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Early Civilization Matrix

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Early Civilization Matrix Pedro A. Díaz Ramírez
HUM/100
23 de marzo de 2011
Profesor David Rodríguez Sanfiorenzo

Early Civilizations Matrix

CivilizationPoliticsSociety/ EconomicsTechnologyArtMusicArchitecturePhilosophyLiteraturePrehistoric
3,000 A.C.Soc. Igualitaria
Jefe o cabeza de banda de cada grupo.Paleolítica:
Caza, pesca, recolección de frutos. No producían el alimento.
Instrumentos de piedra, Madera y huesos. Arco y flecha.Pinturas rupestres, estatuillas.

Imitaban los sonidos de la naturaleza. No utilizaban instrumentos musicales.No construían casas porque eran nómadas. Vivían en cuevas y campamentos. Chozas de Madera, juncos, pieles y barro.Creían en la eternidad del alma. Vida después de la muerte. Ofrenda para los muertos.Escritura cuneiforme y jeroglíficos.

Mesopotamian
6000 y 5000 a.C.“Patesi” rey o sacerdote ungido por los dioses.
Sumerios:
Ciudades- estado.
Invasión de los acadios. Jerarquía de tamaños. El más alto es el más poderoso.Grupos sociales no individuales.
Agricultura y comercio. Sistemas de regadío.Escritura coniforme
Construcción de Zigurat
Sistema de pesos y medidas
Calendario anual 12 m 360 d (adiciones)
Sistema sexagesimal (tiempo, grados)
Sistema decimal
Materiales
-El ladrillo
-Las poleas
-La rueda
-El arado
-El sello
-El vote a vela
-La metalurgia del bronce y el cobre
-Las construcciones monumentalesEsculturas en piedra, granito, mármol’.
Ej. Estela de los buitres y Estela de Maram Sim.
Pinturas en los muros de estructuras.Sumerios: Inventan la música escrita. Utilizaban el arpa .
Babilonia: Utilizaron la flauta.
Asirios: trompetas, lira y tambores, música profana.Edificios de barro,.
División por barrios, ciudadelas, recintos sagrados y palacios.
S. VII a.C.
Nabucodonosor levantó la Torre de Babel.
Politeístas. No creen en la eternidad, solo hay absoluto vacío. Dioses representados por animales. Su vida la dirigían los dioses.Bibliotecas con escritos sobre la gramática, diccionarios, listas oficiales de ciudades, listado de matemáticas y astronomía, libros de magia, arte, religión, ciencia, historia y literatura.Ancient Egyptian
Desde el 3000 ACGobernado por un faraón divino. Sucesión de poder.
1166 AC-se suscitó la primera huelga a Ramses III.Agricultura, pesca, comercio ( a través del desierto), trabajo de siervos y esclavos. Construcción de grandes templos y pirámides. Intercambio por trueque.
Ciudades y comarcas en reinos. Eran polígamos (excepto los sacerdotes).Cerámica y piedra dura.
Inventaron la rampa y la palanca.
Ingeniería hidráulica.
1500AC trabajos con vidrio. Calendario de 365 días.
3000 AC Hesy-Ra- el medico más antiguo que se conoce.
Conocimiento amplio de astronomía.Escultura, pintura y joyería.
Se caracteriza por figuras al relieve en superficies planas. Simbolismos en vasijas de piedra, mazas y paletas. 1807 a. C. Busto de Amenemhat III..
S. II a. C primer órgano.
Claudio Tolomeo comenzó a utilizar las matemáticas para escribir música.Arquitecturas de barro y piedras.
Primer constructor de pirámides-Amothep.
2,345 a. C -El obelisco del faraón.
Pirámide de Guiza y otras.
1500AC Valle de los Reyes.Politeístas y zoolatría. Creen en la reencarnación y eternidad del alma.
S. IVX a .C Amenofis IV concibe a su dios (Atón) superior a los demás.
Amón-Ra y Osiris –dioses principales.
Culto a los muertos ( el más allá).Escritura cursiva hierática. Textos religiosos, políticos y sociales.
332 a. C Biblioteca de Alejandría.Archaic Greek
776 Ac y 500 a.CNacimiento de los polis –ciudades estado.(Esparta, Atenas…)
Gobernaba un rey apoyado por la aristocracia. Nacimiento de las tiranías con ideas parecidas a la democracia.
Colonización del Mediterráneo.
Aparecen las colonias.Primeros juegos olímpicos.
Sistema económico basado en la esclavitud.
S. V y IV la economía más avanzada del mundo. Luego aparece la moneda en l S VII a. C y los hombres de empresaMatemáticas como base. Teorema de Pitágoras. Geometría y aritmética. Medicina como ciencia. Dios Asclepios. Farmacopea. Hipócrates, el padre de la medicina. Fundó escuela en Alejandría. Grecia clásica y Helenística-astronomía.Nacimiento del teatro.
Siglo de Pericles.

