...Biology From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia For other uses, see Biology (disambiguation). Biology deals with the study of the many varieties of living organisms. Clockwise from top left: Salmonella typhimurium, Phascolarctos cinereus, Athyrium filix-femina, Amanita muscaria, Agalychnis callidryas, and Brachypelma smithi Biology is a natural science concerned with the study of life and living organisms, including their structure, function, growth, origin, evolution, distribution, and taxonomy.[1] Biology is a vast subject containing many subdivisions, topics, and disciplines. Among the most important topics are five unifying principles that can be said to be the fundamental axioms of modern biology:[2] 1. Cells are the basic unit of life 2. New species and inherited traits are the product of evolution 3. Genes are the basic unit of heredity 4. An organism regulates its internal environment to maintain a stable and constant condition 5. Living organisms consume and transform energy. Subdisciplines of biology are recognized on the basis of the scale at which organisms are studied and the methods used to study them: biochemistry examines the rudimentary chemistry of life; molecular biology studies the complex interactions of systems of biological molecules; cellular biology examines the basic building block of all life, the cell; physiology examines the physical and chemical functions of the tissues, organs, and organ systems of an organism; and ecology...
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...What is Biochemistry and why you should study it? Biochemistry or sometimes we called it as biological chemistry is defined as a scientific study of the chemistry of living organisms, especially the structure, the behavior of a living thing and the function of their chemical component such as proteins ,carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids. Many of these molecules are complex molecules called polymers, which are made up of monomer subunits. Most people consider biochemistry to be same with molecular biology. Nowadays, biochemistry has become the root for understanding all biological processes. It has provided widely explanations for the causes of many diseases in humans, animals and plants. As a student, we should study it because it give to us many kind of knowledge on understanding the biological processes which are happen around us in every single minutes in our life. Since biochemistry is very important, we must study it to know how this biochemistry contributed for the sustainable of tomorrow in the main field of medicine, agriculture and industry. Biochemistry is applied in many health field such as dentistry, medicine and veterinary medicine. For example, in the field of medicine, biochemistry have contribute in the clinical study to maintain and to give a better and healthy life to the population of human all around the world. This have been done by the scientist on how they use biochemistry to diagnose and control the spreading of diseases, product a new...
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...UNIVERSITI TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN CENTRE FOR FOUNDATION STUDIES FOUNDATION IN SCIENCE MAY 2014 FHSB 1214 BIOLOGY I TUTORIAL 4 MOLECULAR GENETICS Student’s Guide: At university level, the tutor facilitates student learning without spoon-feeding. Therefore, you are expected to: • Read your textbook, attempt the questions before the tutorial • You may enter the class and sign your attendance after showing your tutor that all tutorial questions have been completed; even if you don’t know how to do, write something - you’re not advised to leave answers blank in the finals. • Write answers on board if you wish to receive tutor feedback (no answer, no feedback) • Be independent: consult textbooks or dictionaries on your own first before asking the tutor • All questions are compulsory. 1 mark may reflect 1 answer point. (No half mark is awarded in the finals marks) (Source: Final Examination, Sept 2010) Q1. (a) Figure 1.1 shows the process of DNA replication. [pic] Figure 1.1 Based on Figure 1.1, identify which of the labels A-I correctly represent the following structures: (4 marks) (6 marks) i) DNA polymerase ii) 5’ end of a nucleic acid (state one label only) iii) Daughter strand synthesized in pieces iv) The template strand at which replication is discontinuous ...
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...including their structure, function, growth, evolution, distribution, and taxonomy.[1] Modern biology is a vast and eclectic field, composed of manybranches and subdisciplines. However, despite the broad scope of biology, there are certain general and unifying concepts within it that govern all study and research, consolidating it into single, coherent fields. In general, biology recognizes the cell as the basic unit of life, genes as the basic unit of heredity, and evolution as the engine that propels the synthesis and creation of new species. It is also understood today that all organisms survive by consuming and transforming energy and by regulating their internal environment to maintain a stable and vital condition. Subdisciplines of biology are defined by the scale at which organisms are studied, the kinds of organisms studied, and the methods used to study them: biochemistry examines the rudimentary chemistry of life; molecular biologystudies the complex interactions among biological molecules; botany studies the biology of plants; cellular biologyexamines the basic building-block of all life, the cell; physiology examines the physical and chemical functions oftissues, organs, and organ systems of an organism; evolutionary biology examines the processes that produced the diversity of life; and ecology examines how organisms interact in their environment.[2] HistoryThe term biology is derived from the Greek word βίος, bios, "life" and the suffix -λογία, -logia, "study of."[3][4] The...
