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Republica de Colombia

Republica de Colombia eller Colombia som vi kallar det kortfattat är ett u-land. Som ligger i Sydamerikas nordvästra hörn och har kust mot både Stilla havet och Karibiska havet. Den gränsar till Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru och Brasilien. Landet är 1,14 miljonerkvadratkilometer ungefär dubbelt så stort som Sverige. Colombia är en republik där Juan Manuel Santos är president.

Klimat, Natur och växtlighet
Colombia har ett tropiskt klimat med Löv- och regnskog där temperaturen är jämn året runt. Bogotás klimat liknar en svall svensk sommar. Men höjdskillnaden skapar stora kontraster. Man har delat upp Colombia i tre klimatzoner i Tierra caliente (0-1000 m.ö.h) är medeltemperaturen 25-30 grader. I Tierra templada (1000-2000 m.ö.h) är det i snitt 18-25 grader. I Tierra fria (2000, trädgränsen till 3000 m.ö.h) är det i snitt 12-18 grader och temperaturskillnaden mellan dag och natt är stora. Högsta berget är Cristobal Colon 5775 mö.h. Från 4500 meters höjd är det evigt snö. Colombias längsta flod heter Magdalenafloden och är 1550 km lång. Glaciärerna har börjat smälta pga klimatförändringarna. Colombia ligger nära två av jordens kontinentalplattor och dessutom i en vulkanisk aktiv region. Samma process som en gång skapade Anderna pågår en idag. 2010 dödades minst 280 liv på grund av en rad svåra skyfall och flera tvingades lämna sina hem och söka nödhjälp. Växtligheten är ganska varierat. Vid Karibiska havet är växterna torra och man kan se buskar som bromelia, akacior, mimosa och kaktusar. I södra Colombia är det fuktigt därför att regnskogen växer där och även Anderna ligger i landets södra del.

Historia
I Colombia har det funnits flera små indianriken där hantverkarna var kända för att göra vackra föremål i guld. Spanjorerna erövrade landet i början av 1500-talet, och många indianer dog av sjukdomar som spanjorerna förde med sig och av den hårda behandlingen. Colombia blev självständigt 1819 och ingick till en början i samma land som Venezuela och Ecuador.
Äldre Historia
Före den spanske erövringen beboddes Colombia av flera olika indianstammar, Tayrona, Muisca och Quimbaya. De flesta av stammarna levde på jakt och fiske, en del av dom hade också utvecklat ett jordbruk. Muiscastammen hörde till dom som drev jordbruk, dom levde på höglandet i den östra bergkedjan. Många indianstammar kunde sedan länge också ta till vara på guldet som dom hittade i de rikliga guldgruvorna. Metallen användes till smycken, rustningar och offergåvor, men icke till pengar. Alonso de Ojeda var den förste spanjoren att anlända till Colombia på 1449. Tio år senare fick han i uppdrag av den spanska kungen att erövra den nordvästra delen av Sydamerika. Den spanska erövringen blev slutet för dom indianska stammarna, och där tog även guldhantverket slut.1538 var nästan erövringen avklarad och under de följande åren bildades städerna Popayan, Cali och Bogotá som även blev huvudstad 1550 i nya kungariket Nueva Granada, som styrdes av Spanien. I början av 1700- talet blev Nueva Granada ett vice kungadöme och fick också kontroll över grannlandet Venezuela. Lagarna som gällde i Nueva Granada skrevs i Spanien. I slutet av 1700- talet bröt den första revolutionen mot dom spanska kolonisatörerna ut, men den slogs ned. Ändå blev det här kampen för självständighet. 1819 blev Colombia fritt från Spanien, nu följdes ett frihetskrig som leddes av Simon Bolivar. Efter några år återuppstod slaget igen och detta var i Bayacá norr om huvudstaden. Den spanske härskaren flydde och kolonialtiden var över. I december samma år utropades republiken Colombia och Panama. Den förste presidenten blev Simon Bolivar 1829-1830. När han dog bröt Ecuador och Venezuela ut ur republiken och Colombia och Panama bildade Nueva Granada
Nutidshistoria
Dagens konflikt började under våldsepoken, la violencia, på 40 - och 50- talet då de liberala och konservativa kom i konflikt med varandra. Då bildades andra gerilla grupper. Gerillorna hade olika inriktningar t ex att skydda indianerna, kokainodlarna eller de större jordägarna. Under åren har regeringen försökt stifta fred med gerillorna och ibland har de kommit olika överens. Allt mer har det framgått att gerillan inte är särskilt intresserad av fred. Många av gerillaledarna är äldre män som lever med bra inkomster från narkotikahandeln och kidnappningar.

Den 21 juni 1998 valdes Andrés Pastrana från det konservativa partiet till Colombias president. Ett stark bidragande till att han valdes var att han lovade att omedelbart starta fredsförhandlingar med gerillan.

Befolkning
De flesta människorna bor i städer i de högt liggande områden mitt i landet. De största städerna är Bogotá, Medellín och Cali. Invånarna är ättlingar till européer, indianer och afrikaner. Nästan alla colombianer talar spanska de andra talar indianspråk som det finns nästan 65 av men många av de mindre språken riskerar att dö ut. Många indianer har små jordbruk uppe i bergen, och i en del av deras områden finns särskilda lagar som ska skydda indianernas sätt att leva. Det bor över 45 miljoner människor i Colombia där 60 % av de är mestiser, ett blandfolk med indiansk och europeiskt ursprung. Huvudstaden Bogota ligger i landets centrala delar i bergskedjan Anderna. Det bor över 6,8 miljoner personer där. Flertal floder rinner genom denna stad. Folket blir mellan 65 till 70 år gamla. 35-40% av befolkningen är barn mellan 0-14 år gamla. De allra flesta är katoliker. Ungefär 3 miljoner colombianer bor utomlands i USA, Spanien och grannlandet Venezuela. Befolkningsökningen är 2% per år. 58% mestiser, 20% vita, 4% svarta, 14 % mulatter, 1% indianer, 3% samboer. Det dödas runt 30000 människor varje år.