Escribían la música con letras del alfabeto. Narración de las historias eran cantadas. Pieza: Terpsícore dedicado a Dionisio.S. II a.C. sus formas sientan las bases para la arquitectura actual.
Templo de Poseidón S. VINacimiento del pensamiento filosófico.
Se rechazó la magia por la razón terminando con la superstición.
La Ilíada y la Odisea.
La lírica como expresión literaria.
750 AC difusión de la escritura al mundo griego.
Herodoto y Aristóteles.
Homero escribe sobre la Guerra de TroyaAegean
3000 a 2100 a.C.Cultura era una mezcla de civilización aquea y cretense, denominada «civilización micénica» (1700-1100 a. C.),
Soc. aristocrática guerrera.Desarrollo social pobre. Agricultura y pesca. Utilizaban la azada. Comercio por truequeUtilizaban el bronce.
Surge la era del Bronce en el periodo.S. XVI escultura de la diosa Cnosos.

Instrumentos de percusión y platillos.

S. 2000. Los palacios más importantes eran los de Cnosos, Festo y Malia.
Decoraciones hieráticas de influencia griega. Palacios como laberintos.Eran politeístas, pero en su región existían varias religiones. Creencia en la eternidad. Y reencarnación. Cremación de cuerpos.Edad de Bronce: la poesía

Classical Greek
Siglo V a.C.404 a.C. La Guerra de los Peloponeso que duró 27 años.
Los banquetes eran exclusivos para los hombres: literatura El Banquete de Platón, Los banquetes de los Sofistas del Ateneo.Sistema de canales y diques para dirigir el agua y regar los cultivos. Metalurgia, el bote de vela, el arado, arreo para animales.Utilización de mármol rosado entre otros. Fue el modelo de las civilizaciones Europeas. Esculturas su mayor expresión. Poesía lírica.La música y la danza eran una de las principales disciplinas para narrar historias.S. IV Construcción del Templo de Zeus.
Reconstrucción de la Acrópolis.Escuela de los sofistas. Pitágoras, Platón, Sócrates, Aristóteles.
Oráculo de DelfosTeatro:
Tragedias, comedia y poesía lírica.
Píndaro.Hellenistic
S. III y I a.C.Su rey poseía poderes militar, religioso y civil. Alejandro Magno fundó las 70 ciudades. Pérgamo, Antioquía.Floreciente comercialmente. Biblioteca más grande.