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...Artificial Intelligence Chapter 1 Chapter 1 1 Outline ♦ What is AI? ♦ A brief history ♦ The state of the art Chapter 1 2 What is AI? Systems that think like humans Systems that think rationally Systems that act like humans Systems that act rationally Chapter 1 3 Acting humanly: The Turing test Turing (1950) “Computing machinery and intelligence”: ♦ “Can machines think?” −→ “Can machines behave intelligently?” ♦ Operational test for intelligent behavior: the Imitation Game HUMAN HUMAN INTERROGATOR ? AI SYSTEM ♦ Predicted that by 2000, a machine might have a 30% chance of fooling a lay person for 5 minutes ♦ Anticipated all major arguments against AI in following 50 years ♦ Suggested major components of AI: knowledge, reasoning, language understanding, learning Problem: Turing test is not reproducible, constructive, or amenable to mathematical analysis Chapter 1 4 Thinking humanly: Cognitive Science 1960s “cognitive revolution”: information-processing psychology replaced prevailing orthodoxy of behaviorism Requires scientific theories of internal activities of the brain – What level of abstraction? “Knowledge” or “circuits”? – How to validate? Requires 1) Predicting and testing behavior of human subjects (top-down) or 2) Direct identification from neurological data (bottom-up) Both approaches (roughly, Cognitive Science and Cognitive Neuroscience) are now distinct from AI Both share with AI the following characteristic: the available...
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...UNIVERSITI TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN CENTRE FOR FOUNDATION STUDIES FOUNDATION IN SCIENCE MAY 2014 FHSB 1214 BIOLOGY I TUTORIAL 1 BASIC MOLECULES OF CELLS I Instructor’s Guide: 1. Standard answers are not encouraged. Discuss with the students and lead them to the correct answer. 2. Allow and push the students to express and explain the answers, at the same time, correct their mistakes or concepts. 3. If the tutorial questions are not yet covered in the lecture, it should be carried forward to the next tutorial. __________________________________________________________________________________ (Source: Final examination, Sept 2013) Q1. (a) Figure 1.1 shows the molecular structure of lactose (a disaccharide). [pic] Figure 1.1 i) Lactose can be broken down into its monomers by addition of water. Based on Figure 1.1, draw the molecular structure of the monomers. (2 marks) (ii) Name TWO (2) monomers referring above in part (i). (2 marks) (b) Figure 1.2 shows three different types of polysaccharides, B, C and D. Based on Figure 1.2, answer the following questions. [pic] Figure 1.2 i) Identify polysaccharides B and C. (2 marks) ii) Name the shape of polysaccharide D. (1 mark) iii) Compare and contrast polysaccharide C and D in terms of their monomer, shapes and functions. (3 marks) (Source: Final examination...
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...The Fluidity of Neuroscience Gender Norms & Racial Bias in the Study of the Modern "Neuroscience" Neuroscience is the scientific study of the nervous system. Traditionally, neuroscience has been seen as a branch of biology. However, it is currently an interdisciplinary science that collaborates with other fields such as chemistry, computer science, engineering, linguistics, mathematics, medicine and allied disciplines, philosophy, physics, and psychology. The term neurobiology is usually used interchangeably with the term neuroscience, although the former refers specifically to the biology of the nervous system, whereas the latter refers to the entire science of the nervous system. The scope of neuroscience has broadened to include different approaches used to study the molecular, cellular, developmental, structural, functional, evolutionary, computational, and medical aspects of the nervous system. The techniques used by neuroscientists have also expanded enormously, from molecular and cellular studies of individual nerve cells to imaging of sensory and motor tasks in the brain. Recent theoretical advances in neuroscience have also been aided by the study of neural networks. Given the increasing number of scientists who study the nervous system, several prominent neuroscience organizations have been formed to provide a forum to all neuroscientists and educators. For example, the International Brain Research Organization was founded in 1960, the International Society...
