...Chapter 1 Introduction Standard aircraft design processes have traditionally been divided in the following stages []: * Feasibility studies: design needs to satisfy prescribed performance requirements along with other geographical and cost constraints, * Conceptual design: design on paper or on computer, involves analysis tools covering performance evaluation in different maneuvers, * Preliminary design: laying of proper moulds for building airframes, * Prototype building: finally arriving at a scaled down prototype, * Wind tunnel testing: on the developed prototype for aerodynamics database generation, * Flight testing: * Stability and control augmentation * Certification: requires an airplane to satisfy certain handling and flying qualities requirements. This design process thus have nearly always left the stability and dynamics aspects to the end, where six degrees of freedom of motion are used to evaluate flying and handling qualities of aircraft. Finally, if these criteria do not match with the required satisfaction level of pilot or the industry standards, design of control systems are needed. To our knowledge (due to proprietary nature of the trade) and based on text book information, no analysis tools has been developed in the past for aircraft design which uses six degree of freedom equations of rigid aircraft motion right from the beginning. This is primarily due to the multi-objective iterative nature of the problems one needs to...
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...AERODYNAMIC PRINCIPLES AND AIRCRAFT DESIGN ASSIGNMENT AERODYNAMIC PRINCIPLES AND AIRCRAFT DESIGN ASSIGNMENT INTRODUCTION It is really amazing how an aircraft is able to just take off from the ground and fly thousands of miles from place to place. How does it all work, do you ever wonder? Well obviously it’s not magic; it’s mainly because of aerodynamics. And when we talk about aerodynamics, it goes way beyond elevators, rudders, etc. Therefore we go to the depths of aerodynamics and its power to control a massive plane in the air. To be engineering in aerospace we need this extensive knowledge. In this report, you will learn about how an aircraft moves. The stability and control of the aircraft we also learn the factors influencing the static stability, the static margin and load factors. This report also gives us knowledge about the aircrafts control systems. | | | 1.1 | Motion of an aircraft | 4 | 1.2 | Degree of freedom | 4 | 2.1 | Static stability | 5 | 2.2 | Static margin | 5 | 2.3 | Dynamic stability | 6 | 3.1 | Stability in an aircraft | 6 | 3.2 | Longitudinal stability | 6 | 3.2.1 | Longitudinal dihedral | 7 | 3.3 | Lateral stability | 7 | 3.3.1 | Dihedral | 7 | 3.3.2 | Sweepback | 8 | 3.3.3 | Keel effect | 8 | 3.4. | Directional stability | 9 | 3.4.1 | sweepback | 9 | 4.1 | Load factor | 9 | 4.2 | Maneuver envelopes | 10 | 4.3 | Constraints on load factor | 10 | 4.4 | Load factors with respect to different...
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...Executive Summary Activities in the commercial aeroplane manufacturing industry have been outshined by the competition involving the European owned Airbus and the USA owned Boeing. These two companies exist as a duopoly at the top end of the commercial aeroplane manufacturing industry that covers the development of airplanes with a capability of more than 200 persons. Other aeroplane manufacturers also exist but at the lower end of the industry, these smaller firms mainly develop low capacity airplanes that basically convey less than 150 persons. Boeing is a United States of America based company which was founded by William Edward in 1916, the firm has been dominating the industry since its inception while on the other hand Airbus was founded in 1970 by the European Aeronautic and Space Co. (EADS) with its headquarters in Toulouse, France in other to challenge the monopoly thus far enjoyed by Boeing. The trade disputes or disagreements involving the European Union (EU) as well as the United States (US) take precedence in the rivalry or fight between this two firms. Whilst Airbus receives subsidies in the form of launch aid from the European Union while at the same time Boeing is granted right to use the United States military’s Research and development technology. Owing to the soaring operating fund as well as long product break even time associated in the airplane manufacturing industry, it can be reasonably debated or argued that it will be somehow difficult for each of...
