual business. 1.3.1 Discuss the need to monitor changes in the external environment. 1.3.2 Discuss the implications of environmental change for a business, its stakeholders and society. 1.3.3 Explain reasons for resistance to change by firms, managers and employees. 1.3.4 Describe ways in which resistance to change may be overcome. Learning Outcome 2 The learner will: Understand the structure and organisation of business. Assessment Criteria The learner can: Indicative Content 2.1 Discuss the impact of industrial and legal structure and size on organisational behaviour. 2.1.1 Classify...
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...Besides I would like to thank my parents for their huge support they have given me and also my beloved friends who encouraged me to complete my assignment. Executive Summary Organizations can be divided into private and public sector, and all the type of organizations in both sectors have different features though some features may be the same for different organizations. Next plc is a multinational firm which is operating in UK and it has several stakeholders which can be categorized into two groups, internal stakeholders and external stakeholders and also Next plc as an organization has it aims, objectives and goals which they target to achieve in future though they have achieved some in present too. Economic system is an organized way on how allocation of resources in an economy is done, how goods required by the consumers have been produced and how it is distributed, basically there are three types of economic systems where in all three economic system allocation of resources is done by different parties. Economic policies are implemented by the government the economy, both policies that the government use have a direct impact on country’s economy. Next plc as an organization also can affected when the government implements economic policies to the country’s economy. Next plc exports products to other countries and by doing this it enables international trade to take place. International trade brings several advantages to Next plc but it also must face certain issues due...
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...SCHEMES OF WORK – COMMERCE (GRADE TEN) SCHEMES OF WORK – COMMERCE (GRADE TEN) WEEKLY SCHEDULE(3 periods a week) | TOPICS AND CONTENT | LEARNING OBJECTIVES- Students will be able to: | TEACHINGSTRATEGIES | SUGGESTED ACTIVITIES | RESOURCES | ASSESSMENT | 1. Introduction to Commerce | | | | | | 1 | A) Organizational Structure of Commerce | 1. Define the terms within the organizational structure. 2. Draw up and complete the organizational structure of commerce. | Graphic OrganizerMnemonic Strategies | Question and AnswerIllustrationsBingo | Wall ChartsMini chart print outs Commerce Textbooks: (Listing of texts attached) | Quizzes:-Chart completion-DefinitionsBingo Games | | B) Needs and Wants | 3. Distinguish between needs and wants. 4. Discuss the role played by producers in the satisfaction of consumer needs and wants | SPAR ( Spontaneous Argumentation)Graphic Organizer | DiscussionsQuestion and Answer | Commerce TextbooksPowerPoint PresentationInternetLaptop | Assignment-categorizing needs and wants. | 1 | C) Economic Systems | 5. Identify and explain types of economic systems | Graphic Organizer | Questions and Answers | Chart PrintoutsCommerce Textbooks | Quiz | 1 | D) Direct and Indirect Production | 6. Distinguish between direct and indirect production 7. List and explain the commercial occupations. | Graphic OrganizerCooperative learningMnemonic Strategies | Role playDiscussionsGraphic Organizer | Commerce Textbooks | Assignment-categorizing...
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...ABE Level 5 Diploma Unit Title: The Business Environment Learning Outcome: 1. Understand the significance of the environment on business activity. Please note that the content of this Lecture Guide is listed in its recommended teaching order, rather than in numerical order. Indicative Content: 1.1.1 Explain the business organisation as a transformation process: • Business organisations undergo a transformation process from inputs into outputs, using physical inputs plus finance and skills to produce both goods and services. • Use examples from both manufacturing and service sector organisations to illustrate the process. 1.1.2 Describe the different ways in which a business may structure its activities: • Organisational structures can be based on the functions of the organisation, its product ranges, or geographical regions. Alternatively some less hierarchical organisations may use a matrix structure, especially if the firm is project based. 1.2.1 Discuss the complexity, volatility and uniqueness of an organisation's environment: • The organisation in its environment has to face a wide range of internal and external influences which affect business activity. • The immediate or operational environment interacts with suppliers, competitors, the labour market and financial institutions. • The general or contextual environment consists of economic, political, legal, and social factors. Each functional area of the organisation may be affected. • Whilst organisations have some...
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...provides on how and where the people of a country are employed. also this helps in ascertaining as to which sector of economic activity contributes more or less to the country’s GDP and per capita income. If the tertiary sector is developing much faster than the primary sector, then it implies that agriculture is depleting, and the government must take measures to rectify this. The knowledge that the agricultural profession is becoming unpopular or regressive can only come if we know which sector it belongs to. Hence it is necessary to classify economic activities into these there sectors for smooth economic administration and development. Q: 7 For each of the following sectors that we came across in this chapter why should one focus on employment and GDP? Could there be other issues which should be examined? Discuss. Answer For each of the sectors mentioned in this chapter our focus should definitely be on employment and GDP. This is because growth in GDP and full employment are common goals of Five Year Plans and they also determine the size of a country’s economy. A focus on employment and GDP helps us to calculate and monitor the most important factors like: per capita income, productivity, changes in employment rate and contribution to GDP by the three sectors of economy and thus, takes necessary steps required for the upliftment of the country’s economy as a whole. Yes, the other issues which should be examined are - 1. balanced regional development 2...
