...criminal justice system is DNA testing because of how it is handled, tested, and transported, and there are many logical solutions for this issue. In our court system, DNA is a large evidential piece of proving someone’s innocence, but it is not always trustworthy. DNA can make or break a case, especially if it is not cared for in the right way. “the problem with DNA evidence is no longer 1 of validity, but one of proficiency, 2 cofounding variables in the DNA testing process weaken and often destroy DNA powerfulness and usefulness in the court room, crime labs and juries”(innocence project). . First off, DNA is a very complex molecule that is located everywhere in our body, and there are many different ways to test it. There is also many different kinds of DNA testing, a...
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...A DNA databank is just that, a databank. It would contain DNA samples from every citizen in the United States. The controversy starts where privacy rights are brought up. Pro: A DNA databank would allow law enforcement to catch criminals that haven’t committed a crime before. In the current system, DNA is only kept for convicted criminals. A DNA databank should exist in order to make identifying criminals easier and to assist the medical/scientific community. 1. The most simple point there could be: it would be easier to catch offenders, even if it was their first time committing a crime. This is inarguably valuable and would probably even result in most offenders being caught quicker than they normally would. I personally feel like it...
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...Comparing and Contrasting DNA and RNA DNA, also known as deoxyribonucleic acid, and RNA, also known as ribonucleic acid, are two topics in science that are compared and contrasted the most. DNA and RNA are both nucleic acids that are found in all living cells even though they have many different characteristics. Throughout this paper, the two molecules will be compared and contrasted thoroughly. To begin, DNA and RNA are very much alike in plenty of ways. For example, both nucleic acids are made up of monomers called nucleotides. The two acids are both necessities for the cell to produce the proteins it needs. DNA and RNA both have phosphate groups called phosphoric acids. Another similarity is that both of the acids contain pentose sugars. Lastly, found in both DNA and RNA are bases called adenine, cytosine, and guanine and in both of the acids the bases called cytosine and guanine are paired together....
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...Tanner Pardue #16 Video 1 essay: Is it correct to say the evolution is just a theory? Is Gravity just a theory? Many people would argue about weather Evolution is a fact or theory. There are certain characteristics that make a theory a theory and a fact a fact. A theory is something that is thought to have happened or why something happens etc. but a theory is something that hasn’t been proven. When someone’s theory is proven it is considered a fact. So with knowing this I must agree that Evolution is just a theory because there is no complete proof or evidence to prove support or back up the theory of evolution. Therefore due to the definition of a fact and theory evolution must be a theory. Too me Gravity is not a theory. I believe this because gravity has laws; each law explains how gravity works. When these laws are tested in both environments with and without gravity the laws are proven to be true and work. Therefore due to the definition of a Fact in my personal opinion gravity would be a fact since the laws of it can be proven to be true. Video 2 essay: Why was Darwin considered to be a “revolutionary”? Charles Darwin is one of the most famous biologists in history. With a Theory called Natural selection he helped prove that biology makes since and how all species evolve to be designed how they are over time. As he studied the Galapagos Islands off South America he observed many different species of animals. He looked at how they reacted around each...
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...Genetics Essay Genetics is the science of heredity. Genetics are important to all living things because it is their genes and shows what they look like and how they act. Biological traits are stored in DNA and can be passed on to successive generations through meiosis, which increases genetic variability. DNA stores and transmits genetic information to the next generation. The structure of DNA is double stacked and double helix. Genetic information is stored is stored in DNA chromosomes in 23 pairs. DNA transmits information to the next generation through cellular division. Meiosis increases reproductive variability through crossing-over. Meiosis is the reproduction of gametes (sex cells). Crossing-over is the exchange of chromosomal segments between a pair of homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis. Crossing-over helps variability in cells because it makes the cell different and more adaptable to new or different environments. DNA alternations such as insertions, deletions, and substitutions can cause the appearance of new traits. Insertions are pieces or a piece of DNA copied too many times. Deletions are pieces or a piece of DNA code for one gene is lost. Substitutions change one base for another. These 3 alternations cause new traits to appear by making too many or not enough DNA. Sexual reproduction and asexual reproduction both have advantages and disadvantages. 2 advantages of sexual reproduction are that the offspring is not identical in looks...
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...Running Head: PERSONALIZED MEDICINE PERSONALIZED MEDICINE Margaret Barnes SCl115-Introduction to Biology November 07, 2012 PERSONALIZED MEDICINE Personalized Medicine and Modern Genetics Technology: “Introduction” In today’s world DNA sequences are frequently and constantly improving, modern instruments can analyze DNA by the millions within a twenty-four hour period (Mader, 2010, P.178). Because of technology, these instruments have been made available now and in the future for the use of personalized medicinal products. This paper provides an overview of how modern genetic technology may lead to personalized medicine, and to give examples two or more specific benefits of personalized medicine: a discussion of its drawbacks and limitations of the approach to human medicine. “Modern Genetic Technology and Personalized Medicine” Modern technology is constantly growing in our world, for us to understand how modern genetic technology may lead to personalized medicine and the importance personalized medicine. Personalized medicine is the tailoring of medical treatment for an individual with the unique characteristics for each patient. This approach is a scientific...