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...funded programmes for the 2012/13 academic year, visit our website or email us. We hope that you will enjoy reading this newsletter in a more comfortable format. Welcome to Germany, the Land of Ideas! Dr. (Mrs.) Heike Edelmann-Okinda Director, DAAD Information Center Accra DAAD Programmes: • • DAAD Information Center, Accra—New Counselling format from 1st April, 2011 Call for Application— Scholarship for Courses with Relevance to Developing Countries 2012/13 Germany - Best Destination for International Students New Member—AGGN • • In this Issue: • • • • • New Leibniz-DAAD Research Fellowship Programme Gerda Henkel Foundation Fellowship Programme International Masters—Water Resources and Environmental Management. MSc. In Management—The Kühne Logistics University MSc. Molecular Bioengineering / MSc. Nano Biophysics / MSc. Regenerative Biology and Medicine— TU Dresden Pre-Study Course: University of Applied Sciences, Bremen DAAD Summer Academy in Immunology—Hannover Medical School Future Now...
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...the increase in the available, accessible information for the community. Since the beginning of the century, online science journals have made the scientific community cohesive by providing with the most up to date findings for research being conducted in particular fields as well as all are new ways to “interact” amongst individuals. For this report we have chosen four online resources that provide information on the area of biomolecular biology and neurology, we will enumerate their usefulness to our particular field of interest and their incidence in our future professional careers. In the 1850’s, an Austrian monk Gregor Mendel discovered that he can manipulate plant offspring to breed plants selectively with traits that he wished to see; he cross-bred two tall pea plants and found that the offspring almost certainly expressed the "tall" feature. At the time, the scientific community was ignorant with genetic and DNA comprehension, but Mendel's work would prove to be a precursor to Darwin's evolutionary theory and eventually a foundation for all medical practice performed today. While our understanding of genetics is superb at best, new ideas and practices keep the medical field in constant progression. "Gene Editing Could Make Pig-to-Human Organ...
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...Foundations of Psychology Erica McLeod PSY 300 September 25, 2012 Betsy Ferronato Foundations of Psychology When psychology first emerged as a science, the process of explaining the human mind and human behavior began. In this writing we will present a brief synopsis of what psychology is and introduce the reader to the primary biological foundations of psychology that are linked to behavior as well as introducing the reader to the major schools of thought in psychology. In Kowalski and Westen Sixth Edition of Psychology, psychology is defined as “the scientific investigation of mental processes such as; thinking, remembering, feeling, and behavior. Understanding a person requires attention to the individual’s biology, psychological experience, and cultural context.”(Kowalski & Weston, 2011). Each component is necessary in formulating who the individual is. As we delve into history, we must be cautious in our analyzation of human behavior and the human mind that we do not contribute our analyzation to a single thought or process as many times it may be a conglomeration of events or items that contribute to the overall picture of a person’s psychological process. Furthermore, Kowalski specifies in his writing that “humans are complex creatures whose psychological experience lies at the intersection of biology and culture.”(Kowalski & Weston, 2011). He expounds upon this fact by stating that “all psychological processes occur through the interaction of cells in the...
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...The hypothesis was supported because transfer RNA synthetase only adds the amino acid to the transfer RNA when it binds a chemical. When promoted, the transfer RNA with the bio-orthogonal amino acid, then that is used by ribosomes to insert the tag into proteins made in the cell. . “In human biology, a lot of the control comes at the DNA level, but over the past 20 years it’s become apparent that a lot of control comes at the protein level as well.” Said Johnathan Silberg according the...
