...is used by scientists to describe the variety of processes used in making duplicates of biological materials. This paper will discuss the embryonic cells and pronucleus taking into accounts their application to human cloning. Caenorhadditis elegans and Drosophila melanogaster will also be discussed together with application of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Embryonic stem cell has been applied in human cloning through human cloning for biomedical research whereby cloned cells are produced and used in individual patients suffering from diseases like Parkinson’s disease and type 1 diabetes (Fairbanks, 2004). This discovery has been used to develop embryos thus making important steps for medicine. Cloned embryos have been used widely as sources of stem cells, which have been developed to make new heart muscles, bone, brain tissues and other type of cells in the body. The stem cells have provided a breakthrough in medicine by creating new tissues that might be able to heal the damage caused by heart attack or repair severed spinal cord (Fairbanks, 2004). There are trials of utilizing stem cells from donated embryos to try and restore people’s eye sights. The donated cells are cloned to match the patient so that they would not be rejected by the body. With this kind of research various ethical and moral considerations have emerged, one of them being that this research involves deliberate production, use and destruction of cloned human embryo that could be used in attempts to produce...
Words: 1379 - Pages: 6
...Literature Citation When writing a research paper, literature citation is important for the following two reasons: (1) to avoid plagiarism (which is against the student code of conduct and is grounds for failing the course) and (2) to assign proper authority to a statement (this adds weight to your paper). You may use any style of literature citation as long as the proper authorities are cited in the text and full references are provided at the end of your paper. Here is an example of a style that is common in the biological literature. In-Text Citations Whether you are directly quoting or paraphrasing, your reference is cited in the text, before the end of the statement. The in-text citation consists of the author(s) last name(s) and the year of publication. For example, Drosophila magnaquinaria, fruit flies that are only found on skunk cabbage, prefer other hosts for feeding, egg-laying, and larval development than they do skunk cabbage (Courtney and Kibota, 1990). If there are more than two authors, then you may list the first author’s name followed by et al. For example, Mutational studies of Daphnia, Drosophila, Caenorhabditis, and Escherichia all provide estimates for the genomic deleterious mutation rate (Lynch et al., 1999). If you don’t know the name of the author (if the information comes from a website, for example), then you may list the website title or URL in place of the author’s name). Example Literature Cited Section The Literature Cited Section provides complete...
Words: 550 - Pages: 3
...Article Critique | * | This week’s critique I decided to do my paper on how researchers unlocked how cells determine their functions. In the reading, researchers found how proteins bind to target DNA and activate certain genes will function in the body. The protein that researchers found was called epigenetic activators, which they found another protein pretty similar to one that they had found in a fruit fly, called the Ash 1 protein. These genes turn on expression on specific target genes. The activators recognize also bind to the target gene was unknown to researchers and further study was conducted to pin point why. While conducting their research, they found that the epigenetic activator Ash1 enlisted specific genes through cell types for certain non-coding RNA, stated Dr Sauer. While Ash1 binds to the targeted DNA elements called Thrithorax-response elements (TREs) which is located in the Ultrabithorax. How this works, non-coding RNA is produced and retained at the TRE of UBX, helping activate the expression of the UBX gene, by doing so this function attacks the Ash1 to the TREs. This stage changes the function of the cells. Knowing this, they can now use the non-coding RNA to actively control the destiny. Over several years studies were conducted on how noncoding RNAs silences genes. The works that Dr Sauer and others have now gained a wider knowledge then what was previously thought to be. They had suggested understood how the genes could be silence, now they...
Words: 744 - Pages: 3
...| Cdx regulates Dll1 in Multiple Lineages | BIOL 303 Term Paper | | | BACKGROUND The vertebrate Cdx genes are a group of ParaHox genes that encode homeodomain transcription factors responsible for the anterior-posterior patterning of the embryonic axis, intestine, axial elongation and somitogenesis in mammals. These genes are related to Drosophila caudal (cad)[1] and there are three murine homologues Cdx1, Cdx2 and Cdx4 [2]. The Cdx gene products impact anterior-posterior vertebral patterning not only by direct regulation of Hox gene expression, but are also targets of non-Hox such as Wnt, Shh, RA and Notch pathways among others[3] [2]. The authors focus upon the Notch pathway, especially Notch ligand Dll1 as it is involved in intestinal differentiation. Cdx1 is responsible for the axial positional information and the null mutants have an abnormal axial patterning only and no overt intestinal phenotype [4, 5]. Cdx2 is important for trophoblast differentiation, axial patterning and extension, and morphological specification of gut endoderm [5]. Homozygous Cdx2 null mutants are peri-implantation lethal as the blastocyst fails to undergo uterine implantation [3]. The Cdx1-Cdx2 conditional mutants show an abnormal somite formation and an increase in the number of Goblet cells in the small intestine [2]. Both Cdx1 and Cdx2 are important for the maintenance of the intestinal epithelium in adults. Though there is considerably more information available about the different...