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...Patrick Zimmer Home | Projects | Music | Sitemap | Contact Genetic Engineering Essay Projects / Academic / Genetic Engineering Essay GENETIC ENGINEERING - The benefits and problems Genetic engineering is a powerful and potentially very dangerous tool. To alter the sequence of nucleotides of the DNA that code for the structure of a complex living organism, can have extremely ill effects although the potential benefits can be huge. Before advances in genetic applications, gene therapy was unheard of and genetic defects were always inherited, plaguing generations. Today genetic testing is widely available, such as prenatal karyotyping of chromosomes to check for genetic abnormalities. Genetic testing is also useful for families in which autosomal recessive disorders are known to exist, when these are planning to have children. In addition, genetic testing is available for people who might have inherited a genetic disorder which only becomes apparent later in life (for example Huntington's Disease). Individual choice decides whether a person would rather know if they are particularly vulnerable to certain diseases or more likely to die young. Knowing that your life may be short could inspire you to make the most of it while it could equally well cause severe depression. Today`s advances in gene therapy make it possible to even remove a faulty gene and replace it with a functioning gene in cells lacking this function. Though these techniques are available, they are still in...
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...STAGE 2 BIOLOGY ASSESSMENT TYPE 1: Investigations Folio Issues Investigation Human Awareness Essay – Source Analysis Should all babies be DNA fingerprinted at birth? Article to be evaluated: Website: Genetics and Public Issues – ELSI (Ethical, Legal and Social Issues) – http://darwin.nmsu.edu/ Reliability: This source is a reliable one as it was developed by Dr. Clay Dillingham and Dr. Susan Root. They are professionals, educated in the technique and knowledgeable about the subject with years of experience as scientists in the field. Therefore it is expected to have some reliability. Bias: This article presents both the advantages and disadvantages of the topic of storing everyone’s DNA sequences and is not biased in either direction. It gives the scientific facts and procedures of DNA fingerprinting and continues to give the good effects and also the issues it would cause in the public. It explains how DNA fingerprinting would benefit us, referring to the solving of criminal offenses, detection of possible future diseases of the subject, clues about possible behavioral traits, and other medical information. This is the positive side. The article also discusses the negative side and questions the accessibility of the DNA fingerprints and the information they hold. The effects on the public if the information was misused are discussed including the impact on individuals in relation to seeking insurance policies...
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...1. Write an essay on protein structure and synthesis Protein synthesis is a cellular process leading to the production of proteins. This term is also synonymous to protein translation. It begins with a sequential process of transcription of DNA into mRNA, which is then used as input for translation after exon-intron splicing. The addition of successive tRNA molecules based on the code of mRNA matched up by base-pairing through their anti-codons in the ribosomes creates the nascent protein. After the protein chain has been synthesized, post-translation modification occurs, e.g. phosphorylation, motifs added to the protein. This may happen at various levels: secondary (alpha-helix, beta-sheets, turn, random coiling), tertiary and quarternary. Protein synthesis is also the process wherein peptide bonds between two amino acids whose formation is controlled. The synthesis begun when the mRNA combines in a little subunit of ribosomes close to an AUG sequence in mRNA. Start codon which is the AUG codon is being such because it does the coding of the first amino acid to be made of protein. “The AUG codon base-pairs with the anticodon of tRNA carrying methionine. A large ribosomal subunit binds to the complex, and the reactions of protein synthesis itself can begin. The aminoacyl-tRNA to be called for next is determined by the next codon (the next three bases) on the mRNA. Each amino acid is coded for by one or more (up to six) codons” (Center for Bioenergy and Photosynthesis...
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...How Genetics Affect Me And Others Xavier Mutation, Heritability, and genetic disorders are three major different type of genes. These different genotypes have not really affected me myself but , have effected many different people around the world. This essay will describe three different types of genomes that are effective. Many people in this world have problems or have to deal with some certain genes such as genetic disorders. Other genomes like mutation, and hybrid can be good or bad. First I will talk about mutation. Few mutations are bad for you. Infact some mutations can be beneficial, but over time , genetic mutations create genetic diversity, which keeps populations healthy. As you may or may not know is that we all start off with...
