...Vikhyat Mundlapudi Mr. Brandstetter ENG-3UH Monday, September 26th, 2011 yThe Ripple in the Pond Janice Galloway's “this much is constant” is a testament to adults who have let out all their bottled up issues in the form of crime. Through her choice of descriptive words, she hints at the fact that the protagonist may have revisited her childhood home, only to murder her mother. The protagonist's feelings start to be revealed on the first page when she talks about how fear and wonder are constants, meaning that even though all the fearful and wonderful things that happened to her have long passed, they were still fresh in her mind, staying with her for eternity. The reader discovers that she has the longing to accomplish something as she says, “Determination is never outgrown; only with fear and wonder, adapted, reviewed, refined.” (p169) This can be interpreted as the protagonist had wanted to do something in her childhood, and that desire had never outgrown her, it had just been more refined to a point in her adulthood where she could conceivably execute her plan. She says, “Fear is never outgrown...,” (p169) meaning that even though she now has the plan to go along with her determination, she is still as fearful as the child she used to be. Her fear seems to stem specifically from this home, as she talks about how home is where bones grate against each other, signifying conflict, and as many child psychologists will say, a home with much conflict is the devil's workshop...
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...Importance of DNA - A T2 Assessment Understanding what DNA is, is very important. DNA is the material that carries all the information about how a human will look (facial features, etc,.) and also how they will process daily. For example, DNA in humans determines things such as what color the eyes are, what color the hair is, and also what gender you are when a baby. DNA is found in the nucleus of almost all cells. DNA also does something called replicating nucleotides. If DNA never replicated, cell life would be impossible. If this really were to happen, the cells would then die. DNA replicates itself in order to create more DNA strands for cells. It happens along the entire DNA molecule. It continues this until the entire strand/ladder...
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...DNA DNA or Deoxyribonucleic acid is the very building block needed in the creation of life. It is composed of genetic instruction to map out the creation of an entire organism. DNA is well suited in the storage of biological information. Yet with all of this complex information there are certain chemicals or forms of energy that can damage or alter this special coding. In process of damaging or altering the coding of DNA the most dreaded situation of a cancerous cell can be formed. To start let’s look at the different kinds of radiation that may or may not effect DNA. Alpha, Beta, and Gamma Radiation Ionizing Radiation can change the way our body’s work and develop. Direct includes covalent linkage between nitrogenous bases, and creating structure like thymine dimmers. Indirect is when it interacts with water to create free radicals which can interact with a person’s DNA. It can cause single or double stranded breaks in the sugar- phosphate backbone. (Buttons, n.d.) Alpha Radiation is a process that needs to be swallowed, inhaled, and or absorbed into the blood stream. This can increase the risk of cancer also known as lung cancer. Radon is a silent but deadly killer. To determine if one has been affected by alpha particles testing would be completed with special equipment and gear to prevent those from any exposure. Beta Particles can be a helpful process of treatment to many, such as treating thyroid disorders, cancer, and Graves’ disease (hyperthyroidism). It also...
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...Brett Henson DNA Assignment 10/23/13 STR is an improvement over PCR because the STR are locations on the chromosome that contain short sequence elements that repeat themselves within the DNA molecule. The strands are significantly shorter than compared to the PCR which means that the STRs are much less susceptible to degradation and are often recovered from bodies or stains that were subject to extreme decomposition. This is an improvement over PCR which is found from blood semen or saliva. Also the longer strands of PCR take a longer time to retrieve a possible answer. The PCR test is considered to be an improvement over the RFLP because of a couple reasons. It takes much less time to complete, a week at most. The test can be performed with a small crime scene sample, which helps investigators who have little physical evidence. The DNA doesn’t have to be recently collected either. The PCR test can still be performed even years or decades after the fact, and still be just as accurate. This is because the PCR method involves copying the available DNA and analyzing only one specific gene. These are all improvements over the RFLP which requires many sample cells from the crime scene. The RFLP needs several strands of hair or large splatters of blood. The cells have to be “fresh”, which means undamaged and recently dead. The test takes anywhere from 3 weeks to three months to complete. Mitochondria are structures within cells that convert the energy from food into a...
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...lies on the fact that most living organisms are prone to pathogenic attacks. Scientists therefore design products which are immune to the attacks and which are resistant to unfavorable climatic conditions. The procedure long involves much scientific research. There is a wide range of organisms that scientists have subjected to genetic engineering. The two main methods employed in genetic engineering are Recombinant DNA Technology as well as Reproductive Cloning. The first case involves the scientist combining genetic materials from different organisms. This is based on the fact that DNA molecules from all organisms be it plant or animals have similar chemical composition. The resulting DNA sequence from recombinant DNA technology can be planted into any organisms with no biological implications apart from the intended use. The procedure utilizes a Cloning Vector obtained from Plasmids. These provide room for insertion of foreign DNA into the chosen DNA segment. Gibson Assembly is the most popular method used in the combination of the DNA segments. The resulting DNA is not necessarily expressed...