Words: 2114 - Pages: 9
...method, NcPred is described, for predicting nuclear proteins with higher accuracy exploiting n-mer statistics with different classification algorithms namely Alternating Decision (AD) Tree, Best First (BF) Tree, Random Tree and Adaptive (Ada) Boost. On BaCello dataset [1], NcPred improves about 20% accuracy with Random Tree and about 10% sensitivity with Ada Boost for Animal proteins compared to existing techniques. It also increases the accuracy of Fungal protein prediction by 20% and recall by 4% with AD Tree. In case of Human protein, the accuracy is improved by about 25% and sensitivity about 10% with BF Tree. Performance analysis of NcPred clearly demonstrates its suitability over the contemporary in-silico nuclear protein classification research. 1 Introduction Nucleus, popularly known as the control center of a cell, is the central unit of eukaryotic cells [2]. Unlike other organelles, its function is regulated by two genomes due to the presence of an explicit nuclear genome. It performs a plethora of biochemical reactions like oxidative phosphorylation, Krebs cycle, DNA replication, transcription, translation, etc. In addition nuclei are also involved in apoptosis and ionic homeostasis [3]. Because of their multidimensional utility, nuclear proteins are associated with several diseases, including Xeroderma pigmentosum, Fanconis anaemia, Bloom syndrome, Ataxia telangiectasia and Retinoblastoma [4] etc. Md. S. Islam · A. Kabir Institute of Information Technology, University...
Words: 3249 - Pages: 13
...an important role in regulation of pharyngeal pumping. As indicated above, genes that encodes for or related to voltage-gated calcium channels could increase or decrease the rate of the pumping. Figure.1 Mechanism of pharyngeal pumping in C.elegans. The picture is merged with different pictures in different papers or websites. T-type calcium channels consists of a pore-forming transmembrane α subunit protein that the gene cca-1 encodes for and auxiliary protein associated with: auxiliary β subunits and α2δ subunits (Steger et al, 2005; Eisenmann and Wnt, 2005). The gene cca-1 is involved in excitatory inputs and plays a role in action potential especially repolarization that stimulated by MC neurons (Shtonda and Avery, 2005; Steger et al, 2005). In the paper written by Steger et al, they found that the action potential on the MC membrane was altered in the cca-1 mutant, resulting in a slower pumping. The gene ccb-1, which is encodes for auxiliary β subunits and expressed in the pharynx, has been found that the calcium current is disrupted when the ccb-1 is mutated (Eisenmann and Wnt, 2005; Lainé et al, 2011). The ccb-1shares a homologous with human, bos, drosophila etc. The human homologous gene, CACNB4, is also a beta 4 subunit of voltage-dependent calcium channel (Figure.2). It functions in rising peak calcium current, mediating the membrane targeting of the alpha-1 subunit, and changing the switch the voltage dependence from activaion to inactivation or reverse by inhibition...
Words: 1831 - Pages: 8
...Open Access: Full open access to this and thousands of other papers at http://www.la-press.com. Evolutionary Bioinformatics Computational Identification of MicroRNAs from the Expressed Sequence Tags of Toxic Dinoflagellate Alexandrium Tamarense Dahai Gao1, limei Qiu1, Zhanhui Hou1, Qingchun Zhang2, Jianmin Wu3, Qiang Gao1 and linsheng song1 1 Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (IOCAS), Qingdao, People’s Republic of China. 2Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (IOCAS), Qingdao, People’s Republic of China. 3Institute of Genomic Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China. AbstrAct: Micro ribonucleic acids (miRNAs) represent a class of small noncoding RNAs that play important roles in multiple biological processes by degrading targeted mRNAs or by repressing mRNA translation. In the case of algal lineages, especially dinoflagellates, knowledge regarding the miRNA system is still limited and its regulatory role remains unclear. In the present study, a computational approach was employed to screen miRNAs from the expressed sequence tags (ESTs) of Alexandrium tamarense. A total of 18 potential miRNAs were identified according to a range of filtering criteria. In addition, unique evolutionary features, such as miRNA gene duplication and sequence similarity to metazoan miRNAs, implied that the...