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...“Designing a New Molecule of Life”, he speaks of a molecule that hopefully one day will create a scientific and medical breakthrough. In this essay you will read a summary of Peter Nielsen’s article and the research he has done with this molecule. Peter Nielson, along with many other scientists, have spent years creating and experimenting with a synthetic molecule called peptide nucleic acid (PNA). PNA is an artificial polymer that has many similarities to deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA). It has the same storing features as DNA and RNA while being built on a protein based backbone therefore making it sturdier and simpler than the sugar phosphate-backbone. The molecule was created in hopes of having an immediate affect by pursuing a drug that would target DNA’s composing specific genes, to either enhance or block the gene’s expression. This new drug would be in efforts to interfere with the production of disease producing proteins. Although this molecule has produced highly anticipated medical research, it has also lead to speculations of being the origins of life. In his years of research, Peter Nielsen and his colleagues wanted to achieve the ability of PNA recognizing double-stranded or duplex DNA having specific sequences and also be able to link to it creating a triple helix. The recognition in duplex DNA is far more challenging being that the atoms involved in the sequencing bases are already involved in hydrogen bonds connecting the two strands...
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...Explain the chemical basis of hydrogen bond formation in biology. Discuss the role of hydrogen bonding in the structure and function of biological macromolecules. Your essay should refer to DNA, RNA and proteins. A hydrogen bond is a particularly strong type of intermolecular force which is essential in many biological macromolecular structures and is formed when a hydrogen atom from one molecule covalently bonds to a highly electronegative atom on another molecule, usually nitrogen, fluorine or oxygen. The bond is a particular case of dipole dipole attractions where the large electronegativity difference between the small hydrogen atom and the nitrogen, fluorine or oxygen atom results in the electron pair being pulled away from the hydrogen. Given its small size and the fact that it has no other electrons to shield the nucleus, the hydrogen atom exerts a strong attractive force on a lone pair in the electronegative atom of a neighboring molecule. Hydrogen bonds play a key role in ensuring that many biological molecules adopt and subsequently retain their correct three dimensional structure. This is particularly the case in proteins and nucleic acids. Therefore this essay will examine the importance of hydrogen bonds in the nucleic acids RNA and DNA and finally their role in protein structure. It is important to understand the chemical basis of a hydrogen bond before moving on to explain their significance. As already described, the small hydrogen atom exerts a strong attractive...
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...2 AQA BIOL5: The synoptic essay AQA A2 Biology: Writing the Synoptic Essay by Dr Robert Mitchell CT Publications Copyright © Dr Robert Mitchell 2010 www.ctpublications.co.uk 0800 040 7901 Dr Robert Mitchell A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 978-1-907769-02-3 First published in May 2010 by CT Publications Copyright © Dr Robert Mitchell 2010 The right of Robert Mitchell to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright and Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher at the address below. Published in 2010 by CT Publications* 40 Higher Bridge Street Bolton Greater Manchester BL1 2HA Edition 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 *CT Publications is owned by Chemistry Tutorials located at the same address. Copyright © Dr Robert Mitchell 2010 www.biologytutorials.co.uk 0800 040 7901 3 4 AQA BIOL5: The synoptic essay CONTENTS 1. Be aware of the task you face ............................................................................ 6 What is Synoptic? ........................................................................................... 6 Will I have to learn everything? ..............
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...Concepts and Connections, 6e (Campbell) Chapter 12 DNA Technology and Genomics Multiple-Choice Questions 1) When DNA fingerprinting was first used, A) genetic evidence was collected using only DNA from blood. B) blood samples from theGenomic libraries can be constructed using either bacterial plasmids or what other vector? crime scene were used to match the blood of a person who confessed. C) the two semen samples did not match the person who initially confessed. D) genetic testing revealed that the two murdered girls were killed by two different people. E) the DNA evidence was not convincing enough to convict the suspect. Answer: C Topic: Opening Essay Skill: Factual Recall 2) Biotechnology A) is a modern scientific discipline that has existed for only a few decades. B) is strictly concerned with the manipulation of DNA. C) has only been used successfully in the area of forensic science. D) has been around since the dawn of civilization. E) is generally considered more harmful than valuable to society. Answer: D Topic: 12.1 Skill: Factual Recall 3) When DNA from two sources is combined into one single piece of DNA, it is known as A) cloned DNA. B) recombinant DNA. C) a vector. D) a plasmid. E) a DNA library. Answer: B Topic: 12.1 ...
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...inherited, degenerative disease that destroys brain cells. It primarily affects the caudate, the putamen, and further on in the disease, the cerebral cortex. It is quite uncommon, as roughly only 30 000 people who live in America display its symptoms. Individuals with this disease experience difficulty with processing emotion, and aren’t able to process movement as quickly. They also begin to forget things they once knew. This essay will include the research of this disorder from its specific symptoms, its genetics and mutation, and finally, to the treatment for this genetic disorder. There are several symptoms that are associated with Huntington's Disorder. Regarding the onset of this disorder, it most commonly occurs between ages 35-44. However, there have been cases where children do start showing these symptoms. In the early stages, things like cognitive and physical skills start becoming difficult....
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