...To: Dr. Moffitt From: Daniel Arnold Date: 3/5/15 Re: Individual Project – “The History of Double-Entry Bookkeeping” Accounting has played an important role in the evolution of civilization, even before the modern concept of ‘accounting’, as understood by modern man, existed. Man’s drive to measure and record his surroundings required more and more complex means in order to do so (Gleeson-White 11). This drive to more complex recording techniques led to writing, a numeric system, the spread of arithmetic, and created a standard system in an effort to ease international trade. The scope of this paper will focus on the realization of double-entry bookkeeping, a major branch of accounting. Double-entry bookkeeping (DEB) is defined as an accounting system that recognizes both sides of a transaction using equal amounts of debits and credits. Unlike a single-entry system, it tells the whole story of a transaction (Gleeson-White 11). In order to understand how DEB came into existence, one must reflect on history. As stated earlier, man’s natural drive to measure and record events around him led to arguably one of the biggest single leaps in human civilization - writing. Professor Denise Schmandt-Besserat discovered this link between writing and accounting in 1969. Schmandt-Besserat asserts this about her discovery: “the origin of writing is no longer a mystery…contrary to all expectations [no one would have] guessed that writing derived from counting” (Gleeson-White...
Words: 2389 - Pages: 10
...Over the last 500 years, the double-entry system of accounting has provided the accounting profession with a reliable and accurate way of tracking the economic events of companies. However, with the implementation of computer-based accounting systems over the last few decades, event based accounting has gained popularity. The theory behind event based accounting is that each business transaction can be broken down into one, or a combination of three types of events: economic, business, and information. An economic event is one in which the quantity of resources change, such as selling an item or purchasing a service. Events like receiving an invoice from a supplier, or sending out a purchase order to a vendor are examples of business events. They are necessary to the company even though they are not the monetary or physical transactions for goods or services. Tasks like creating reports and inputting new customers are considered information events. Information events provide the necessary data for the economic or business events that transpire. The double-entry system of accounting focuses on taking those separate events and aggregating them into journal entries. By aggregating them, a great deal of the total information of the event is left out. Under an event based accounting system each event is recorded with as much of the information as possible, and then stored in tables of data that allow the user to recall and compile this information into usable reports. This...
Words: 331 - Pages: 2
...discipline was always instilled on us whenever we wronged, Sometimes by punishment or rebuke. By such kind of experience, I have grown to appreciate that people are very different and react to different situations differently. I have had friends and colleagues who come from dysfunctional families and I have learnt that they respond differently to anxious situations. While I appreciate their struggles, I have always wanted to talk to them and probably change their way of seeing things for a better cause. I have learnt that in life, there is more in everyone than meets the eye and that everyone deserves a benefit of the doubt in every situation. Work 2 The simplica girl diaries. The moments that catches my attention is the September 6th entries written by the author. While this seems like a happy day for the family, there are several things that seem quite odd about the whole family. After Lafayette left, Torini has converted his room into an entertainment parlor. The host family seems very well off with very classy house and belongings. Their garden is three times bigger than their yard. This seems to bother the author. In some text, he says that he hates the rich! He later changes to not hating but doesn’t like the way the rich belittle them. He hopes to get rich someday and have big birthday parties with the kids. He also wants a big tree house for the kids too. The family seems very intimidated by their rich friends. Some of the questions that I would like us to discuss are:...
Words: 1183 - Pages: 5
...(1980s) Evolution of Double-Entry Book Keeping * Early History of Accounting * 4500-3600 BC -Chaldean Babylonion -Assyrian and Sumerian Egyptian -Chinese( Chao Dynasty) -Greek -Roman * 11th to 13th century -Italian Renaissance * Luca Pacioli’s Contribution * Introduction of double-entry book keeping, Dr and Cr were used for entries to secure double entry. * Three book are used: -memorandum -journal -ledger * Development of double entry * 16th Century: a few changes are made in the book-keeping techniques. * 17th Century: separate inventory accountant for different types of goods. * 18th Century: Three methods of treating fixed assets * 19th Century: depreciating property was accounted for unsold merchandise 4 reasons generally advance to explain the role of double-entry in the economic expansion: * Double-entry contributed to a new attitude toward economic life. * The acquisition was aided and propelled by systematic organisation. * It permits a separation of ownership and promotes the growth of the large joint stock company. * The new rationalism was further and enhance by systematic organization. Capitalism and Accounting * the linked between accounting and capitalism become known as the Sambart thesis or argument that the tranformstion af assets into abstract values and the quantitative expression of the result of business activities systematic accouting in the form of double-entry bookkeeping. Accounting...
