...Synthesis of Methyl Orange Jineui Jung Abstract The purpose of this lab was to synthesize a synthetic dye, methyl orange. Methyl orange is a dye produced from a synthesis reaction between diazonium ions and aromatic structures. Dyes have basic structure of Aromatic N+N-aromatic, azo group. methyl orange was synthesized by coupling reaction between diazonium ion and N,N-dimethyl aniline under basic condition. Diazonium ion created from sulfanillic acid monohydrate and N,N-dimethyl aniline under basic condition. Basicity was tested with pH paper after adding sodium hydroxide which resulted in light blue color, representing pH value of 10. Product yield was calculated to 71.53% with percent error of 28.46% so it was determined methyl orange was fairly produced. Introduction Methyl orange synthesis is diazo coupling reaction between the diazonium sale of sulfanilic acid and N,N-dimethylaniline. The initial product gained through coupling reaction is red acid form of methyl orange and this later turned to orange sodium salt, called methyl orange. Dyes are used to give colors to fabrics and Chromophores, functional groups that absorb light, give color to these dyes. The most common chromophores are azo, nitro, and carbon groups. The method of diazotiation is dependent on how basic and soluble the amine being coupled is. As sulfanilic acid is insoluble in acid, sulfanilic acid is dissolved in a basic solution. Primary aromatic amines can be directly diazotized but amines...
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...This patient may have a type of atypical pneumonia, often called “Walking Pneumonia”. This infectious lung disease is also bacterial and is a milder form of community-acquired pneumonia. According to the physical examination, mild fever, difficulty breathing and moderate rales over the right lower lung are common symptoms for this type of infection. Also, his chest x-ray shows patchy alveolar infiltrates; when fluid builds up in the alveoli of your lungs and is also another indicator. Since the patient is said to have “Walking Pneumonia”, the causative organism of this mild lung infection is a bacterium species called Mycoplasma Pneumoniae . This bacterium is under the Mycoplasma genus. Mycoplasma is also a class of mollicutes, a bacterial...
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...Microbiology Mid Term Review What contribution did these dudes make to science and what type of experiments were involved in the discoveries they made? Louis Pasteur- Heat pasteurization- 1st vaccine for rabies. Found alcohol only produced in wine if yeast was present. “Swan necked” flasks experiment for spontaneous generation. Robert Koch- Studied anthrax, Koch’s postulates (germ theory) studied and awarded for TB research. Anton van Leewenhoek- Made the 1st lens to observe living microorganisms. The lens magnified up to 300x and were free of distortion. Edward Jenner- Studied small pox. Came up with the first vaccine for smallpox. Alexander Fleming- Discovered lysozyme (an enzyme) was found in tears, saliva, and sweat could kill bacteria. What issues and types of instruments are involved in visualizing bacteria and viruses with a compound light microscope? Reflection- transmission-absorption with florescence-refraction. Condenser-is a lens that serves to concentrate light from the illumination source that is in turn focused through the object and magnified by the objective lens. iris diaphragm-regulates the amount of light on the specimen. objective lenses- magnifies ranges from 10x to 40x, ocular lenses. stage- supports the slide for viewing. focusing knobs-moves the stage up and down for focusing. total magnification- take the power of the objective (4X, 10X, 40x) and multiply by the power of the eyepiece, usually 10X. What are the differences...
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...Nanotechnology for Powerful Solar Energy Jyoti Sharma [1], Lavendra Joshi Electronics and Communication Department Vivekananda Institute of Technology Sector-36, Sisyawas, NRI Road, Jagatpura, Jaipur-303012 [1] Email: jyoti1.sharma5@gmail.com Abstract- Nanotechnologies provide the potential to enhance energy efficiency across all branches of industry and to economically leverage renewable energy production through new technological solutions and optimized production technologies. In the long run, essential contributions to sustainable energy supply and the global climate protection policy will be achieved. Here, nanotechnological innovations are brought to bear on each part of the value added chain in the energy sector. The application of nanotechnologies is regarded as a key factor for photovoltaic to achieve broad economic acceptance through considerable cost savings and increases in efficiency based on new materials and solar cell types as well as simpler production processes. With the help of nanostructures, such as quantum dots, it is possible to optimally adjust band gaps of semiconductors to the incident radiation spectrum or to emit several charge carriers per photon to thus improve conversion efficiencies. Keywords- entrapment, leverage, nanostructures, sustainable Introduction: Nanotechnologies are worldwide regarded as key technologies for innovations and technological progress in almost all branches of economy. Nanotechnologies refer to the target-oriented technical...
