...Communism, just the mention if the word brings fear to the heart. Thoughts of dictatorship, control, persecution, and socialism fill the mind. Communism ruled the eastern half of Europe for about seventy years. Westerners wondered what really was taking place in the region. The Iron Curtain separated the eastern half of the continent from the rest of the world. A war for power and control was taking place. Socialism was drilled into the inhabitants of the dictator controlled countries. But, in 1991 it was said to have fallen. The Soviet Union did fall, but communism has not completely faded away. It has a lasting impact on the people that lived through it. The first communist international organization was founded in about 1836 by a group of German workers. Communism, a branch of socialism, envisages a society where there is equality for all people. The equality is achieved by distributing equal wealth to all the members of the society; thus making everyone at par with the other. The father of communism Karl Marx and Friedrich Angels, changed the political sphere of the world. Some regarded communism as a Utopian idealism that can never be attained in a society while its proponents believed that it was the answer to all their miseries and sufferings. The communist supporters believed in declaring an open war on their opposition, and this is clear from the most popular last lines of the manifesto: "The Communists disdain to conceal their views and aims. They openly declare that...
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...end of USSR's autocratic control of Eastern Europe, and certainly marked the climax of revolutionary changes in Eastern Europe. Resistance to the Soviet Government's reign over its Eastern-European satellite states had increased dramatically after Gorbachev's transition into power and the end of the Cold War, until the 'coup de grace' which was the fall of the Wall signified what was to be the end of the USSR's communist control over Eastern Europe. Events across Eastern Europe, such as the formation of Solidarity in Poland, the dismantling of the Iron Curtain and mass demonstrations across Eastern Europe had all lead up to the final and most significant event of resistance in Europe: the fall of the Berlin Wall. After the end of the Cold War, the USSR along with its satellite states was going down a negative spiral: its resources were drained by the arms race with the USA and by the USSR's involvement in the war in Afghanistan, agricultural production and public services were poor and the people were consequently demoralized. These flaws in the USSR had parallel effects to its satellite states in Eastern Europe. The people in the USSR and Eastern Europe were increasingly frustrated and critical of the communist government in place. This frustration sparked the rising resistance to the communist control in Eastern Europe. The resistance in the Eastern Bloc had started early in the Cold War after Stalin had annexed these countries in Eastern Europe. However, this resistance,...
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...“Business ethics in Central and Eastern Europe with Special Focus on the Czech Republic” by Marie Bohata, is a brief summary that is characterizing the business ethics in Eastern Europe with a main concentration on Czech Republic. The author is revealing the major problems and cultural challenges that come with the new reforms in the Czech Republic society and economy as well. The data collection methods that the author is using to collect her information are the local surveys, history documentation that show public opinion on morals, and ethics. The authors start her report by introducing a short summary of Eastern Europe particular countries history, were she introduces the reader to the history of those countries before communism, and after. Furthermore, Bohata is presenting to the reader the life and economical growth of Czech Republic before, during and after communism were moral and ethics were to different things and meaning. The main concentration of the article is on a brief summary to the Czech Republic history of business moral and ethics development. She introduce to the reader not only information of business ethics development in Czech Republic but also the first steps that been taken to bring the past soviet countries closer to business world itself. Based on her research Bohata was confident that the people and companies recognize the need of strong education, strong ethics in business activities, and first in government system that was to low in ethical behavior...
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...socialism, first Hungary and 12 years later the Czechoslovakia. Both of the events had similar and different causes and consequences, which will be analysed in this essay. Hungary as well as Czechoslovakia wanted to reform their system. Both countries wanted the reforms to find ‘National roads to socialism’, or as they called it in Czechoslovakia, ‘the socialisms with a human face’. Both countries before the reforms were led by hard line Stalinists, which were one of the clear causes that led to the destalinization and the reforms. In Hungary the leader before the introduction of the reforms was Matyas Rakosi, or as the Hungarian sometimes called him, ‘the Bald Butcher’. He was incredibly unpopular within Hungary; he has murdered many people, hard to estimate the number, and imprisoned over 200,000. He was closely linked with the Hungarian secret Police the AVH, which were even more unpopular and hated than Rakosi himself. As well as in Hungary, Czechoslovakia had their hard line communist dictator. His name was Antonin Novotny, and as well as Rakosi he was very royal to Stalin and Moscow. He wasn’t as hard-line as Rakosi but he was still very unpopular within Czechoslovakia, one of the actions that he has taken that expanded his unpopularity was that he didn’t set free the prisoners that were prisoned by the Czechoslovakian secret police. In all the countries around 1960’s all the political prisoners were being freed, for example Gomulka in Poland and Kadar in Hungary. The...