Words: 382 - Pages: 2
...supports decision-making. Main reasons why it is necessary for the company to keep accounting records is to identify how much profit or loss the business has made, how much money the firm owe to someone else and how wealthy they company is. Nevertheless, the fundamental objective of accounting is to provide information for decision-making. Double-entry system Accountant to record the dual effects of each transaction uses double-entry system. As every transaction affects two items it is necessary to show these effects when recording each transaction. This stage is known as bookkeeping and the process is called double entry. Particular method follows the rule of accounting equation and maintains that every debit has a corresponding credit entry. Source documents Source documents are the original evidences in which all the information about business transactions are documented. The examples of this kind of documents are listed below. • • • • Sales invoices Cash receipts Credit notes Deposit slip Original books of entry All data from the source documents is recorded in the prime or original books of entry. 1 Books of prime enter are the journals in which we first record transactions. There are separate records for each kind of transaction that can be find below. • • • • • • Sales Purchases Cash Returns inwards Returns outwards General journal for other items "T-account" All transactions of a similar item are...
Words: 563 - Pages: 3
...Accounting Theory Need to study to contribute to Accounting Policy History Development Of Accounting Accounting Practices * Explain current practice to better understood accountant and non-accountant * Evaluate practice, provide frame and reference to judge current practice. * Facilitate the development of future practice Purpose Early History First double entry books known to exist are Massari of Genoa, 1340 Definition of Accounting Theory Age of record keeping Aimed at maintaining intergrity and discovering missappropriation Using Arabic numbers. More easy and slowly it prevailed. A set of broad principles that provide a general frame of reference by which accounting practice can be evaluated and guides the development of new practices and procedures. Has history about Roman numerals which made calculation and understanding more difficult which is no zero value and it can’t be adapted. The Birth of Double Entry Accounting Reasons to explain the role of double entry Factors that make bookkeeping presence in ancient. Luca Pacioli’s Contribution Double entry contributed to a new attitude towards economic life In 1494, they published Summa de Arithmetica, Geomeria, Proportioni et Proportionalita. The book include twho chapters, Computis and Scripturis The intervention of writing The acquisition was aided and propelled by the refinement of economic calculation Introduction of Arabic numbers It permits a separation of...
Words: 403 - Pages: 2
...in tabular form is more efficient than using journals and ledgers. 4. An account is often referred to as a T-account because of the way it is constructed. 5. A debit to an account indicates an increase in that account. 6. If a revenue account is credited, the revenue account is increased. 7. The normal balance of all accounts is a debit. 8. Debit and credit can be interpreted to mean increase and decrease, respectively. 9. The double-entry system of accounting refers to the placement of a double line at the end of a column of figures. 10. A credit balance in a liability account indicates that an error in recording has occurred. 11. The dividends account is a subdivision of the retained earnings account and appears as an expense on the income statement. 12. Revenues are a subdivision of retained earnings. 13. Under the double-entry system, revenues must always equal expenses. 14. Transactions are entered in the ledger first and then they are analyzed in terms of their effect on the accounts. 15. Business documents can provide evidence that a transaction has occurred. 16. Each transaction must be analyzed in terms of its effect on the accounts before it can...
Words: 1114 - Pages: 5
...accounting innovation? Participant’s profile: Gender: Age: Date and time collected: Date: Time: Place of interview: Comments: Issues Emerging from the interview Question | Response | Preliminary Analysis | 1. Tell me about Bitcoin? | Bitcoin is an innovative accounting product that allows users to trade with globally accepted mediums. The medium is fully independent of changes seen in the financial systems such as currency fluctuations and manipulations. | The currency is a globally accepted system and presents advantages over other currency systems. It is not subject to currency fluctuations and value manipulations. | 2. Do you consider it as necessary? | Yes. Bitcoin as an innovation does away with the traditional double-entry entry system of accounts. Instead, it uses a triplicated cryptographic digitally signed receipts as evidence that a sales contract existed. | The product is in the initial stages of development. Its adoption should be supported till it has been implemented. As the world is advancing in technology, bitcoin is bringing innovations in the accounting field. This will replace the traditional form of accounting. | 3. What problems has it addressed? | The system that have been in existence has been unreliable. The currencies used such as the dollar, euro and pound were affected by shifts in the financial influences. The innovation address this issue because it is a universally accepted and secure currency system. In addition, it is void of currency...