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...EXAMINATION OF THE TAS2R38 GENE AND ITS SPECIFIC NUCLEOTIDE DIFFERENTIATIONS TO DETERMINE ABILITY TO TASTE PHENYLTHIOCARBAMIDE INTRODUCTION Although humans are essentially genetically identical as a whole, there are some minute variances in our gene coding that allow for differences in our interactions with the world. These genetic modifications may have extensive detrimental effects, small effects, or no apparent effect at all. A few of these alterations can even affect our senses. In this lab, we examine how a discovery by a scientist gives us insight into how a relative dissimilarity between humans can affect the ability or inability to taste certain chemicals. Scientist Arthur Fox learned that the chemical phenylthiocarbamide, or PTC, could be tasted by certain people while others could not (Dolan DNA Learning Center 2006). When this was revealed, it was inferred that the ability or inability to taste this substance may be genetically related. It was also possible that there was a specific gene that coded for this capability. The gene that was found to encode for the capacity to taste PTC is named the TASR38 gene (Dolan DNA Learning Center 2006). However, it is not just the gene itself that causes differences in the ability to taste this substance, but the differences of coding within certain locations of this gene. These distinctions in gene coding across human populations at nucleotide positions 145, 785, and 886 are called single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)...
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...Module 2 resources. Bacillus: Rod Shaped Bacteria, plural bacilli, Divide only across their short axis, most appear in single rods. Diplocacilli appear in pairs after divison, and streptobacilli occur in chains. Some bacilli look like straws, others are tapered and look like cigars and some are oval and look similar to cocci so they are called coccobacilli. Genera Bacillus contains bacteria such as Bacillus anthracis the bacteria that causes anthrax. Bacillus cells often form long, twisted chains of cells. Gram POSITIVE, can be aerobic or anaerobic. Prokaryotes, Has a cell wall Mycoplasma: Lack a cell wall Unaffected by many common antibiotics such as penicillin or other beta-lactam antibiotics that target cell wall synthesis. May be parasitic or saprotrophic, can cause pneumonia and other respiratory disorders also M. genitalium which may cause pelvic inflammatory diseases. Smallest bacterial cells discovered can survivie without oxygen and are 0.1um in diameter usually. Divide by binary fusion, prokaryote, Usually have 3 organelles: cell membrane, ribosomes and circular double stranded DNA. Gram NEGATIVE, fried egg...
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...Unit 6 Lab 1: DNA Fingerprinting Arielle Chambers Ms. A. Wain ITT Technical Institute SC 2730 9 February 2015 1. What kinds of patient samples are used for the purpose of identifying possible pathogens? a. Fluid from lymph nodes b. Stool sample c. Urine sample d. Blood sample e. Sputum sample 2. What does PCR do, how does it work, and why is it useful? PCR is also known as the Polymerase Chain Reaction, it is a fast and inexpensive way to amplify small segments of DNA (genome.gov). PCR works by amplifying a segment of DNA, the sample is heated first the DNA denatures, or separates into two pieces of single-stranded DNA (genome.gov). After that an enzyme called Taq polymerase synthesizes builds two new strands of DNA, it uses the original strands as templates (genome.gov). The process results in the duplication of the original DNA, each of the new molecules contain one old and one new strand of DNA (genome.gov). Each of these strands can be used to create two new copies, and so on, and so on. The cycle of denaturing and synthesizing new DNA is repeated as many as 30 or 40 times, leading to more than one billion exact copies of the original DNA segment (genome.gov).The entire cycling process of PCR is automated and can be completed in just a few hours. It is directed by a machine called a thermo cycler; it is programmed to alter the temperature of the reaction every few minutes to allow DNA denaturing and synthesis (genome.gov). PCR is useful...
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...CH 220C ORGANIC CHEMISTRY LABORATORY Spring, 2015 Section Page 1. General Information 2 2. Safety Information 2 3. Attendance 3 Make-Up Policy 3 4. Laboratory Protocol 3 Assigned Reading 3 Pre-Lab Quizzes 3 Lab Notebook 5 Chemicals 5 Due Dates for Reports 5 5. Orientation 5 In-Lab Information 5 Library Information 5 6. Check-In 6 7. Grading Procedure 6 8. Policy on Cheating 7 9. TA Office Hours 8 10. Faculty Course CoordinatorS 8 11. Course Web Page 8 12. Hints to Minimize Frustration IN ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 8 13. Work Schedule 10 Lab Report Due Date Schedule 10 Experiments 10 14. Supplements 17 A. Extraction of Unknown 17 B. Recrystallization of Unknown Products 18 C. Methyl Benzoate 19 D. Synthesis of Luminol 20 E. Azo Violet 23 1. GENERAL INFORMATION PRE- and CO-REQUISITES Pre- and co-requisites for CH 220C listed in the Course Schedule. Important: Because the lecture and laboratory courses are co-requisites of each other, dropping one of them requires that you drop the other as well, unless the drop occurs during ...
