...focusing on, and sustaining current and challenging information (Bjork, McDaniel, Pashler,& Rohrer, 2008). The study of memory and learning is synonymous with Ebbinghaus, Herman. The earliest scientific approach to the study of memory in 1885 by Herman Ebbinghaus gave impetus to some techniques used by psychologists to assess learning methods. This paper will examine the concept of verbal learning. Compares and contrasts serial learning paired associate learning, and free recall. It will also explore the concept of mnemonics in the recall of verbal stimuli. The Concept of Verbal Learning The concept of verbal learning is associated with Herman Ebbibghaus’ (1885) scientific research on memory. This scientific exploration and breakthrough illuminates the impact of explicit independent features on learning first the verbal learning items or objects. The concept of verbal learning relates to some learning techniques propounded by Ebbinghaus. The techniques include serial learning, (e.g., the list of words), and nonsense syllables (consant-vowel-consant, e.g., LoJ, TAQ). These techniques also gave hunch to many experimental events and controls for meaning. This verbal learning tends to reflect. Verbal learning simply depicts memorization, (or learning) the list of words (Terry, 2009). The redefinition of the concept of verbal learning away from the traditional postulations of behavioral stimulus-response...
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...commences the efforts of gripping, processing, focusing on, and sustaining current and challenging information (Bjork, McDaniel, Pashler, and Rohrer, 2008). The study of memory and learning is synonymous with Ebbinghaus, Herman. The earliest scientific approach to the study of memory in 1885 by Herman Ebbinghaus gave impetus to some techniques used by psychologists to assess learning methods. This paper shall examine the concept of verbal learning. Compares and contrasts serial learning, paired associate learning, and free recall. It will also explore the concept of mnemonics in the recall of verbal stimuli. The Concept of Verbal Learning The concept of verbal learning is associated with Herman Ebbibghaus’ (1885) scientific research on memory. This scientific exploration and breakthrough illuminates the impact of explicit independent features on learning first the verbal learning items or objects. The concept of verbal learning relates to some learning techniques propounded by Ebbinghaus. The techniques include serial learning, (e.g., the list of words), and nonsense syllables ( consant-vowel-consant, e.g., LoJ, TAQ). These techniques also gave hunch to many experimental events and controls for meaning. This verbal learning tends to reflect. Verbal learning simply depicts memorization, (or learning) the list of words (Terry, 2009). The redefinition of the concept of verbal learning away from the traditional postulations of behavioral stimulus-response currently reflects much more...
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...CHAPTER I Factors that Affects Studying Introduction: Studying is the acquired knowledge as by reading, observing, or by researching. Systematic research, examination, identification, and understanding of the aspects or factors associated with an activity, event, phenomenon, situation, etc. Often a report is produced at the end of a study that summarizes its findings and may also include recommendations on the next step(s) to be taken. Studying also aids in the student's ability to learn providing the student with knowledge that they can use throughout their life regardless of the career path that they choose Studying is important because it is essential for a person to develop a complete education and provides students with the opportunity to develop study habits, time management skills and self-discipline. Studying every day is a commitment and requires dedication, perseverance and a strong focus. Although this commitment can be difficult, the results of daily practice are worth it. Significance of the Study: The importance of this topic is to help everyone of us to understand those students who are having bad habits in studying. Also to help lessen the quantity of students who wants to quit in schooling. This topic helps us to gain our knowledge and to understand one another. Learning is very important. As human beings we are expected to learn to be able to cope with the new generation. To be able to learn effectively, one must have a good study habits. ...
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...more. So, when visualizing the difference between 4:10 and 9:23, it would take longer to visualize 9:23 than 4:10. This additional time shows that there must be some kind of image that is being referred to. b. The symbolic distance effect occurs when people are...
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...The effects of Turkish series on Arabs world By : Alma Ali Presented to : Tahani Nassar Course name: Communication Study Lebanese International University Turkish soap operas have attracted the attention of researchers, journalists and clerics in the Arab world, because of the passion for the Arab viewer with all the details of its own. In August 2008 Continued about 85 million Arabs final episode of the Turkish series "Noor", introduced by channel MBC, The first began with a presentation of the Turkish production. Turkish soap operas are still occupies peak times in the table of programs Arab stations, even highly competitive channels began to attract the largest number of followers by broadcasting more Turkish drama. Perhaps...
