...History and uses of Biometrics HISTORY AND USES OF BIOMETRICS By Marie C. Smith Gerard Beatty SEC310 March 10, 2014 Table of Contents I. First uses of Biometrics Facial recognition------------------------------------------------------------------------------3 Ancient finger prints---------------------------------------------------------------------------4 II. Types of Biometrics A. Physiological-------------------------------------------------------------------------------4 DNA fingerprinting-----------------------------------------------------------------------5 IRIS Recognition--------- ----------------------------------------------------------------5 B. Behavioral-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------6 HISTORY AND USES OF BIOMETRICS Biometrics which is a Greek term for bio-life and metrics-measure has been used since caveman time on cave paintings by putting a handprint next to the painting to distinguish the artist so everyone knows who painted it and later in in china parents hand printed and foot printed their children to identify while and Egyptian merchants and traders were identified by physiological descriptions to tell who were the trusted traders of successful transactions and those new to the marketplace. Today biometrics is the use of both physiological and behavioral sciences to identify and secure work sites that are critical to the ways we bank and do business...
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...Critical Issues Eddie Joyner CJS/210 1/7/12 Martin Hewlett Critical Issues The critical issues law enforcement face each day, change over time some issues are small, and some are huge. An example could be the use of technology that law enforcement agencies are using today. Some of the uses of equipment the police had years ago, now technology has made the use of such items better and more convenient like radios, cell phones, computers, cameras, the ability to do DNA testing, updated computerized finger printing, and electronic warrant process plus more. Technology has evolved to make policing easier and safer for all officers. Take for instance the radio’s used by police today compared to those the police used years ago, some of the first radios were short wave radio’s, and an officer could get out of range, thus making such radio’s inoperable increasing safety risk now the police have high band radios in the police cars and those have a much larger range plus police now also carry cell phones just in case they are away from such radios the police still have means of communication, not to mention cell phones can be tracked if need be by global positioning sensor. The police use computers for storing information on criminals also computers are installed in the police cars for instant access and communications, this comes in handy when police need to have instant access to information on a certain individual the police can pull up reports needed about a certain case...
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...AGE From Ossification Activity of the Bones Areas X-Rayed to Determine Age • Wrist & hand – children • Elbow, shoulder, pelvis and knee – Adult • Skull, vertebrae and sternum – Old person • AT BIRTH Lower end of femur, ½ cm in diameter Talus – 7th month (1U) Calcaneum – 5th month (1U) Cuboid – Upper end of tibia & head of humerus • WRIST Number of carpal bone indicate age in years between 2-6yrs. Pisiform ossifies – 10-12yrs Ossification of Carpal Bones Hand x-ray 3mo age One carpal bone is ossified Hand X-ray 3 Yrs 3 carpal bones are ossified Hand X-ray 6 Yrs 6 carpal bones are ossified 7 carpal bones are seen up to the age of 9 Yrs. Hand X-ray 11 Yrs Appearance of pisiform is important A dense rim is fully developed around the primary center at the age of 11-12 Yrs. Elbow joint X-ray 1 Yr Appear in medial epicondyle of humerus ( 4yrs (F) – 6yrs (M) Appear in olecranon ( 8–10yrs Lateral epicondyle of humerus united with trochlea & capitulum ( 13-14yrs All epiphyses at elbow (except medial epi.) join respective shaft 13-14yrs (F) 16-18yrs (M) Elbow joint X-ray 9 Yrs Primary center for lateral epicondyle appears at 9-12 Yrs All the centers are open at the age of 11-12 Yrs. Elbow joint X-ray 14 Yrs Fusion occurs from 13 Yrs - Starts from: - Lateral epicondyle 13 Yrs - Radius 14 Yrs - Olecranon process 14 Yrs...
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...technological advances that continue to assist the criminal justice system in these identifications are Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) analysis, biometric identification, Intra-agency databases for DNA, fingerprinting and palm printing, and camera and wiretap surveillance. Each aspect serves a specific purpose in making certain that the right person is properly identified for the crimes that they commit. Each technological aspect makes certain that the criminal justice system can prove without a doubt that the person under arrest is the person responsible for committing the crime. Criminal Identification Procedures Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) analysis is an examination method that allows any organism to be identified, by its genetic sequences. DNA analysis is highly accurate, important, and used all across the world for important reasons. The main purpose for DNA analysis is identifying individuals who are suspects in criminal cases, identifying victims or their remains when other means of identity is not possible. The advantages of DNA analysis are reliable, accurate results, and helps solving old and new cases. The disadvantage of DNA analysis is it reveals information on physical state, this information is sensitive and must be guarded. Biometric Identification is a system based around the main physical characteristics of the human body such as finger print identification, hand geometry, palm vein authentication, retina scan, iris scan, face recognition, signature, and voice...