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...ASSIGNMENT 4: Translating FAR Clause 52.242.17 by Linda Stephens Professor Sarah Uhimchuk LEG-440 Procurement and Contract Law February 26, 2012 ASSIGNMENT 4: Translating FAR Clause 52.242.17 Introduction The Federal Acquisition Regulation (FAR) is the chief body of rules in the Federal Acquisition Regulation System used by the United States government. The Federal Acquisition Regulation was created to govern the process of purchasing goods and services. The process consists of three phases. These are, need recognition and acquisition planning, contract formation, and contract administration. The FAR System provides uniform policies and procedures for acquisition by all executive agencies. The FAR is codified in Title 48 of the United States Code of Federal Regulations and is prepared, issued, and maintained jointly by the Secretary of Defense, the Administrator of General Services, and the Administrator, National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Not all government agencies are required to comply with the FAR. The Central Intelligence Agency, the United States Postal Service, the Tennessee Valley Authority, the Federal Aviation Administration, and the Bonneville Power Administration all dictate their own procurement rules. The FAR consists of 53 parts and 2 volumes. Volume 1 is comprised of parts 1 through 51 and subchapters A through G. Volume 2 consists solely of subchapter H and houses the largest section of the FAR, Part...
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...relationships and provide flexibility for adapting to business change. Location decisions such as these are special events that require careful attention to many conflicting strategic, operational, financial and intangible factors that can set the stage for either great success or fantastic failures. these issues will be one of the biggest challenges facing the industry in the coming years. This whitepaper explores the key drivers impacting the aerospace industry, the process for developing a comprehensive location strategy in response to industry expansion, and these critical locations factors that lead to location strategy success in the Southeast U.S.: Global commercial aircraft orders have increased six percent in 2011, with accelerating demand for new, more fuel efficient and technologically advanced aircraft. According to a number of studies, the industry will have to increase production by 45 percent to meet demand in the coming year to address the backlog orders. This is evident by the recent announcement by Airbus to double its current $12 billion spend on U.S. suppliers. The demand issues up and down the supply chain will place greater pressure on program management, manufacturing capability and capacity, cost and the greening of aerospace products. Collectively, Strategic Shift in Supply Base Location...
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...Brazil-based company which was founded in 1969 and primarily engaged in the manufacture of aircrafts. The company divides its operations into four main segments: Commercial Aviation; Defense and Security, and Executive Aviation. It also offers aircrafts for agricultural use, structural components, mechanical and hydraulic systems, aviation services, and technical activities related to the production and maintenance of aerospace material (www.embraer.com.br). The company’s commercial aviation segment designs, develops, and manufactures various commercial aircraft for regional, low-cost, and mainline airlines and its defense and security segment provides a range of integrated solutions for the defense and security market. The company’s executive aviation segment develops a line of executive jets for fractional ownership companies, charter companies, and high-net-worth individuals. Its aviation services segment offers after-sales customer support services. This segment also provides spare parts, sales, inventory pooling programs, customer training, and other product support services. It has strategic alliances with European Aerospace and Defense Group, AEL Systems, AVIC (China), and Boeing. Within the global air craft industry there are few major competitors. Among them, the large commercial jet aviation market is a duopoly shared by the U.S. aircraft manufacturer Boeing and the European aircraft maker Airbus, with fierce competition between these two companies. The regional jet market...
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...Table of Contents 1 Introduction to Riveting 3 2 General Rivet Facts and Applications 4 3.1 Solid Shank Rivets 6 3.2 Special Rivets 8 4 Riveting Processes 10 4.1 Manual Process 10 4.2 Automated Process 12 4.3 Counter-sinking 13 4.4 Applying Special Rivets 14 References 17 List of Figures Figure Number Figure Description Page Number 2.11 Riveted metal sheets under shear loads …………………………………. 3 2.12 AN270 Mushroom Head Rivet, AN426 Countersunk Rivet .…… 3 2.13 Before and after of rivet being set into a drilled hole …………... 4 3.11 Example of a Solid Shank Rivet ……………………………..……………... 5 3.12 Example of a rivet Identification Number …………………………….. 6 3.13 Examples of other Rivet heads …………………………………………….. 6 3.14 Markings on Rivet Heads ……………………………………………………… 7 3.21 Example of a friction lock rivet …………………………………………….. 8 3.22 Example of a mechanical lock rivet ………………………………………. 8 4.11 Example of a Rivet Gun ………………………………………………………… 9 4.12 Example of a Bucking Bar ………………………………………….…………. 9 4.13 A depiction of the riveting operation ………………………………….. 10 4.14 Example of Riveting in teams ……………………………………...