Teoremas sobre geometría, diámetros terrestres. Arquímides-plano inclinado, palanca, polea y grúa. Galeno en medicinaExpresar el realismo por medio de las esculturas. El Laooconte, Altar de Pérgamo,
Faro de Alejandría y Coloso de RodasEl ditirambo, cantos dirigidos a Dionisos, acompañados de danzas y el aulos, un instrumento parecido a la flauta. Dramas, tragedias y comedias de una manera combinada pero sin perder la danza, la música y la poesía.
Zeus era su dios.
Renuncia a manifestar el dolor. Paz espiritual por medio de los valores éticos.
335- Zenón
341-EpicuroInterés en la escuela socrática: necesidades primarias del hombre. Escuela Cínica, Merada, Cirene.
Escuela estoica y epicúreaMenandro transforma la tragedia en comedia.
Aristarco crea la acrítica y la dramática.Roman
Año 27 a.C.Sistema de poder monárquico y militarista.
313- Edicto de Milán
1453 Constantinopla cae ante los turcos.La familia era una unidad política, económica y religiosa y el padre era el jefe.Tecnología aplicada, en agricultura, obras públicas y tecnología militar: molinos hidráulicos, sistema de calefacción central y aislamiento contra la humedad de las viviendasInterés por la figura humana.
El Augusto de Prima Porta.
Barroquismo. DinamismoLa lira y la cítara. Ferias musicales. Maestros Nerón y Polón. Escuelas de música y danza.
578- músicos de las Milicias Romanas.Piedra, arcilla y madera entre otros.
Ciudades amuralladas.
Acueductos, templos basílicas y anfiteatros y pavimentos.
72 d.C. Coliseo RomanoDe politeístas se tornaron cristianos en el 313.
Se inclinaron por le ética y el estoicismo.Literatura escrita en latín.
S.I Suetonio: Las Vidas de los Doce Césares.
S.III Andrónico: tradujo la Odisea y Nevio tradujo La Ilíada.Judaic
2000 a.C.931 a.C. el reino hebreo se divide entre Israel y Judea.
1000 a.C. David reina en Israel.Se prohíbe comer cerdo y mariscos. Tradiciones y creencias en común. La vida debe ser guiada por las leyes de Dios. El rabino es el sacerdote principal y guía espiritual.
Comercio de telas y piedras preciosas.Se dedicaban a las artesanías, realizando tejidos en lana y lino o piezas de cerámica.
No se destacaron en pintura ni en escultura, ya que en esta época la mayoría de los pueblos de la antigüedad, plasmaban imágenes religiosas en sus decoraciones, lo que les estaba prohibido a los hebreos.
Se destacaron en la música, siendo Samuel el creador de una escuela de música. Se usaron como instrumentos musicales, las trompetas, la flauta, el tambor, el arpa, y los cuernos de animales.
El Muro de las Lamentaciones de Jerusalén que constituye el único resto del Templo de Herodes, destruido en el 70 a.C.
Templo de SalomonCreen en un solo Dios. Los judíos son el pueblo escogido de Dios. Dios creó el mundo y el universo. Conservación de la tradición. La más antigua de las religiones monoteístas.900 a.C. se escribe la Torá o Torah, los primeros cinco libros de la Biblia.Early Christian
500-1500Autoridad espiritual y religiosa del Oeste de Europa. Iglesia y Estado.
313 emperadores Constantino conceden completa tolerancia a los cristianos.La salvación del alma solo se concede a aquellos que siguen las leyes de Dios.Diseño el uso de latitudes y longitudes medidas en grados y minutos.
1249 Roger Bacón introduce los espejuelos. Monasterio de Ripoll enseñaba aritmética, música, geometría y astronomíaSe reemplaza el naturalismo por el estilo hierático para representar la vida de Jesús.
S. IV: Virgen con el Niño-pintura de las catacumbas.
1498 Da Vinci: La Ultima CenaEdad media: Música o canto gregoriano
Danza y cantos en todas las actividades y en el trabajo.
Alabanzas a Dios.Eternidad del alma. Mitos y símbolos. Salvación personal. 1215 Los 7 sacramentos: Cuarto Concilio de Letrán.S. II y III Escuela de Alejandría: atraer gentiles a la fe cristiana
Un solo Dios creador del universo.
Vida virtuosa es la única que salva el alma.1216 Papa Inocencio III Sermón: La Miseria de la Condición Humana. 1265 Dante y La Divina Comedia
El Nuevo Testamento fue aceptado por la autoridad del papa Dámaso I en el concilio romano del año 382Byzantium
330-1453Heraclio reemplazó el latín por el griego como lengua administrativa en 620 y, después de su reinado, el Imperio bizantino tuvo un marcado carácter helénico. S. X11 Guerra comenzó su decadencia con la toma de Constantinopla. Este la llamó la nueva Roma.
Reinado de Justiniano I (527-565),
Dependían del comercio con Oriente y la seda.
Agricultura. Intercambios entre el Mediterráneo y el Mar Negro. Sólido bizantino y el besante-monedas de prestigio.Herederos de la capacidad tecnológica romana. Técnica de cúpulas para sus estructuras los define.Tres etapas de Oro.
393 Disco de Teodosio.
Decoración mediante mosaicos. Imitación de piedras preciosas en el vidrio.De carácter religioso parecido a la gregoriana solo se diferencia porque era cantada en griego y no en latín.Estructuras de cubiertas abovedadas.
Iglesia de Santa Sofía en Constantinopla.La verdadera fe “la ortodoxia”.
680 y 681, en el III Concilio de Constantinopla se retornaron definitivamente a la ortodoxia.
Disputa entre culto a las imágenes y los que se oponían. Patriarca Focio defendió el gobierno compartido entre iglesia y estado.Literatura se caracteriza por tres elementos: helenismo, cristianismo e influjo oriental.
Entre el siglo VIII y el XI epopeya nacional Digenis AcritasIslamic
622 a.CMovimientos ideológicos que tratan de unir la política al Islam. El Corán recoge las enseñanzas de Alá. Surgió en el S. VII con el profeta Mahoma.
S. VII y VIII Guerras santas para propagar la religión.Trabajaron como acuñadores de monedas, tintoreros, curtidores y banqueros en la comunidad.
Tanto la vida familiar como la pública y social deben estar conducidos por la religión y las enseñanzas de Alá. Puritanismo.
Moneda- el dinar1005-librería del Cairo
1035-Canon de medicina
1075-Orden elíptico de los planetas.
Trabajaban la cerámica y el metal.
Figuras florales, geométricas y caligrafía. No esculpían imágenes o símbolos. Iluminación de los libros sagrados.Música religiosa musulmana.
Oraciones cantadas del Corán
Cantos de amor.
S. VIII Romance de Antar.Los tipos principales de construcciones de la arquitectura islámica son la Mezquita, la Tumba, el Palacio y el Fuerte, los Baños Públicos, las Fuentes y la arquitectura doméstica.
Toda la vida debe ser conducida a obedecer a Alá.
Cinco pilares de la Oración.Poesía en prosa en árabe y pérsico.
Tradición del verso oral.
Corán-libro sagrado