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...Stein June 24th 2012 Fingerprinting DNA fingerprinting, also called DNA profiling, applies a test to determine the unique DNA sequence that each person has for the purpose of identification. In the 1930s, police detectives found each person has different patterns on the tips of the fingers, and these fingerprints became the standard for identification. However, the finger patterns can be altered by surgery or other means. DNA within living cells is difficult to alter. Sir Alec Jeffreys at the University of Leicester invented genetic printing in the mid 1980s. The DNA profile is similar to a fingerprint, existing only for that person. Jeffreys coined the term DNA fingerprint and envisioned its powerful use. A single hair, a drop of blood, semen, or other body fluid can reveal the identity of a person. DNA fingerprinting is used for identifying people, studying populations, and forensic investigations. It is in the area of forensics and crime detection that DNA use is the most promising-- as well as the most controversial. The technology of DNA fingerprinting is based on a single assumption that no two people have the same DNA. The 3-billion-base sequence is made of four biochemical blocks or nucleotides: adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C). The base pairs produce more combinations or variations than there are humans. In DNA fingerprinting, scientists focus on a segment where sequences vary a great deal from...
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...Fingerprint identification has been around for a long time. Dating back to 1856, Sir William Hershel began using fingerprints by requiring people to not only sign business contracts but to impress their hand on the back of the contract. In the beginning, his intentions were not directed at personal identification. The print was simply used to frighten him out of all thought of repudiating him signature (The History of Fingerprints). As Hershel s fingerprint collection grew, he began to note that the linked impressions could prove or disprove identity. During the 1870 s, Dr. Henry Faulds, a British Surgeon of Tsukiji Hospital in Japan, studied skin furrows after taking notice of finger marks on prehistoric pottery. He then devised a method of classification. Mr. Faulds passed on an explanation of his classification system, along with samples of the forms he had design for recording inked impressions, to Charles Darwin. However, because of Mr. Darwin s old age and ill health, he informed Faulds that he would pass the material on to his cousin Francis Galton. Sir Francis Galton, a British anthropologist, published a book called Fingerprints. The book included the first classification system for fingerprints can be identified. Galton identified the characteristics by which fingerprints can be identified. These same characteristics are in use today and are often referred to as Galton s Details. In 1892, Argentine Police Officer, Juan Vucetich, made the first criminal fingerprint identification...
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...CROW’S FEET SUMMARY OF THE MOVIE The investigation of four forensic chemists started two days after the homeowner was exterminated inside the tented house. The homeowner Elliot Beckman was found dead in his house. Sara, Grissom, and Greg from the crime lab investigator or the CSI, investigate the cause of death of the homeowner by entering the house of the victim and suspected that exterminators uses sulfuryl fluoride. A gas used as a structural fumigant insecticide to control dry wood termites. It can also be used to control rodents, powder post beetles, bark beetles, and bedbugs. Greg continues to investigate the other room obtaining a blue feather. Later, they found out that the feather was matched to a kind of bird called “Hyacinth Macaw”. They have 4 suspects including the two neighbors, namely Rory Kendell and Zach Alfano and the two fumigators, Ted Martin and Nate Allen. They examine the outside of the tented house by snapping photos of the tent, discovered a trail of sand leading from it and straight to the neighbor’s house. They interviewed Rory Kendell and found out that he haven’t left his place and has been laid up in his house for two days and asked for a urine sample to test if he is affected in the sulfuryl fluoride poisoning. In the laboratory, they found out that the termite fumigant enters the victim bronchioles causing his lungs to fill with fluid. They also noticed the bruise in the victim’s cheek. One of the chemist revealed...