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...An aircraft is a machine that is able to fly by gaining support from the air, or, in general, the atmosphere of a planet. It counters the force of gravity by using either static lift or by using the dynamic lift of an airfoil, or in a few cases the downward thrust from jet engines. The human activity that surrounds aircraft is called aviation. Crewed aircraft are flown by an onboard pilot, but unmanned aerial vehicles may be remotely controlled or self-controlled by onboard computers. Aircraft may be classified by different criteria, such as lift type, aircraft propulsion, usage and others. History Flying model craft and stories of manned flight go back many centuries, however the first manned ascent – and safe descent – in modern times took place by hot-air balloon in the 18th century. Each of the two World Wars led to great technical advances. Consequently the history of aircraft can be divided into five eras: Pioneers of flight, from the earliest experiments to 1914. First World War, 1914 to 1918. Aviation between the World Wars, 1918 to 1939. Second World War, 1939 to 1945. Postwar era, also called the jet age, 1945 to the present day. Methods of lift Lighter than air – aerostats Aerostats use buoyancy to float in the air in much the same way that ships float on the water. They are characterized by one or more large gasbags or canopies, filled with a relatively low-density gas such as helium, hydrogen, or hot air, which is less dense than the surrounding...
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...seven factors that determine firms unit costs compared to its competitors. They are also knows as cost drivers (Grant, 2014): Economics of scale: AirAsia does not use various types of aircraft, they use only limited types of aircraft in its fleet. They offer a single class which allows more seats per plane. As mentioned in the case, the Boeing 737 can be equipped 12 more seats per plane in the single class model compared to a traditional two class model. Although the company has replaced Boeing 737 with airbus 320, the new aircraft can also offers more seats with single class model. It creates the liquidity by moving pilots and cabin crews around to other same type’s aircraft and reducing training costs. Therefore, it generates economics of scale indirectly. Lean product: AirAsia’s products are basic, they do not provide hot meals, frequent flyer programmers, decent legroom, and a full complement of air-hostesses. More seats per aircraft: Since AirAsia does not provide refreshment, there is no need to take extra space for storage, and so extra seats will be added. Therefore, AirAsia has increased the seats number by 20 per cent by throwing out kitchen, reducing the seat pitch and pulling out the business class. Reduced staff numbers: Due to the absence of food services, the cleanliness of the aircraft...
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...1. What are the dynamics of competition in the commercial aircraft industry? a. The high cost of product development leads to a high break-even point. Initially in the aircraft industry, projects required much less time and money to develop each project. As time progressed as well as technology, the costs and demands on the aircraft system increased. Before the 1980’s within the commercial aircraft industry, there were a number of large manufactures including Boeing, McDonnell Douglas, Airbus and Lockheed. Boeing’s decision to bet the entire company on the wide bodied 747 decimated all other American commercial aircraft competition. The 747 became in so much demand that it dwarfed McDonnell Douglas into a merger with Boeing and caused Lockheed to exit the commercial aircraft industry all together. As the 777 did not require a bet on the entire company, many previous projects did and would not see a profit until years after production. As previously shown, a single product in this case, an aircraft within the aviation industry, demands so much principal for a loan that it can in one way bankrupt the company or on the other hand destroy the competition and secure a place in the market. Consequently the break-even point is attained only after years of selling, thus requiring many successes over a long duration before profit is attained. b. The reliance on outsourcing helps to reduce risks. Twelve international companies located in ten countries and eighteen...
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...Nextgen for Airports Embry Riddle Aeronautical University Abstract Rarely in the world of academia does a student get to write a paper on something they are actually interested in. That is exactly what has happened in my case this term. From my days in the United States Air Force I’ve been fascinated by aircraft, aircraft technology, and how the daily operations of the worlds flights are coordinated. Nextgen is the future of aircraft travel technology, and this paper will explain its past, present, and future. What is Nextgen? NextGen stands for Next Generation Air Transportation System. NextGen is a transformative change in the way aircraft flight is managed, and the operations of how we fly. NextGen enhances safety, reduces delays, saves fuel and reduces aviation’s adverse environmental impact. The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) has been in the process of intergrating new and existing technologies for many years now. This is a comprehensive effort to conduct the largest aircraft travel transformation in the history of flight. This transformation includes integrating satellites navigation and super advanced digital communications. Airports and aircraft in the National Airspace System will be connected to NextGen’s advanced infrastructure and will continually share real-time information to provide a better travel experience. (FAA.gov, 2012) NextGen’s astonishing transformation includes six core transformational programs: Collaborative Air Traffic Management...