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...Comparison chart | DNA | RNA | Definition: | A nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms | RNA, single-stranded chain of alternating phosphate and ribose units with the bases adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil bonded to the ribose. RNA molecules are involved in protein synthesis and sometimes in the transmission of genetic information. | Job/Role: | Medium of long-term storage and transmission of genetic information | The main job of RNA is to transfer the genetic code need for the creation of proteins from the nucleus to the ribosome. this process prevents the DNA from having to leave the nucleus, so it stays safe. Without RNA, proteins could never be made. | Stands for: | DeoxyriboNucleicAcid | RiboNucleicAcid | Predominant Structure: | Typically a double- stranded molecule with a long chain of nucleotides | A single-stranded molecule in most of its biological roles and has a shorter chain of nucleotides | Pairing of Bases: | A-T(Adenine-Thymine), G-C(Guanine-Cytosine) | A-U(Adenine-Uracil), G-C(Guanine-Cytosine) | Stability: | Deoxyribose sugar in DNA is less reactive because of C-H bonds. Stable in alkaline conditions. DNA has smaller grooves where the damaging enzyme can attach which makes it harder for the enzyme to attack DNA. | Ribose sugar is more reactive because of C-OH (hydroxyl) bonds. Not stable in alkaline conditions. RNA on the other hand has larger grooves which...
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...Structures in All Eukaryotic Cells We're going to start with eukaryotic cells even though they tend to be more complex than prokaryotic. But, there is a method to our madness: you are a eukaryote and have eukaryotic cells, so we thought you might relate better. And, eukaryotic comes before prokaryotic alphabetically. Come up with whatever reasons you want for it, but eukaryotes are up first. Tough cookies. Eukaryotic Cell Structure and Function A cell is defined as eukaryotic if it has a membrane-bound nucleus. Any organism composed of eukaryotic cells is also considered a eukaryotic organism. Case in point: You. Biologists do not know of any single organism on Earth that is composed of both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. However, many different types of prokaryotic cells, usually bacteria, can live inside larger eukaryotic organisms. Creepy, but true. We humans, for example, have trillions of bacteria living in our colons, not to mention in our mouths and stomachs and small intestines and…you get the picture. Despite the fact that we have gobs of prokaryotic cells living inside and on us, humans are still categorically eukaryotic organisms. Deal with it. This means that all human cells, including those found in the brain, the heart, the muscles, and so on, are also eukaryotic. Here is what one of these little guys looks like: OK, we are slightly impressed. That is a lot of stuff jam-packed into something we can't see too well with the naked eye. All of...
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...Nitrogenous bases in DNA DNA is the principle molecule responsible for carrying genetic information within almost all living organisms for their development. They also provide some of the apparatus by which the instructions are carried out. This excludes viruses, as they use RNA, to carry their genetic information. (Image 1: DNA molecule, nucleotide, base pairing. Reference: http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/422006/DNA-sequencing ) Structurally, the DNA molecule consists of two intertwined strands, the margins of which are chains of sugar and phosphate groups. The chains are linked by pairs of substances called bases, of which there are: adenine, guanine, thymine and...
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... Chapter 1 provides a glimpse of the basic concepts of genetics and genomics, and offers examples of DNA information impacting daily life. In this new era of genomics, individuals have access to their own genetic information, and health care providers are learning how to incorporate DNA data into diagnostic and therapeutic medicine. Bioethics deals with issues of privacy, discrimination, and justice that arise from use and misuse of genetic information. DNA, genes, chromosomes, and genomes are the levels of genetic information, and they impact biology at the cell, tissue, organ, individual, family, and population levels. Genes encode proteins, and the exome is the small part of the genome that does so. Most traits arise from interactions of genes and environmental factors. Genetic information is in health care to identify individuals, in investigating the environment, and in understanding evolution. CHAPTER OUTLINE 1.1 Introducing Genes and Genomes 1. Genetics is a branch of biology concerned with inherited traits and their variation, and how these traits are passed from one generation to the next (heredity). 2. With continuing analysis of human genome sequences, human genetics has grown from a largely academic science to touch many areas of medicine, with practical and societal implications. 3. Genes are the unit of inheritance and are composed of DNA. 4. An organism’s genome is its complete set of genetic information. 5. Genomics is a field of study that...
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...significant contribution to, and quotation in this report that I have taken from the work (s) of other people has been attributed, and has been cited and referenced. 3. This report is my own. 4. I have not allowed, and will not allow anyone to copy my work with the intention of passing it off as his/her own work. Signature date Question: Discuss what are the nucleotides and nucleic acids in human health and disease Almost all living cells contain two very important substances, deoxyribonucleic acid or DNA and ribonucleic acid or RNA. These molecules carry instructions for making proteins. The help specify the amino acid sequence and thus which proteins will be made. When nucleotides join together they form the functional units of the structure of DNA and RNA where DNA contains one less hydroxyl group than RNA. Nucleotides serve as a source of energy therefore playing an important role in metabolism, for example mitochondria produce ATP or Adenosine triphosphate. They also serve as co-factors in enzymatic reactions and participate in cell signalling for example as Camp messengers. A single nucleotide is made up of three smaller molecules, a phosphate group which helps to form the sugar phosphate backbone via phosphodiester bonds which is between the three carbon sugar of one atom and the four carbon sugar of another, a pentose sugar, deoxyribose or ribose, and a nitrogenous...