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...additional copies of the gene responsible for the fluorescence are needed. Perform the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and analyze the PCR reactions via agarose gel electrophoresis. NOTE: Read and all the instructions carefully before starting your experiment. Facilitators will guide you on the use of PCR machine and agarose gel electrophoresis. Be cautious when there is a need to handle items/equipments and the hazardous reagent, Ethidium Bromide (EB) in the EB room. Materials: Agarose gel electrophoresis set DNA ladder (marker) DNA loading dye DNA samples (labelled as DNA 1 and DNA 2; DNA 2 is obtained from P3) Deionised water Ice in tub Biohazard bin Disposable pipette tips Gloves Microcentrifuge (table top) Micropipettes (P1000, P100, P20) Microcentrifuge tubes (1.5ml) Paper Towels PCR machine PCR master mix (Taq Polymerase, MgCl2, dNTPs, buffer) Primers (labelled as Primer 1 and Primer 2) Methods: LAB 1: AM session (9.15am to 12noon) Part A: The Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) As a team, you will be using TWO DNA samples to perform TWO PCR reactions; DNA 1 will be given and DNA 2 which is obtained from your P3. NOTE: If you have TWO DNA samples from P3, choose the ONE with better purity or quantity. 1. Refer to Table 1 and complete the components and volumes needed to make PCR master mix. 2. For TWO PCR reactions, you need to prepare PCR master mix for 2.5 reactions (on ice). Pipette the solutions 1, 2, 3, 4 into a sterile microcentrifuge...
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...MicroBiology- MLT1 LabPaq / Published by: Hands-On Labs, Inc. sales@labpaq.com / www.LabPaq.com / Toll Free 866.206.0773 A Laboratory Manual of Small-Scale Experiments for the Independent Study of Microbiology 50-0222-MB-01 LabPaq® is a registered trademark of Hands-On Labs, Inc. (HOL). The LabPaq referenced in this manual is produced by Hands-On Labs, Inc. which holds and reserves all copyrights on the intellectual properties associated with the LabPaq’s unique design, assembly, and learning experiences. The laboratory manual included with a LabPaq is intended for the sole use by that LabPaq’s original purchaser and may not be reused without a LabPaq or by others without the specific written consent of HOL. No portion of any LabPaq manual’s materials may be reproduced, transmitted or distributed to others in any manner, nor may be downloaded to any public or privately shared systems or servers without the express written consent of HOL. No changes may be made in any LabPaq materials without the express written consent of HOL. HOL has invested years of research and development into these materials, reserves all rights related to them, and retains the right to impose substantial penalties for any misuse. Published by: Hands-On Labs, Inc. 3880 S. Windermere St. Englewood, CO 80110 Phone: Denver Area: 303-679-6252 Toll-free, Long-distance: 866-206-0773 www.LabPaq.com E-mail: info@LabPaq.com Printed...
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...Lab Write Up Identifying an Unknown Microbe Gregory Howard 10E The isolation I was given two unknown microbes and asked to identify them. The first step was to isolate each microbe. I did this by using the streak method to apply each microbe to an enrichment culture. The enrichment culture provides conditions to enhance growth of a species. Obataining a pure culture makes it easier to identify and study a particular species. The macconkey agar plate which is used to isolate and differentiate members of the enterobacteriace based on its ability to ferment lactose. Macconkey agar w/o crystal violet or bile will only grow gn rods which inhibits the growth of gp cocci. Columbia can agar plate which is a medium that allows growth of gp orgs especiall staphylococci, streptococci, and enterococci and inhibits the growth of gn orgs. After both plates where streaked they where incubated at 35 degress celcius for 48 hours. The Gram Stain Next I performed a gram stain to detect differences between microbes or differences in structure of the same microbe. This being my first time I ever gram stained false results could be because of poor staining techniques. Usina a modern light microscope I observed each microbe that grew on its agar plate of interest. Through my gram staining and visual observation I came to the conclusion that the macconkey agar plate grew enterobacteriace , a GN rod shape org and the org that grew on the Columbia can plate resembled a cocci due to its cluster...