Words: 5014 - Pages: 21
...energy. Subdisciplines of biology are recognized on the basis of the scale at which organisms are studied and the methods used to study them: biochemistry examines the rudimentary chemistry of life; molecular biology studies the complex interactions of systems of biological molecules; cellular biology examines the basic building block of all life, the cell; physiology examines the physical and chemical functions of the tissues, organs, and organ systems of an organism; and ecology examines how various organisms interact and associate with their environment.[3] Contents [hide] * 1 History * 2 Foundations of modern biology * 2.1 Cell theory * 2.2 Evolution * 2.3 Genetics * 2.4 Homeostasis * 2.5 Energy * 3 Research * 3.1 Structural * 3.2 Physiological * 3.3 Evolutionary * 3.4 Systematics * 3.5 Ecology * 4...
Words: 3394 - Pages: 14
...specifically devoted to the science and technology of SPM. AFM and SFM have been also newsworthy items in Science and Nature in the past year [14••,15•–17•,18••,19]. An introduction to AFM is covered well in a recent issue of Current Opinion in Chemical Biology, which describes and illustrates the design and mode of operation of AFM [4••]. The AFM images sample surfaces by raster-scanning a sharp tip back and forth over the surface. The tip is on a cantilever that responds to height changes on the sample surface in a way that generates a topographical map of the surface. We build on this excellent introduction by presenting some of the many advances in SPM that have occurred since that review was written. (The accompanying images are from AFM research in the authors’ lab). Atomic force microscopy imaging Proteins Entropic brush...
Words: 4570 - Pages: 19
...| The effect of sleep on the psychology and development of children and adolescents. | | | nj26 | | Contents INTRODUCTION 3 Why Is Sleep Relevant to Psychology? 4 What Is Sleep and Why Is It Important 4 Sleep Regulation 4 The Impact of Sleep on Daytime Functioning 5 Sleep deprivation impairs learning and memory. 5 Sleep deprivation impairs academic success and neurobehavioral functioning. 5 Sleep deprivation impairs emotional regulation. 5 Sleep deprivation impairs health. 5 Sleep deprivation impairs adolescents’ driving ability. 6 Sleep Behaviour Across Development 6 New-borns and Infants (0 to 12 months) 7 Developmental changes in sleep. 7 Behavioural and psychological factors affecting sleep behaviour. 7 Early Childhood (12 Months to 6 Years of Age) 7 Developmental changes in sleep. 7 Behavioural and psychological factors affecting sleep behaviour. 7 School-Age Years 8 Developmental changes in sleep. 8 Behavioural and psychological factors affecting sleep behaviour. 8 Adolescence 8 Behavioural and psychological factors affecting sleep behaviour. 9 Further studies regarding the effect of sleep on the development and psychology of children and adolescents. 9 Sleep and the Body Mass Index and Overweight Status of Children and Adolescents 9 Sleepless in Chicago: Tracking the Effects of Adolescent Sleep Loss During the Middle School Years 10 Sleep, Learning, and the Developing Brain: Early-to-Bed as a Healthy and...
Words: 7748 - Pages: 31
...| | |The effect of sleep on the psychology and development of children and adolescents. | | | | | | | | | Contents INTRODUCTION 3 Why Is Sleep Relevant to Psychology? 4 What Is Sleep and Why Is It Important 4 Sleep Regulation 4 The Impact of Sleep on Daytime Functioning 5 Sleep deprivation impairs learning and memory. 5 Sleep deprivation impairs academic success and neurobehavioral functioning. 5 Sleep deprivation impairs emotional regulation. 5 Sleep deprivation impairs health. 5 Sleep deprivation impairs adolescents’ driving ability. 6 Sleep Behaviour Across Development 6 New-borns and Infants (0 to 12 months) 7 Developmental changes in sleep. 7 Behavioural and psychological factors affecting...
Words: 7717 - Pages: 31
...Biology guide First assessment 2016 Biology guide First assessment 2016 Diploma Programme Biology guide Published February 2014 Published on behalf of the International Baccalaureate Organization, a not-for-profit educational foundation of 15 Route des Morillons, 1218 Le Grand-Saconnex, Geneva, Switzerland by the International Baccalaureate Organization (UK) Ltd Peterson House, Malthouse Avenue, Cardiff Gate Cardiff, Wales CF23 8GL United Kingdom Website: www.ibo.org © International Baccalaureate Organization 2014 The International Baccalaureate Organization (known as the IB) offers four high-quality and challenging educational programmes for a worldwide community of schools, aiming to create a better, more peaceful world. This publication is one of a range of materials produced to support these programmes. The IB may use a variety of sources in its work and checks information to verify accuracy and authenticity, particularly when using community-based knowledge sources such as Wikipedia. The IB respects the principles of intellectual property and makes strenuous efforts to identify and obtain permission before publication from rights holders of all copyright material used. The IB is grateful for permissions received for material used in this publication and will be pleased to correct any errors or omissions at the earliest opportunity. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted...