Words: 513 - Pages: 3
...1. Question : (TCO 4) Your hospital has just been told that all of your cardiovascular surgeons are transferring their practice to a competitive hospital beginning next year. How would this affect a forecast of volume? Student Answer: First and foremost, if a hospital is suddenly lost all of its cardiovascular surgeons...heads will roll. However, if there are a major lost of service such as the cardiovascular surgeon...there will be a decrease in the volume due to the lost of services. Thus when the hospital have a reduce in the total volume it will also have a reduce in total cost. If the hospital is operating under statistics budget...in the long run, through the development or discontinuation of certain programs volume may be changed, most healthcare firms implicitly assume while developing their statistics budget that they cannot affect their overall volume during the next budgetary period. (Essentials of Health Care Finance, 7th Edition. Jones & Bartlett Publishers p. 362). 2. Question : (TCO 7) Explain the difference between a horizontal merger and a vertical merger. Student Answer: Horizontal mergers involve two firms operating in the same kind of business...i.e...The merger between Hospital A and Hospital B is considered to be a horizonal mergers. Both have the same service or product. Vertical mergers A merger between two companies producing different goods or services for one specific finished product..i.e..Laboratory services and Radiology services...
Words: 1392 - Pages: 6
...Notes FIA Paper FA1 Recording Financial Transactions theexpgroup.com ExPress Notes FIA FA1 Recording Financial Transactions Contents About ExPress Notes 1. Business transactions and documentation 7 2. Financial statements and their elements 12 3. Double entry bookkeeping: the debits and credits 18 4. Cash and bank 21 5. Sales and credit transactions 24 6. Purchases and credit transactions 29 7. Payroll 32 8. Page | 2 3 Control accounts and initial trial balance 34 © 2011 The ExP Group. Individuals may reproduce this material if it is for their own private study use only. Reproduction by any means for any other purpose is prohibited. These course materials are for educational purposes only and so are necessarily simplified and summarised. Always obtain expert advice on any specific issue. Refer to our full terms and conditions of use. No liability for damage arising from use of these notes will be accepted by the ExP Group. ExPress Notes FIA FA1 Recording Financial Transactions START About ExPress Notes We are very pleased that you have downloaded a copy of our ExPress notes for this paper. We expect that you are keen to get on with the job in hand, so we will keep the introduction brief. First, we would like to draw your attention to the terms and conditions of usage. It’s a condition of printing these notes that you agree to the terms and conditions of usage. These...
Words: 9725 - Pages: 39
...Accounting Cycle Paper ACC/421 September 12, 2011 Accounting Cycle Paper The accounting cycle is very important to maintaining orderly transactions within an organization’s accounting records. Companies can simply not just give and receive money without recording the events that lead to the transaction otherwise they would be faced with a night mare when trying to reconcile their records. In my company the accounting cycle is used for accounting transactions that affect the comings and goings of money within the organization. This usually begins with a Source Document. Source Documents consist of a description of the accounting transaction, this can be a sales or purchase transaction. Sales transactions in my company are usually performed through the use of a Point of sale system. In a purchase transaction a cash receipt or invoice from the company providing the product or service. Source documents, whether from sales or purchase transactions serve as objective evidence that the transaction did occur and part of the audit trail. Being an early document in the accounting cycle, source documents provide the information required to analyze and classify the transaction in order to be journalized in the accounting system. The next step in the accounting cycle is to journalize the transactions. In my company this is usually the electronic journal maintained by the Point of sale system, or a purchase order created by a manager at the time a purchase is made. Sales transactions...