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...cell weight 9 4.9 Protein content 10 4.10 Lipid content 10 4.11 Protein digestibility 11 4. Discussion 12 5.12 Biomass production 12 5.13 Protein and lipid content 12 5.14 Protein digestibility 13 5. Conclusion 15 Reference iii Appendix ix ACKNOWLEDGEMENT At first, I would like to express the deepest gratitude to my supervisors, Dr. Hoang Tung, who always gave the valuable instructions, and encouraged me to achieve the best from my working during the research time. I also thank Mr. Phan Cong Hoang for helpful discussions during the preparation of this thesis report and for providing the bacterial strains. In addition, I owe a debt of thanks to the lab technician of Applied Hydrobiology Lab - International University, Ms. Vo Thi Minh Thu for offering me the best working condition during my research. The friendship of Nguyen Bang Phuong, Nguyen Nhat Thai and Tran The Vinh is much appreciated and has led to many interesting memories during my working. I also would like to thank to my coworkers, the undergraduate...
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...UTAR FHSC1214 Fundamentals of Cell Biology Trimester 1 How YOU can do well in BIOLOGY Follow the 4A’s and you can expect A’s. A ttitude • Attend ALL lectures, tutorials and practicals on time without fail. • Be attentive in class and revise your notes after class while the topic is still fresh in your mind. Why waste time re-reading 2-3 months later? • Do your assignments faithfully as they carry marks for the finals. • Come prepared for lessons (i.e. read up beforehand). • Read up beforehand before attending lectures so that you won’t be lost and wasted hours of your life week after week. • Why stress yourself out if you can avoid it? Do NOT count on last minute revision for tests and examinations, as it will be too late to catch up and seek help in areas where you may find confusing or unclear of. • Why panic before exams because you can’t find this or that? Keep separate files for lecture, tutorial and practical. File up the respective notes systematically so that you do not lose them along the semester. • Do you expect the lecturer/ tutor to be available all the time to answer your questions? It is YOUR responsibility to take the initiative to clear your doubts or satisfy your curiosity to understand certain scientific phenomena by reading up on the relevant topics. A Based on a true story… A professor at the National University of Singapore recounts how on one occasion a student consulted him days before the exam. Student:...
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...Studies VII Practical 9 Cell Biology Studies IX Practical 10 Cell Biology Studies X - Experiment Description Page Writing of Lab Reports Identification of Biomolecules 5 13 Identification of Unknown Carbohydrate Solutions and Investigation of Action of Saliva and HCl in Carbohydrate Solution at Two Different Temperatures Investigation of the Effects of Catalase Concentration on Hydrogen Peroxide Decomposition 20 Synthesis of Starch Using an Enzyme Extracted from Potato Tuber Investigation of the Effects of Different Catalytic Conditions on Hydrogen Peroxide Decomposition Microscopy 27 Practical 6 Cell studies II Practical 7 Cell studies III Extraction of Cell Organelles by Cell Fractionation Determination of Solute Potential of Potato Cell Sap 47 Practical 8 Cell studies IV Effects of Different Treatments on Stained Potato Cells 64 Practical 9 Energetics I Respiration of Germinating Beans 67 Microscopic Examination of Cells at Various Stages of Plant Mitosis and Meiosis DNA, Mitosis and Meiosis Modelling 71 Respiration of Yeast 93 Practical 3 Enzyme studies I (Experiment 1) Optional: Practical 3 Enzyme studies I (Experiment 2) Practical 4 Enzyme studies II Practical 5 Cell studies I - - Practical 10 Energetics II Lab manual version 6_201505 FHSB1214 Biology I & FHSC1214 Fundamentals of Cell...
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...Studies VII Practical 9 Cell Biology Studies IX Practical 10 Cell Biology Studies X - Experiment Description Page Writing of Lab Reports Identification of Biomolecules 5 13 Identification of Unknown Carbohydrate Solutions and Investigation of Action of Saliva and HCl in Carbohydrate Solution at Two Different Temperatures Investigation of the Effects of Catalase Concentration on Hydrogen Peroxide Decomposition 20 Synthesis of Starch Using an Enzyme Extracted from Potato Tuber Investigation of the Effects of Different Catalytic Conditions on Hydrogen Peroxide Decomposition Microscopy 27 Practical 6 Cell studies II Practical 7 Cell studies III Extraction of Cell Organelles by Cell Fractionation Determination of Solute Potential of Potato Cell Sap 47 Practical 8 Cell studies IV Effects of Different Treatments on Stained Potato Cells 64 Practical 9 Energetics I Respiration of Germinating Beans 67 Microscopic Examination of Cells at Various Stages of Plant Mitosis and Meiosis DNA, Mitosis and Meiosis Modelling 71 Respiration of Yeast 93 Practical 3 Enzyme studies I (Experiment 1) Optional: Practical 3 Enzyme studies I (Experiment 2) Practical 4 Enzyme studies II Practical 5 Cell studies I - - Practical 10 Energetics II Lab manual version 6_201505 FHSB1214 Biology I & FHSC1214 Fundamentals of Cell...
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