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...uture evolutionary potential of the entire species (Pearse & Avise 2001; Avise et al. 2002; Frankham et al. 2002; Rowe & Hutchings 2003). Given that the current level of shark exploitation worldwide is far exceeding the reproductive capacity of many species and resulting in serious declines in some populations (Manire & Gruber 1990; Baum et al. 2003; Myers & Worm 2003), development of urgently needed and effective conservation measures will benefit from a more thorough understanding of shark mating systems. Field observations suggest that group reproductive behaviour and polyandrous copulations by females in a single mating event may be common in some sharks and batoids (Carrier et al. 1994; Yano et al. 1999; Pratt & Carrier 2001; Chapman et al. 2003). Several species of requiem and hammerhead sharks (families Carcharhinidae and Sphyrnidae, respectively) are also known to store sperm for several months after copulation, raising the possibility that viable sperm from multiple males can accumulate over a protracted mating season and be available for delayed fertilization (Pratt 1993; Manire et al. 1995). Despite these life-history strategies that might seem conducive to multiple paternity, the latter has been documented in only two shark species, the lemon Negaprion brevirostris and nurse shark Ginglymostoma cirratum. In both these cases, the study animals were from small populations (< 100 breeding animals) and sampled from a single location from insular breeding grounds in the...
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...UNIVERSITI TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN CENTRE FOR FOUNDATION STUDIES FOUNDATION IN SCIENCE JAN 2016 FHSB 1214 BIOLOGY I TUTORIAL 1 BASIC MOLECULES OF CELLS I Instructor’s Guide: 1. Standard answers are not encouraged. Discuss with the students and lead them to the correct answer. 2. Allow and push the students to express and explain the answers, at the same time, correct their mistakes or concepts. 3. If the tutorial questions are not yet covered in the lecture, it should be carried forward to the next tutorial. __________________________________________________________________________________ (Source : Final Examination, Apr 2015) Q1. (a) Figure 1 shows structures of some functional groups present in biological molecules Figure 1 Based on Figure 1, answer the following questions. (i) Identify the functional groups represented by C, D and E respectively. (3 marks) (ii) Given two carbohydrates molecules I and II, where by carbohydrate I contains chemical group A and carbohydrate II contains chemical group B, state ONE (1) possible carbohydrate for each carbohydrate molecule I and II. (2 marks) (iii) Briefly explain how functional groups may affect the functions of biological molecules. (2 marks) (Source: Final examination, Sept 2013) Q2. (a) Figure 2.1 shows the molecular structure of lactose (a disaccharide). Figure 2.1 (i)...
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... | | |Principles of Biology | Copyright © 2010, 2008 by University of Phoenix. All rights reserved. Course Description This course is designed to introduce biology at an entry level by examining the hierarchy that ranges from the fundamentals of cell biology to the physiology of organisms, and the interactions among those organisms in their environment. The topics in this course include cell biology, genetics, molecular biology, evolution, physiology, and ecology. Policies Faculty and students/learners will be held responsible for understanding and adhering to all policies contained within the following two documents: • University policies: You must be logged into the student website to view this document. • Instructor policies: This document is posted in the Course Materials forum. University policies are subject to change. Be sure to read the policies at the beginning of each class. Policies may be slightly different depending on the modality in which you attend class. If you have recently changed modalities, read the policies governing your current class modality. Course Materials Simon, E. J., Reece, J. B., & Dickey, J. L. (2010). Essential biology with physiology. (3rd ed.). San Francisco, CA: Pearson/Benjamin Cummings. All electronic materials are available on...
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...Biological Foundations in Psychology Biological Psychology Paper Vanell Wilson Manon Doll March 13, 2010 Biological Psychology Biological Psychology is defined as “the study of behavior and experience in terms of genetics, evolution, and physiology, especially the physiology of the nervous system” (American Heritage Dictionary). Biological psychology uses biology as an approach to understand human and animal behavior. Psychology has now developed into a wide-ranging discipline and is concerned with understanding behavior and mental processes from a variety of perspectives. Biological psychology is the branch of science that attempts to explain behavior in terms of biology, is therefore the study of the brain and how it causes or relates to behavior (Foundations of Biopsychology). The brain contains more cells than there are in the universe. There are over 100 billion cells and each parts works together to produce, direct, and choreograph what we think, feel, and do. The study of the brain is one of the most rapidly expanding areas in modern science today, and part of this development is a quest to understand how it’s physical and chemical structure gives rise to human behavior. Arguably, there is no other discipline that can give us greater insight into ourselves, as well as having the potential to change people’s lives for the better (Foundations of Biopsychology). The ancient Greeks were among the first to realize that the brain was the organ of the mind, Plato...
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