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...5 Aircraft Load 5.1 Overview Aircraft structures must withstand the imposed load during operations; the extent depends on what is expected from the intended mission role. The bulkiness of the aircraft depends on its structural integrity to withstand the design load level. The heavier the load, the heavier is the structure; hence, the MTOW affecting aircraft performance. Aircraft designers must comply with mandatory certification regulations to meet the minimum safety standards. This book does not address load estimation in detail but rather continues with design information on load experienced by aircraft. Although the information provided herein is not directly used in configuring aircraft, the knowledge and data are essential for understanding design considerations that affect aircraft mass (i.e., weight). Only the loads and associated V-n diagram in symmetrical flight are discussed herein. It is assumed that designers are supplied with aircraft V-n diagrams by the aerodynamics and structures groups. Estimation of load is a specialized subject covered in focused courses and textbooks. However, this chapter does outline the key elements of aircraft loads. Aircraft shaping dictates the pattern of pressure distribution over the wetted surface that directly affects load distribution. Therefore, aircraft loads must be known early enough to make a design “right the first time.” 5.1.1 What Is to Be Learned? This chapter covers the following topics: Section 5.2: Introduction to...
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...Aerodynamics of Supersonic Aircraft Name: Institution: Aerodynamics of Supersonic Aircraft The world over the past three decades has experienced manned aircraft travelling at supersonic speeds. Supersonic aircraft exhibit a much higher propulsion system as opposed to the previous aircraft, therefore, they are more efficient (Winchester, 2008). In this respect, the designer cannot allow this efficiency to drop below the theoretical optimum in spite of the increased complexity and weight. In addition, these types of aircraft have a greater interaction between the airframe and the engine than their previous counterparts. Apparently, it is no longer possible to rationalize between optimizing a propulsion package to a separately optimized airframe (Torenbeek, 2013). The two parts work in tandem and thus they should be fully integrated into all aspects by the designer. Supersonic aircraft refer to those planes that travel at a relatively faster speed compared to that of sound (Gunston, 2008). These types of planes were developed in the mid-twentieth century and had been extensively deployed purely for research and military works. Two types of airlines, namely the Concorde and the A-11/SR-71 aircraft mark the development of a novel class of planes designed purposely for supersonic operation. The most typical example of a supersonic aircraft is the jet fighter, however, it does not travel at a speed that exceeds that of sound. Other examples include the Conair B-58 and XB-70 (Mindling...
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...Case Study 1 Case Study 1.3 1. In each of the cases described, who benefits and who suffers from the alleged ethical and legal lapses of Airbus? In these cases, I do not think there is any side is actually be benefited. Airbus may get benefits from more orders. However their behavior of getting order through improper means is quite immoral. The relevant government official who suspected bribery suffer from the alleged ethical and legal lapses of Airbus. 2. How should the public relations staff at Airbus respond to the articles appearing in The Economist, The Guardian, and Reuters News? The political vulnerability is the main reason that cause the legal lapses. When you doing a Global business, it is huge risk to understand the line of legal and political or you could make a terrible mistake. Sometimes the culture environment of nation is much stronger than the corporate power. 3. What steps might Boeing take to defend itself from this sort of competition? The main key of the international marketing is playing by the rules. That is how you survival from the international legal environment. The dynamics is also an important factor of assessing Global Markets. 4. Do you think that Boeing and Airbus behave differently in marketing their aircraft around the globe? How and why? I do not think there is a clear line of behave between Boeing and Airbus. As the two top aircraft corporation in the world. They all have their own way...
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...------------------------------------------------- Memorandum From: Maureen Farrell-JacobsR e: Lockheed L-1011 Tri-Star Case Study Part 1: Recommendation Proceed to obtain the $250 million in federal loan guarantees to complete the L-1011 Tri Star program. Seek military aircraft contracts in addition to the civilian aircraft contracts thereby spreading the risk into Lockheed’s well-established military market rather than exclusively into the commercial aircraft market. By making the above changes, Lockheed will potentially yield a NPV of $149.85 million using a 13% required rate of return at 500 units of production sold to both commercial and military markets versus the other end of the spectrum a NPV $-196.31 million in loss using 10% require rate of return at 300 units of production sold exclusively to commercial markets. In addition, Lockheed’s Stock Price will benefit by the turnaround of dog capital project in terms of cash flow to a star capital project in terms of increased cash flow providing all other Lockheed capital projects remain stable. A dog in terms of cash flow has both low growth and low market share versus a star that has high cash flow growth and high market share. Part 2: Rationale for Decision As Lockheed is looking to secure the $250 million in federal loan guarantees to complete the L-1011 Tri Star program having already incurred $960 million in sunk preproduction costs and is experiencing cash flow problems. The decision to move forward...
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