Sociala förhållanden
De flesta colombianer tillhör romersk-katolska kyrkan. Som på den tiden var strikta man fick inte ge abort och man var inte tillåten att vara homosexuella, bisexuella och transpersoner. Dessutom har katolska kyrkan behållit en stark position i samhället, främst som vägledar i moraliska och sociala frågor. Den har mycket stort inflytande, bland annat över skolorna. På landsbygden är människor mycket fattiga. Det är brist på skolor och lärare, och många familjer har inte råd att betala barnens skolböcker och skoluniformer. I städerna är skillnaderna mellan rika och fattiga väldigt stora, och många barn lever som gatubarn som måste stjäla, prostituera sig eller tigga. En hel del människor är arbetslösa och försöker tjäna lite pengar på att sälja varor på gatan eller putsa skor. Oftast är de rika människorna vita. Lantbrukarna odlar mycket kaffe näst mest kaffebönor i världen. De odlar även bananer och rosor som säljs utomlands. I berggrunden finns mycket mineral, och man bryter bland annat guld och smaragder, alltså gröna ädelstenar. . Om vi ska gå på djupet om skolorna i Colombia så omfattar grundskolan 10 år. Skolan skulle varit avgift fri men även statliga skolar tar avgifter. Barnen som bor i städer går flera år i skolan än de som bor på landet och många lärare som undervisar på landsbygden är dåligt utbildade. Skoldagarna är långa och läraren har i snitt 30 elever.

Försörjning
Colombia har enorm naturrikedom men bara några tas till vara de är järn, koppar, guld, nickel, smaragder, olja, naturgas och kol. Sedan mitten på 1990-talet är Colombia självförsvarande på olja som också har blivit landets viktigaste legala exportproduktion. Colombia har Latinamerikas största koltillgångar. Ungefär 60% av världens smaragder kommer från Colombia. Colombia utnyttjar bara en liten del av de lämpliga områdena längst floderna till vattenkraft. Fast att två tredjedelar av elproduktionen består av vattenkraft resten är naturgas och kol. Den storskaliga och miljöskadliga exportringen av olja och kol kritiseras av indianfolket. I Bogota är luftföroreningen från trafiken ett stort miljöproblem. Jordbruket har varit bassen i ekonomin men med åren har de andra näringarna också ökat. Det finns över en halv miljon kaffe gårdar i Colombia och kaffet sysselsätter en tredjedel av lantarbetarna. 2007 blev bananerna den produkt colombianerna fokuserade på. Colombia har med tiden efter Nederländerna blivit världens exportör av blommor. Men även sockerrör, potatis, bomull. Man väntar på att biobränsle ska öka produktion av palmolja och sockerrör. Ris, bönor, majs, maniok (yucca) är grödor som länge har odlats i Colombia men är inte kända i landet. Ungefär 60% av allt kokain i världen kommer från Colombia. Stora områden i regnskogen används till illegal odling av kokain som har tagit död på andra grödor. För fattiga bönder är kokainodlingen den lönsammaste verkstaden för de. Ungefär halva Colombias yta är täckt av skog. Fast att skogsbruket är bara en liten del av ekonomin. Men den illegala odlingen leder till jordförstörelse. Efter som Colombia ligger precis in till havet har de tillgång till god fisk men även i floderna och sjöar. Industrialiseringen inleds på 1920-talet med textilfabriker. Efter andra världskriget utvecklas industrin tack vare de stora intäkterna från kaffeexport. Turism i Colombia
Colombia har svårt att locka till sig turism på grund av alla konflikter och kokainodlingar. Men 2007 lockade landet till sig en miljon besökare. Anderna är en väldigt populär sevärdhet i landet. Man kan passa på att besöka landets 55 nationsparker där du kan se de stora vulkanerna och andra höga bergstoppar. Öarna i det Karibiska havet är också en stor sevärdhet i Colombia. Besök gärna floran och faunan i Colombias regnskogar.
Shakira Isabel Mebarak Ripoll som är mer känd som Shakira är en colombians sångerska men spelar även munspel,gitarr och trummor.

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...1.Explain the marketing definition of product. Product marketing deals with the several of the "7 P's" of marketing, which are product, pricing, place, promotion, physical environment, process and people. Product marketing, as opposed to product management, deals with more outbound marketing or customer-facing tasks (in the older sense of the phrase). For example, product management deals with the basics of product development within a firm, whereas product marketing deals with marketing the product to prospects, customers, and others. Product marketing, as a job function within a firm, also differs from other marketing jobs such as marketing communications ("marcom"), online marketing, advertising, marketing strategy, and public relations, although product marketers may use channels such as online for outbound marketing for their product. A product market is something that is referred to when pitching a new product to the general public. Product market definition focuses on a narrow statement: the product type, customer needs (functional needs), customer type, and geographic area. Not sure if I understood this one? 2.Would it ever make sense for a firm to offer a new product line that they know would cannibalize an existing line? Explain your answer. The new product line is more profitable than the old product line. They see the trend in the market place. Kodak is a fine example of doing it wrong. They failed to introduce digital cameras years ago when they were the only...

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