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...fluent movement patterns 4. begins to refine skills that are well learned 5. begins to know feel of movement – begin to use kinesthetic feedback 6. still need extrinsic feedback – technique – timing 7. faults need to be corrected – stop bad habits Autonomous 1. movement patterns well learned + performed competently + automatic 2. learner does not have to concentrate on performance – spare attention capactity 3. enabled to concentrate on other things 4. learner makes greater use of kinaesthetic info 5. benefit from more complicated technical feedback transfer of learning – effect learning one task has on learning of another task. NOT ALL TRANSFER ENHANCES LEARNING. Transfer is a complex concept + can take many forms positive transfer – occurs before learning promotes present learning negative transfer – before learning has an inhibiting effect on learning a new task zero transfer – prior to learning has no effect on present learning bi-lateral transfer – transfer between limbs pro active transfer – effect learning a skill has on skill not yet learned retroactive transfer – effect learning skill has on previously learned skill – could be positive neg or zero....
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...observing of the object (the response) and the second link, the observing response results in certain internal stimuli which gives rise to the verbal response” (Gagne, 1977). The concepts of verbal learning have many stages and developments as not everyone learns in the same manner. The different concepts of verbal learning will be outlined throughout this paper in serial learning, paired associate learning, and free recall; as well as the concept of mnemonics and verbal stimuli. Verbal Learning Verbal learning concerns itself with acquisition and retention of lists and words that have been “memorized” in order to explain the basic laws of how learning takes place (Terry, 2009). A German psychologist named Herman Ebbinghaus was the first to introduce the methods associated with verbal learning in the 1880s (Terry, 2009). This early research looked at many of the variables that effect verbal learning such as being able to transfer from one list to another, the time between repetitions, and how many repetitions were used for the learning. Within verbal learning there are basic tasks. First there is serial learning which is learning that enables a person learns lists or items in a specific order and is able to reproduce the items in the learned order, such as the alphabet, how to spell words correctly or remember phone numbers. The second is paired-associate learning where the...
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...STEREOTYPICAL REPRESENTATION OF WOMEN IN INDIAN MEDIA Submitted by: Leorad’cunha BA(J&MC) 5thSem Introduction Women today are found in respectably higher positions in every aspect of life. Even though such developments have taken place the inhuman treatment subjected to women has not got a full stop. Various NGO’s ( Nongovernmental organizations) are paying heed to this injustice and have taken a positive approach to ensure women their due respect and dignity in every aspect of their lives. The mass media has taken this into account seriously and has encountered these problems face by women in a positive manner to bring about a overall change as well as nurture the society in a right manner. The pattern of value in any society...
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...ADN vs BSN Skilled or Educated For many centuries there has been a long standing debate regarding which type of nurse possesses greater competency or better prepared, an Associate Degree Nurse ( ASN) or the Bachelor’s Degree in Nursing( BSN). Many have argued that the ADN prepared education has more bedside skill but lacks critical thinking.(cite) and leadership ability. On the other hand the BSN education is the most prepared to think critically and work in leadership positions. Much of the research has even explored which degree program has a higher potential for hire. As nursing has created this chaos of distinction, there are some that may argue that it is pure rhetoric and then others that have given statistical evidence to how it effects patients outcomes relating to lower mortality rates, decubitus ulcers and pulmonary embolism(cite). Based on the research and evidence found it would be safe to say that, the impact of having a BSN significantly increases the nurses ability to deliver the best patient care due to the sound ability in making critical decisions, perform in higher administrative and leadership roles and increased marketability. According to most studies the ADN who pursues the BSN will benefit because they will become better able to think critically and function in a capacity of leadership and collaborate more effectively as a professional with the interdesciplinary team. Research toots that there is better patient care and patient outcomes when care...
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...Primacy and Recency Effects Name Institution Abstract The present research study has been carried out to determine the processes that are involved in memory management, proving that the three stores present in multistore models are valid. It will do that by collecting evidence on both short- and long-term memory, by calculating the recency and primacy effects with regards to words recollection. Meeting this objective involved engaging 65 participants of both genders and were between 17 and 34 years of age. The participants were subjected to recall tests the included both high- and low-frequency words. The results showed that 75% of the respondents were female with the average participants’ age being 19.49 years and 81.5% of them being native English speakers. The results further showed that there were higher recall rates for both the first and last items, as opposed to the middle items that reported lower recall rates. Additionally, the high-frequency words reported higher recall rates for the first-word items than the low-frequency words. The research concludes that memory management makes use of both short- and long-term memory. Table of Contents Abstract 2 Introduction 4 Methodology 6 Participants 6 Apparatus 7 Design 7 Procedure 7 Results 8 Discussion 10 Conclusion 12 References 14 Appendix I 15 Primacy and Recency Effects Introduction From as early as mid 1960’s, there have been increasing evidence to support the suggestions that memory processes required...