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...Banks are very old form of financial institution that channels excess fund from surplus unit to deficit unit in consideration of a price called interest. Banking business definitely established on a relationship of Debtor-creditor between the surplus unit called depositor and the bank and between the deficit unit called borrowers and the bank. Here, opportunity coast of money works as interest is considered the price of the credit. For the development of an economy, bank furnishes a huge contribution and modem economy can not be imagined without the service of bank. Economic development of a country requires a well organized, smooth, easy to reach and efficient saving-investment process. The function of a single bank is not limited to its geographical region only rather it has reached beyond the border of the country. So banking business has been shaped as global business and the rest other business greatly depend on the strength of banking business performance. The recent financial crisis showed many weaknesses within the on hand financial system across the world. This triggers many issues linking to the protection of banking institution against probable future non expected risks associated with periods of insecurity. Bank regulatory authorities are directly liable to evaluate the performance of each banking business to find out any flaw. Regulatory authority should have to sense any upcoming difficulties regarding the performance of the all banks. For that purpose regulatory...
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...(LPG) , LPG in Developed and Developing Countries LIBERALISATION The main aim of liberalisation was to dismantle the excessive regulatory framework which acted as a shackle on freedom of enterprise. Over the years, the country had developed a system of “license-permit raj.” The aim of the new economic policy was to save the entrepreneurs from unnecessary Harassment of seeking permission from the Babudom (the bureaucracy of the country) to start an undertaking. Similarly, the big business houses were unable to start new enterprises because the Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices (MRTP) Act had prescribed a ceiling on asset ownership to the extent of Rs. 90 crores. In case a business house had assets of more than Rs.90 crores, its application after scrutiny by the MRTP Commission was rejected. It was believed that on account of the rise in prices this limit had become outdated and needed a review. The major purpose of liberalisation was to free the large private corporate sector form bureaucratic controls. It, therefore, started dismantling the regime of industrial licensing and controls. On April 14, 1993, the Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs decided to remove three more items form the list of 18 industries reserved for compulsory licencing. The three items were: motor cars, white goods (which include refrigerators, washing machines, air-conditioners, microwave ovens etc.) and raw hides and skins and patent leather. In the case of cars and white goods...
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...Framework for Public Sector Accounting............................................................ 1 16 September 2014 ii ProQuest 第 1 个文档，共 1 个 Elements of a Theoretical Framework for Public Sector Accounting ProQuest 文档链接 摘要: The development of a concept of community assets (used to describe government-managed assets of an infrastructural, cultural, or environmental nature) can contribute to the development of a new theoretical framework for public sector accounting and potentially for private sector accounting as well. An important feature of this framework is that recognition of assets based on common property alongside private property lends greater visibility to the communitarian perspective, with its emphasis on shared values and common life, and to social as well as technical concerns. In addition, by distinguishing what management can control from what they cannot control, a concept of community assets as distinct from ordinary fixed assets could permit a fairer system of accountability and clarify the controversial issues of depreciation in the public sector. 链接: Check local library holdings 全文文献: Despite the ancient origins of governmental accounting (Normanton, 1966; Chatfield, 1974) and the size and significance of governmental activity in modern times, the subject was, until recently, ignored by academics and practitioners alike. After a period of unwarranted neglect (see Perrin, 1981), the 1980s witnessed an upsurge of interest in public sector accounting...
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...CARIBBEAN EXAMINATIONS COUNCIL Caribbean Secondary Education Certificate CSEC ® PRINCIPLES OF BUSINESS SYLLABUS Effective for examinations from May/June 2008 Including 2009 amendments CXC 08/G/SYLL 06 Published by the Caribbean Examinations Council. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form, or by any means electronic, photocopying, recording or otherwise without prior permission of the author or publisher. Correspondence related to the syllabus should be addressed to: The Pro-Registrar Caribbean Examinations Council Caenwood Centre 37 Arnold Road, Kingston 5, Jamaica, W.I. Telephone: (876) 630-5200 Facsimile Number: (876) 967-4972 E-mail address: cxcwzo@cxc.org Website: www.cxc.org Copyright © 2006, by Caribbean Examinations Council The Garrison, St Michael BB14038, Barbados CXC 08/G/SYLL 06 2 Contents RATIONALE...........................................................................................................................................................1 AIMS ........................................................................................................................................................................1 GENERAL OBJECTIVES ......................................................................................................................................2 SKILLS AND ABILLITIES TO BE ASSESSED ........................
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...the Edges Third Sector and the Third Way Barriers to the fulfilment of expectations of and from voluntary sector organisations under a New Labour government Dissertation for MSc Voluntary Sector Policy & Administration (SA475) June 2000 Department of Social Policy London School of Economics & Political Science Synopsis Voluntary organisations as a vehicle for volunteering, for active citizenship and for a healthier, civil society have become an important of New Labour’s thinking. The voluntary sector is also identified as a vehicle through which government priorities may be more effectively addressed in particular, measures to address social exclusion[1]. This dissertation considers the current state of the relationship between the voluntary sector and the Government and seeks to identify barriers to the fulfilment of this political vision in the context of one Department’s work.[2] The study discusses the findings in the light of the emerging thinking on the Third Way and the substantial body of work on contracting - the medium through which much of the relationship is conducted in the case of the DfEE. Whereas there is an apparent willingness to consider measures to overcome recognised barriers, there appears to be confusion about the extent to which goal deflection may have damaged the legitimacy of voluntary sector organisations. There is therefore uncertainty about which part of the voluntary sector (service delivery organisations, the community sector or social entrepreneurs)...
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