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...Common ways of doing business ii. Understanding the culture and traditions IV. Security issues i. Benefits of establishing a business in this region ii. Business security issues facing an organization iii. Adverse effects on an organization V. Recommendations on reducing the risk i. Protection of assets and information ii. Protection of labor iii. Adhering to the laws and regulations VI. Conclusion VII. Works Cited Business Opportunities in Eastern Europe I. Introduction How safe is it to explore the business markets outside of the USA, particularly in the undeveloped markets? A good example of a company willing to take the risk to discover new business opportunities in such economic markets is the Coca Cola Company. Its early recognition of the global demand for their products led them to explore investing in the yet unexplored, and politically and economically challenged markets including the markets in the region of Eastern Europe. In the early 1990s, after some significant political and economical changes in this region, the Coca Cola made a decision to open bottling plants in many countries of this part of Europe (History of bottling, n.d.). Currently, there are 300 Coca Cola plants all over the world. As mentioned, many are located in this unstable business market. The Coca Cola Company refers to this market as the ‘Emerging Market.” The established plants in countries such as Croatia, Romania, Bulgaria are...
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...events that took place in Asia is an important factor of the rise of SEA nationalism as they were a source of inspiration for a modernist reform. External event in Asia refers to event that arise out of the colonial and indigenous situation in the region itself. With the opening up of their colonies to international events, people became increasingly aware of nationalist movements taking place worldwide, and thus, were encouraged to do the same. It also exerted a direct influence on contemporary nationalists in Southeast Asia who were seeking to free their countries from colonial domination, as it increased self-confidence of Southeast Asia’s people. External events such as the Japanese victory in the Russo-Japanese War from 1904-1905 helped to destroy the myth of European invincibility, thus increasing confidence among the nationalist leaders, leading them to believe that they had to ability to overcome their colonial powers. It was the first time an Asian power had defeated a Western power and it boosted the confidence of the nationalist leaders in Southeast Asia. For example, Phan Boi Chau started a movement called “Dong Du” in 1908, which meant ‘eastern travel’ where he went to Japan with the aim of analysing the secrets of Japanese power. He had also as a result managed to smuggle Cuong De out of the Vietnamese court to Japan to provide royal leadership for the Vietnamese resistance against the French. Another example will be the struggle for freedom in British India, Nationalist...
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...this period illustrates a combination of mistrust and a lack of understanding which arguably led to a misinterpretation of Stalin’s motives for expanding Soviet influence in Eastern Europe. While there is evidence that supports the Orthodox view that Stalin’s expansion was aggressive, new arguments have come to light to support the idea that the Soviet Union “wanted to guarantee its security in the future” and can therefore it was simply a defensive move. One key factor responsible for the incorporation of Eastern Europe into the sphere of Soviet control was the presence of the Red Army in Eastern Europe at the end of the Second World War. Although Stalin was willing to accept coalition governments, in the eastern European states the USSR had occupied, in the years immediately after the Second World War, the tension generated by the Cold War resulted in the trend towards the imposition of communist governments on the countries of Eastern Europe. Thus developments in this region of Europe were greatly influenced by the international situation between the superpowers. Stalin’s response to Churchill’s ‘Iron Curtain’ speech presented a benign Soviet Union peacefully seeking eastern European allies to reinforce Russia’s security. This was the traditional Soviet explanation for its policies towards Eastern Europe. By September 1947, the Soviet Union had a much more developed...
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...Eastern Educational Philosophies Abstract Hinduism, Buddhism, and Confucianism are compared for historical, ideology, and epistemology, searching for Eastern Philosophy compatible to Western Philosophy. A research for possible influences on Education of Philosophy discovered that it was impossible to bring comparisons and even difficult to separate them into the key issues. Colonialism and Nationalism brings the two philosophies together. Even though the Western mindset can appreciate the fascination concepts it may be impossible to blend East and West. However, it is possible to juxtapose the very different philosophies as it may be represented in the arts. Even Western Philosopher who have been influenced by Eastern Philosophy, it is reasonable to believe it is the philosophers attempt to interpret Eastern Philosophy. However, it is impossible to replicate it. Instead the product is a hybrid and independent of either East or West. Eastern Educational Philosophies Eastern philosophy has a long and varied history. Asian ideas are among the oldest in the world. Great thinkers of the East have developed sophisticated cultural and political systems that have influenced other religions as well as western philosophy. This paper will examine ideological, epistemological, and historical differences in Hinduism, Buddhism, and Confucianism. Ways in which these philosophies have shaped higher education theory and practice are of major importance to educators. ...