Words: 43724 - Pages: 175
...Mobile Telecommunications and Health Review of the current scientific research in view of precautionary health protection April 2000 ECOLOG-Institut Translated by Andrea Klein Mobile Telecommunications and Health Review of the Current Scientific Research in view of Precautionary Health Protection Commissioned by T‐Mobil DeTeMobil Deutsche Telekom MobilNet GmbH Authors Dr Kerstin Hennies Dr H.‐Peter Neitzke Dr Hartmut Voigt With the support of Dr Gisa‐Kahle Anders ECOLOG‐Institut für sozial‐ökologische Forschung und Bildung gGmbH Nieschlagstrasse 26 30449 Hannover Tel. 0511‐92456‐46 Fax 0511‐92456‐48 Email mailbox@ecolog‐institut.de Hannover, April 2000 Contents 1 1 1.1 1.2 2 Introduction 1 3 New Technologies and Precautionary Health Protection Terms of Reference and Structure of the Review 5 2.1 2.2 3 Collating and Interpreting the Scientific Data (Methodology) 5 5 Primary Reciprocal Effects between High Frequency Electromagnetic Fields and Biological Systems (Biophysical and Biochemical Processes) 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 4 Thermal Effects 3.1.1 Effects of Homogenous Warming 3.1.2 Microthermal Effects Direct Field Effects 3.2.1 Effects from the Electrical Component of the Electromagnetic Field 3.2.2 Effects from the Magnetic Component of the Electromagnetic Field ...
Words: 23756 - Pages: 96
...Gene Marker Identification Targeting Toll-Like Receptor 4 (TLR4), Breast Cancer 1 (BRCA1), and Adenosine Triphosphatase 1 Alpha 1 (ATP1A1) Genes: Assessing Their Association With Subclinical Mastitis Cases in Dairy Water Buffaloes, Bubalus bubalis Thesis Proposal Cyndi Candelaria Biendima Patricia Malapit Cabatit Submitted to the Department of Biology College of Arts and Sciences University of the Philippines Manila Padre Faura, Ermita, Manila In partial fulfilment of the requirements for Undergraduate Thesis (BIO 200) TABLE OF CONTENTS Title Page1 Table of Contents2 Introduction3 Review of Related Literature6 Proposed Methodology14 Presentation of Results20 Literature Cited22 Line Item Budget26 Project Timeline27 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Study Cases of intramammary infections such as mastitis in water buffaloes contribute to large annual losses in milk production and net profit for smallholder farmers in the Philippines. Social and economic factors might prevent households from diagnosing, treating, and eliminating from circulation those animals or animal products, such as milk, that are afflicted with mastitis or which came from individuals afflicted with mastitis; this is especially true in the case of the asymptomatic subclinical mastitis, which tends to become chronic and difficult to eradicate by conventional antimicrobial therapies (Brouillette & Malouin, 2005; Ng et al., 2010). With the advent of technology...
Words: 7544 - Pages: 31
...Gene Recognition A project report submitted to M S Ramaiah Institute of Technology An Autonomous Institute, Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belgaum in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Computer Science & Engineering Submitted by Mudra Hegde 1MS07CS052 Nakul G V 1MS07CS053 Under the guidance of Veena G S Assistant Professor Computer Science and Engineering M S Ramaiah Institute of Technology [pic] DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING M.S.RAMAIAH INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY (Autonomous Institute, Affiliated to VTU) BANGALORE-560054 www.msrit.edu May 2011 Gene Recognition A project report submitted to M. S. Ramaiah Institute of Technology An Autonomous Institute, Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belgaum in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Computer Science & Engineering Submitted by Mudra Hegde 1MS07CS052 Nakul G V 1MS07CS053 Under the guidance of Veena G S Assistant Professor Computer Science and Engineering M S Ramaiah Institute of Technology [pic] DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING M. S. RAMAIAH INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY (Autonomous Institute, Affiliated to VTU) BANGALORE-560054 www.msrit.edu May 2011 Department of Computer Science...
Words: 8197 - Pages: 33