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...The critical issues law enforcement face each day, change over time some issues are small, and some are huge. An example could be the use of technology that law enforcement agencies are using today. Some of the uses of equipment the police had years ago, now technology has made the use of such items better and more convenient like radios, cell phones, computers, cameras, the ability to do DNA testing, updated computerized finger printing, and electronic warrant process plus more. Technology has evolved to make policing easier and safer for all officers. Take for instance the radio’s used by police today compared to those the police used years ago, some of the first radios were short wave radio’s, and an officer could get out of range, thus making such radio’s inoperable increasing safety risk now the police have high band radios in the police cars and those have a much larger range plus police now also carry cell phones just in case they are away from such radios the police still have means of communication, not to mention cell phones can be tracked if need be by global positioning sensor. The police use computers for storing information on criminals also computers are installed in the police cars for instant access and communications, this comes in handy when police need to have instant access to information on a certain individual the police can pull up reports needed about a certain case instantly, which permits the police to be prepared for confrontation. [ (Grant, 2008)...
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...Dubai Police Dubai is one of the most visited cities in the world for lots of reasons one of those reasons is safety . Dubai police history The Dubai police was founded June 1 , 1956 in Naif which is located in the Deira side of Dubai with its first station called the (Naif Fort) which had only 29 members , by 1967 the police force members increased enormously to 430 members , after 6 years in 1973 Dubai police moved their headquarters to their current location in al Towar , on Al Etihad street in Dubai. The Dubai police in the most progressive police in the world , the Dubai police was the first to use many new law enforcement techniques , including electronic finger printing and DNA testing , the Dubai police was also the first to use GPS systems to locate stolen vehicles. In addition, the Dubai police was the first to create a Human Rights Department, as well as the first to employ a Community Policing program. Uniform, equipment and vehicles The standard uniform of the Dubai police officer is an olive green shirt with a red band running under the left arm and looped through the left epaulette, a dark green beret with a golden badge depicting the logo of the police force, olive green trousers and black boots. In Dubai, both male and female police officers carry semi-automatic handguns while SWAT gain a varied arsenal of weapons such as the Heckler & Koch MP5 sub-machine gun, Glock 17 pistols, Ithaca 37 shotguns...
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...THE CANON STORY 2 012 2012 / 2 013 Kyosei Contents 01 02 04 22 24 27 Kyosei : Canon’s Corporate Philosophy Message from Top Management Canon Now Excellent Global Corporation Plan Phase IV Canon up to Now Activities Focused on Tomorrow The corporate philosophy of Canon is kyosei. A concise definition of this word would be “Living and working together for the common good,” but our definition is broader: “All people, regardless of race, religion or culture, harmoniously living and working together into the future.” Unfortunately, the presence of imbalances in our world in such areas as trade, income levels and the environment hinders the achievement of kyosei. Through corporate activities based on kyosei, Canon strives to resolve imbalances in the world. Truly global companies must foster good relations, not only with their customers and the communities in which they operate, but also with nations and the environment. They must also bear the responsibility for the impact of their activities on society. For this reason, Canon’s goal is to contribute to global prosperity and the well-being of mankind, which will lead to continuing growth and bring the world closer to achieving kyosei. 01 Message from Top Management We aim to transform ourselves through flexible ideas in response to the changing times. 02 2012 is a year Canon embraces new challenges. In 2011, we faced many ordeals, beginning with the Great East Japan Earthquake. But Canon has always viewed...
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...though a majority of researchers focus on the implementation and effect of technologies in law enforcement agencies. Over the last several decades’ technology has evolved in ways that most would never have imagined. Technology used to be something only seen in movies or The Jetson’s. Today, technology is used to operate in nearly everything we do throughout the day. The increased use of technology offers many pros and cons, when it comes to the criminal justice system, it can greatly impact and/or seriously hinder all in one scenario. New technology can drastically improve and expand our current limitations within law enforcement. Technology has the ability to offer broader searches for criminals, look deeper at the molecular levels of DNA, and provide hard evidence of a crime or even help prove the innocence of an alleged criminal. Either way you look at it; technology has drastically changed the way law...