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... | |(Day & Date): | | An Investigation to discover whether the primacy and recency effects changes depending on whether the words in the list are high frequency/ high imagery, high frequency/ high imagery with a semantic link or low frequency/ low imagery words. INTRODUCTION: Memory is a complex area within psychology and many different psychologists have found different ways of segregating the brain into different components. One of the first ways was the multi-store model of memory created by Atkinson and Schiffrin in 1968. The multi-store model of memory splits the brain into 3 core segments: • Sensory memory • Short term memory • Long term memory In this experiment the main segments that will be looked at are: the short-term memory and long-term memory. The multi-store model says that the short term memory has a capacity of 7(2 items and that it can hold this information for up to 30 seconds, this is because only the information that we are currently processing is held in the short term memory. It is due to the short term memory that we get recency effect, because the words at the end of the list are still in short term memory so are still being processed by the brain. The multi-store model says that the long-term memory has an unlimited capacity and that it can hold memories forever. Once information...
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...POSITIONING GLOBALLY BY: Billy Rubin Review of Literature Term Paper Marketing 620: Fall 2011 1 Article One: Brand Positioning Through Advertising in Asia, North America, and Europe: The Role of Global Consumer Culture In this study, the authors examine the idea of global consumer culture positioning (GCCP) as the correct positioning strategy upon entering into a new international market. “The purpose of this study is to conceptualize, measure, and examine the use of a new brand positioning strategy referred to as GCCP.” In addition, GCCP is compared to LCCP and FCCP, as well as other factors that may be influential. The authors used elements in basic theories and predicted positioning strategies that might be used in advertising. Several Hypotheses pertaining to the use of GCCP were developed and tested: H1: LCCP, FCCP, and GCCP are meaningful positioning constructs in television advertising. H2: LCCP will be used more frequently than FCCP or GCCP as the brand positioning strategy in television advertising. H3: GCCP will be identified less frequently in television advertisements in the United States relative to advertisements in other countries. H4: LCCP will be identified more frequently in television advertisements in the United States relative to advertisements in other countries. H5: Television advertisements using GCCP will more frequently use indirect, image-oriented content approaches (soft-sell) than direct, strong message argument appeals (hard-sell). H6: GCCP...
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...periods typical | Fees | Fixed percentage of assets; typically 0.5% to 2% | Fixed percentage of assets; typically 1% to 2% plus incentive fee = 20% of gains above threshold return | Notes to the table: Some mutual funds can engage in short selling, but not to the extent that hedge funds can. The lock up period employed by some hedge funds allows the funds to invest in less liquid assets and to avoid having to hold a cash reserve. The threshold rate of return to earn the incentive fee is usually low, perhaps a LIBOR rate. 2. Hedge Fund Strategies Text Table 20.1 provides a comprehensive list of hedge fund strategies. Hedge funds employ both directional strategies and non-directional strategies. A directional strategy is a position that benefits if one sector of the...
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...What Is Operant Conditioning? Operant conditioning (sometimes referred to as instrumental conditioning) is a method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for behavior. Through operant conditioning, an association is made between a behavior and a consequence for that behavior. Operant conditioning was coined by behaviorist B.F. Skinner, which is why you may occasionally hear it referred to as Skinnerian conditioning. As a behaviorist, Skinner believed that internal thoughts and motivations could not be used to explain behavior. Instead, he suggested, we should look only at the external, observable causes of human behavior. Skinner used the term operant to refer to any "active behavior that operates upon the environment to generate consequences" (1953). In other words, Skinner's theory explained how we acquire the range of learned behaviors we exhibit each and every day. Examples of Operant Conditioning We can find examples of operant conditioning at work all around us. Consider the case of children completing homework to earn a reward from a parent or teacher, or employees finishing projects to receive praise or promotions. In these examples, the promise or possibility of rewards causes an increase in behavior, but operant conditioning can also be used to decrease a behavior. The removal of an undesirable outcome or the use of punishment can be used to decrease or prevent undesirable behaviors. For example, a child may be told they will lose recess privileges...
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...Expository Essay October-2-2011 Expository Essay Joe Chernov, public relations executive whose arms are inked from wrists to biceps with Asian-themed tattoos, applied for a position at a conservative company, where he was given a chance for an interview. Upon this interview he decided to wear a long cuffed shirt which he usually would not wear as it ended up showing part of his tattoo on his wrist. He didn’t get the job even though he was more than qualified for the position he had applied for, it could be questioned if the tattoos had anything to do with this decision made by the interviewing company (Pyrillis, 2010). Although people have tattoos and body piercings in a workplace their performance while working should matter not their appearance. With that in mind it can be viewed that tattoos and body piercings in a workplace or during a hiring process can make speculations of unfair judgment against potential employees, since it can be argued that the interviewer bases their opinion of the candidate with the tattoos or piercings work off of their appearance versus their work history, performance, and work ethics. Many persons feel as though it is necessary to cover up any tattoos or piercings while in their workplace. One example would be a survey of two thousand twenty people was taken where sixty eight percent of men and seventy two percent of women felt it necessary to cover up their tattoos and/or piercings in the workplace (Pyrillis...
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