Words: 763 - Pages: 4
...* First bookkeeping book printed in 1494 – very little change to bookkeeping * Since emergence of record keeping similar to banks and governments were applied to mercantile affairs, bookkeeping has possessed theory, form, and technology * Ancient theory in bookkeeping was inferred * Double entry arose from a certain methodology – double posting passed the test of mechanical accuracy. It is a fact that every transaction has dual aspect * System of debits and credits was used in ancient times – rise of proprietor and proprietorship allowed use of all financial elements of trade rather than just a system of record keeping * Paciolo showed no theory behind the ‘canceling out’ of debits and credits and the journal entry that followed, however he shows strong consciousness by closing accounts to profit and loss, and then closing those to capital * So consistent but did not dwell on theoretical explanation Similarities to Modern Accounting * Paciolo used ‘subtraction by opposition’ – creditors placed on right side, and debtors on left side * Characteristic technology very similar to today – in debit and credit ledger, ‘de dare’ and ‘de havere’ (shall give, shall have) appeared, also ‘per’ (by) and ‘a’ (to) were used to indicate a debit and a credit, respectively * Transactions were listed like the following, ‘by cash to capital’ – today, we dropped the use of the words, and use indentions for credits * P. also made use of a trial...
Words: 610 - Pages: 3
...stake holders. Accounting is the combination of all the 6 fields while bookkeeping is only a part of the accounting process. Double Entry System According to this system, every business transaction has a two-fold effect and that it affects two accounts in opposite directions. One of the two aspects is the benefit receiving aspect or “incoming aspect” (termed as Debit) and the other is the benefit giving aspect or “outgoing aspect” (termed as Credit). For every transaction, one account is to be debited and another account is to be credited in order to have a complete record of the transaction. The basic principle under this system is that for every debit, there must be a corresponding and equal credit and for every credit there must be a corresponding and equal debit. Following this principle, the arithmetical accuracy of the accounts can be checked by preparing a Trial Balance, where the total of Debits and Credits should tally. It is a scientific system maintaining a complete record of transactions which helps in the ascertainment of profit/loss and financial positionof the business while maintaining the accuracy of accounts Accounting Cycle The entire accounting cycle is based on the double entry system. Once a transaction occurs, it is recorded in the form of a journal which records the debit and credit aspect of the transaction. These entries are then posted to separate accounts known as...
Words: 273 - Pages: 2
...time” (Paul D Kimmel, 2009). “Retained earnings statement has two different parts to it. Retained earnings are the net income that is retained in the corporation. The Retained earnings statement is something that shows the amounts and causes of changes in retained earnings during period of time.” (Paul D Kimmel, 2009) “Statement of cash flows is a statement that provides financial information about the cash receipts and cash payments of a business for a period of time.” (Paul D Kimmel, 2009) In financial accounting you learn all about the rules of debit and credits, what this means is that it shows different transactions of accounts that a company’s assets and there liabilities and the stock holders equity. Debits and credits have a double entry system which means debits are normally assets, expenses and dividends and credits are normally liabilities, revenues and retained earnings. Investors and creditors are interested in the financial statements because it reveals how much...
Words: 582 - Pages: 3
...MISSIE DUNLAP HSM/260 DR. MARY JOHNSON WEEK 1 5/25/2013 1. GGAP- (Generally Accepted Accounting Principles) These are a set of rules, standards ,conventions, and procedures that were established by The Financial Accounting board for reporting financial information. www.investorworld.com 2. Basic accounting formula- Assets = Liabilities + Capital This formula is for double entry bookkeeping systems. This formula must always balance so that the company has the assets and funds it needs to operate. www.accountingtools.com 3. Transaction, T-account- is also a set of financial records that also use double entry bookkeeping. The name T-account comes from the appearance of the records. www.investopedia.com 4. Debit and credit- entries made in account ledgers to show changes in value because of transactions made by the business. www.wikipedia.org 5. Trial balance- A list of general ledger accounts, they contain the name of the nominal ledger account, as well as the value. It will hold either a debit or credit balance value. www.wikipedia.org 6. Journal- a file in a book or on a computer of monetary transactions that are entered the first time they are processed. The list is in chronological sequences by date. www.wikipedia.org 7. Assets and liabilities- assets are things you own such as car, house, or business. Liabilities are things that are owed such as mortgage, car payment, and student loans. These can determine...
Words: 325 - Pages: 2