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...however, can be identified with the methods used in this lab. In this lab, you will act as a pathologist or perhaps a pathology lab technician at a well-equipped research hospital. Your task is to identify a bacterial sample received from a clinician. Assuming that you have managed to grow bacterial colonies on a solid medium culture dish, the first step is to pick up a single colony and drop it into a microcentrifuge tube. The process of extracting bacterial DNA consists of dissolving the cell wall with a digestive buffer (in the white-capped bottle) available as a commercial kit. The buffer contains proteolytic enzymes that "eat" the cell wall. This step may take several hours. Since we will be using other enzymes in the next step, we need to get rid of the proteolytic enzymes before we can proceed. The enzymes are denatured by heating the sample in a water bath at 100°C. Next, the cellular debris is spun down in the centrifuge and appears as a solid deposit (pellet) at the bottom of the tube. The DNA is contained in the supernatant (the liquid), which is then transferred to the PCR tube. Why / Back to Part 1Note: Limitations of the traditional methods of identification Over the years, a battery of tests has been developed to categorize and identify bacteria. Tests include staining and growing bacteria under a variety of conditions. Such procedures typically require vigorously and reliably growing bacterial cultures. Many pathogens grow poorly on solid...
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...Carmen Cabresita 8/4/13 AJS/502 Mapp v. Ohio Mapp v. Ohio The Supreme Court case of Mapp v. Ohio was heard in 1961 and originated in the local courts of the State of Ohio. This case plays an important role currently in our court system because it focuses on the warrant, search and seizures, Exclusionary Rule, Due Process and the 4th Amendment. This has molded every aspect in which the police agencies and the government as to how they can retrieve any incriminating evidence from any potential offender in the United States thru our criminal justice system. Mapp v. Ohio (Plaintiff) is unique because this case challenged the Constitution and the Bill of Rights at the Supreme Court level. This case also challenged a police department because it was also able to show that at times the police officers are not meeting the criteria of which a warrant must be served on an individual. The police officers in this case had served a questionable warrant to Ms. Mapp that should have been for another individual within the same residence. The officers were attempting to incriminate MS. Mapp with evidence not pertaining to her in hopes of holding someone liable. The person in question that they were investigating no longer lived at that residence. As it turned out the warrant that was served was a bogus one, which the court, while it was conducting the trial, was unable to obtain. Evidence presented during trial was a gun and pornographic material. There were three police...
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...DNA profiling (also called DNA testing, DNA typing, or genetic fingerprinting) is a technique employed by forensic scientists to assist in the identification of individuals by their respective DNA profiles. DNA profiles are encrypted sets of numbers that reflect a person's DNA makeup, which can also be used as the person's identifier. DNA profiling should not be confused with full genome sequencing.[1] It is used in, for example, parental testing and criminal investigation. Although 99.9% of human DNA sequences are the same in every person, enough of the DNA is different to distinguish one individual from another, unless they are monozygotic twins.[2] DNA profiling uses repetitive ("repeat") sequences that are highly variable,[2] called variable number tandem repeats (VNTR), particularly short tandem repeats (STR)s. VNTRs loci are very similar between closely related humans, but so variable that unrelated individuals are extremely unlikely to have the same VNTRs. The DNA profiling technique was first reported in 1984[3] by Sir Alec Jeffreys at the University of Leicester in England,[4] and is now the basis of several national DNA databases. Dr. Jeffreys's genetic fingerprinting was made commercially available in 1987, when a chemical company, Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI), started a blood-testing centre in England.[5] Contents [hide] 1 DNA profiling process 1.1 RFLP analysis 1.2 PCR analysis 1.3 STR analysis 1.4 AmpFLP ...
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...decades but it has already changed many people’s lives. However, though it has many benefits an ethical issue arises should someone have the duty to disclose their genetic information to someone who may be at risk. In this essay, the issue of disclosure will be discussed, it will be broken down into 3 main topics: the advantages and disadvantages of genetic profiling; disclosing genetic information to family members and finally disclosing genetic information in the work place. This essay will then prove in its conclusion that there though there are ethical objections to disclosing genetic information there is a greater moral duty to show information. 1.1. Definition of genetic profiling Genetic profiling is also called DNA and genetic finger printing. According to the glossary of the National Human Genome Research Institute (n.d., n.p) the definition is “Genetic testing is a laboratory test to look for genetic variations associated with a disease. The results of a genetic test can be used to confirm or rule out a suspected genetic disease or to decide the likelihood of a person passing on a mutation to their offspring.” 2. Genetic Profiling and Ethics 2.1 Advantages of genetic profiling and ethics Even though genetic profiling is still relatively new, its positive outcomes can already be seen in the world around us. A layman’s example would be the use of genetic testing to discover the true paternity of a child. This has been used in many court cases to grant visitation...
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