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...Biochemistry GRT 1 DNA/RNA Katharine K WGU Biochemistry GRT 1 DNA/RNA A. DNA Replication B. The Role of the Ligase Enzyme in the replication of DNA C. The Role of mRNA D. Death Cap Mushrooms The Death Cap Mushroom is an extremely toxic mushroom that is responsible for the majority of the mushroom poisoning deaths in the world. This fungi is also known as Amanita phalloides and is mainly found in Europe. It is found growing on the ground in woodlands and mountains. This particular fungi contains two types of toxins, both are “ring-shaped peptides.” These toxins are amatoxins and phallotoxins and they target mainly the liver of the human body when ingested. RNA polymerase II is an essential enzyme in helpingour bodies produce messenger RNA (mRNA) as well as other RNA’s. The virulent function of the mushroom acts by stopping the movement of RNA polymerase II, transcription does not occur and therefore it does not produce mRNA. The amatoxin impedes RNA polymerase at both the initiation and the elongation phase. The translation phase will not happen now due to there being no mRNA available to make proteins. Protein synthesis cannot happen, cell metabolism stops and so the cell dies. After human consumption of the mushroom, it initially can cause nausea and vomiting, but soon it affects the liver. The liver is the first organ to be damaged then the kidneys. Electrolyte imbalances begin and there would be no proteins like collagen to help with cell structure...
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...Associate Program Material DNA Worksheet Answer the following in at least 100 words: 1. Describe the structure of DNA. A DNA molecule which is abbreviation for deoxyribonucleic acid is made up of very long chains of monomers and polymers that are called nucleotides. These two chains in particular which composes of DNA strain are then formed by the grouping of the nucleotides into the polynucleotides. The nucleotide is made up of a nitrogenous base, of sugar and of a phosphate group. In the DNA case, there are four nucleotides that are found along the DNA chain, the four nucleotides ate (T) thyme, (A) adenine, (C) cytosine, and (G) guanine. These four nucleotides are joined together by their covalent bonds, or more specific, the phosphates and the sugar which composes the sugar/phosphate back bone of the polynucleotide. 2. How does an organism’s genotype determine its phenotype? The genotype of an organism is the genetic makeup of that organism, it is the nucleotide bases in the organism’s DNA. The phenotype is considered the physical traits of the organism which comes from the actions of the broad variety of proteins. The body of an organism is made up by the structural proteins and the metabolic activities are catalyzed by the enzymes. The synthesis of the proteins is specified by the DNA. However, a protein is not directly built by a gene, but dispatches the instructions to do so in the form of the RNA, which in turn programs the synthesis of...
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...the whole cycle. In the g1 phase, the cell synthesizes mRNA and proteins in preparation for subsequent steps leading to mitosis. When the cell reaches the end of the G1 phase it is controlled at a checkpoint called G1/S, G1/S is when the cell decides whether or not to replicate its DNA. At the checkpoint the cell is checked for DNA. Cells with no damaged DNA (normal cells) continue to S phase, in S phase cells with damaged DNA (cancerous cells) that cannot be repaired die. G2 is when cell is about to divide. the M is...
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...In the past thirty years,the war on cancer has evolved in many ways. One way cancer treatment has progressed is the technology of genetic mapping. Genetic mapping is researching one’s genes to identify gene markings for certain diseases. Genes are found in the DNA in each cell that makes up the human body. There are typically 30,000 different genes per cell, and they control every function and aspect of every living organism (“Genetics”). People have forty-six chromosomes in two sets of twenty-three, one set from your father and one from your mother (“Genetics”). Genes control how a person is made by making proteins. Each gene has a "code" for making proteins. This is because each cell needs to perform a certain task. Cancer begins when one...
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... The way the DNA is composed is a very complex matter. This journal was published in The Journal Of Clinical Physics on July 29, 2010. The authors were Margret C. Linak and Kevin D. Dorfman. DNA stands for deoxyribonucleic acid. Deoxyribonucleic acid is a material in humans and other organisms. Almost every cell in a persons body has the same DNA. A persons DNA defines who they are and what traits they have. This journal I choose experiments with the simulation that is used to describe the model of DNA through different experiments and tests. The tests that were done in this experiment were trying to show the correct melting temperature of the model. How will these experiments turn out in the end? To begin, the scientists in this experiment want to show how they tried to simulate DNA. The methods that were done were to try and show the nucleotide sequences and figuring out the values of the X and Y chromosomes. Also, the scientists tried to conserve the identity of the stem of the cytosine bases in the loop. The cytosine bases were replaced with guanines of different lengths. Cytosine bases are involved with the pairing of the DNA and the chromosomes. The experiment used DNA hairpins. DNA hairpins are the structure of the DNA. The scientists made an hypothesis to try and test what they thought would happen during the experiment. The hypothesis that was made during this experiment was that by the different tests that were done, one of those tests would have...
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