Referencias

Arte Historia. (n.d.). El Mundo Islámico. Retrieved from http://www.artehistoria.jcyl.es/historia/contextos/808.htm
Arte Historia. (n.d.). Protagonista de la Historia. Retrieved from http://www.artehistoria.jcyl.es/historia/contextos/259.htm
Blog Farm. (2009). Prehistoria. Retrieved from http://sobrehistoria.com/prehistoria-cazadores-y-recolectores-en-el-paleolitico-quienes-donde-y-cuando/
De la Torres Suárez, J. (2011). Egipto manía. Cronología del Antiguo Egipto. Retrieved from http://www.egiptomania.com/historia/cronologias.htm
Fiero, G. K. (2007). The Humanistic Tradition. (5th. ed.), Books 1&2 New York: McGraw Hill.
Filosofía en la Guía 2000. (2010). El Judaísmo. Retrieved from http://filosofia.laguia2000.com/filosofia-y-religion/el-judaismo
González, L. (2008). Restos del Pasado. Blog Spot. Retrieved from http://restosdelpasado.blogspot.com/search?q=grecia+arcaica
Historia Clásica. (2008). El Simposio. Retrieved from http://www.historiaclasica.com/2008/03/el-simposio-cenas-de-sociedad-en-la.html La Guía 2000. (2008). Los Aqueos. Retrieved from http://www.laguia2000.com/edad-antigua/los-aqueos
La Guía 2000. (2007). La época helenística (siglos III-I a.C.). Retrieved from http://arte.laguia2000.com/escultura/la-epoca-helenistica-siglos-iii-i-ac
La Guía 2000. (2008). Filosofía Cristiana. Retrieved from http://filosofia.laguia2000.com/filosofia-y-religion/filosofia-cristiana
La Guía 2000. (2007). La literatura hebrea después del Antiguo Testamento. Retrieved from http://lengua.laguia2000.com/literatura/la-literatura-hebrea-despues-del-antiguo-testamento La Historia en Video. (2009). Tecnología Romana. Retrieved from http://historiaenvideo.blogspot.com/2009/03/tecnologia-romana.ht
La Música en Mesopotamia. (2011). Mundo Música. Retrieved from http://mundomusica.portalmundos.com/la-musica-en-mesopotamia-una-cultura-entre-rios/
Música Universal. (2010). La Música Universal. Retrieved from http://musica.comlu.com/
Rudas, B. (n.d.). Egipto manía. Obeliscos. Retrieved from http://www.egiptomania.com/ciencia/obeliscos.htm
Scribd. (2010). La Técnica Antes de la Grecia Clásica. Retrieved from http://www.scribd.com/doc/12673835/la-tecnica-antes-de-la-Grecia-clasica

CERTIFICADO DE ORIGINALIDAD: Certifico que el documento adjunto es mi trabajo original. Yo afirmo que cualquier sección del documento que se ha presentado con anterioridad se le atribuye, y citó como tal, y que este documento no ha sido presentado por nadie más. Confirmo que he citado todas las fuentes de las que he usado el lenguaje, las ideas y la información, si la cita literal o paráfrasis. Cualquier ayuda que recibió, mientras que la elaboración de este documento ha sido reconocida en la sección Referencias. He obtenido un permiso por escrito o han incluido una versión del titular de los derechos de autor de cualquier material de marca, logotipos, imágenes de Internet, o de otras fuentes. También acepto que mi nombre escrito en la línea de abajo se destina a tener, y tendrá la misma validez que mi firma manuscrita. Firma del estudiante- Pedro A. Díaz Ramírez

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