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...urban areas. (www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolves). Wolves have survived through the ice age. An ancient form of primitive wolf may have originated seven hundred fifty thousand years ago in the eastern part of North America which are thought to be the ancestors of the Eastern Wolf and Red Wolf. Wolves have been in folklore, myths, and cave paintings throughout history. In some cultures wolves were respected and revered, but in other cultures they were feared or looked down upon. Their behaviors have frequently been misunderstood by people. The wolf was once the most widely distributed mammal in the world. Their decline in population and reduction in territory is due to people destroying their habitats and killing them. There were once about fifty subspecies recognized, but the list can be condensed to about thirteen-fifteen general subspecies due to DNA testing, anatomy, distribution, and migration. In 2005, thirty-seven subspecies existed including the dingo and the dog. Some subspecies are extinct or endangered. Some subspecies have been saved by conservation efforts and are being repopulated into the wild through breeding programs. In the following paragraphs, I will discuss several subspecies including the Red Wolf, Mexican Gray Wolf, the Eastern Wolf, and the Arctic Wolf. I will explore their physiology, range, habitat, diet, social structures, reproduction, communication, body language, and behaviors. (www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolves, www.wolf.org...
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...collapse of communism. Majorities of people in most former Soviet republics and Eastern European countries endorse the emergence of multiparty systems and a free market economy. However, the initial widespread enthusiasm about these changes has dimmed in most of the countries surveyed; in some, support for democracy and capitalism has diminished markedly. In many nations, majorities or pluralities say that most people were better off under communism, and there is a widespread view that the business class and political leadership have benefited from the changes more than ordinary people. Nonetheless, self reported life satisfaction has risen significantly in these societies compared with nearly two decades ago when the Times Mirror Center1 first studied public opinion in the former Eastern bloc. The acceptance of — and appetite for — democracy is much less evident today among the publics of the former Soviet republics of Russia and Ukraine, who lived the longest under communism. In contrast, Eastern Europeans, especially the Czechs and those in the former East Germany, are more accepting of the economic and societal upheavals of the past two decades. East Germans, in particular, overwhelmingly approve of the reunification of Germany, as do those living in what was West Germany. However, fewer east Germans now have very positive views of reunification than in mid-1991, when the benchmark surveys were conducted by the Times Mirror Center for the People & the Press. And now, as then...
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...Outline two decisions that were made at the Potsdam Conference in 1945. 4 marks One decision made at the Potsdam conference was that Germany would be divided into four zones which would be occupied by one of the four allies. Berlin would be divided up in the same way. They agreed to give the USSR a quarter of their industrial equipment because the Soviet zone was less developed industrially. However, the soviet zone had to provide the other three zones with raw materials. Explain the importance of three of the following conferences. 15 marks * The Teheran Conference 1943 * The Yalta Conference 1945 * The Potsdam Conference 1945 * The development of the atomic bomb The Teheran Conference was important because it shows strains in the relationship of the Big Three and the lack of trust between them. It took pace in 1943; this is significant because it meant that the allies were bought closer as they had a common enemy. The allies had agreed to create a UN organisation after the war ended. This is important because it would maintain peace between European countries and prevent a Third World War. However, there were also some disagreement during the conference. However, the allies had delayed opening the second front in Poland. Stalin believed that the west was waiting for the USSR army to be badly injured. This is important because it shows the suspicion between the allies. The Yalta Conference was important because it was the last meeting of the Big Three...
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...Journal of World Business 37 (2002) 69±80 Eastern European cluster: tradition and transition     Gyula Bakacsi, Takacs Sandor, Karacsonyi Andras, Imrek Viktor1 Budapest University of Economic Sciences and Public Administration, 1093 Budapest, Hungary Abstract The eastern European cluster consists of Albania, Georgia, Greece, Hungary, Kazakhstan, Poland, Russia, and Slovenia. It has a population of 232 million and a gross domestic product (GDP) of U.S.$772 billion. The cluster's distinctive cultural practices are high power distance and high family and group collectivism. The region is facing signi®cant challenges during its period of transition from communist philosophy to market-based economies. The participating managers value a much greater degree of future and performance orientation, but are strongly attached to their cultural heritage of deep family and group cohesion. They are also highly value charismatic and team-oriented leadership. The challenges and complexities facing the region are explored in the paper. # 2002 Published by Elsevier Science Inc. 1. Introduction This article provides an in-depth look at the eastern European culture. This region is understudied due to its socialist past and was not (with the exception of Greece and Yugoslavia), included in Hofstede's seminal work (1980) or basic reviewing and synthesizing study of Ronen & Shenkar, 1985 comparative study of 25 countries. Over the past few years, a few writers have examined cultural and...
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...The cold war was caused by Stalin’s aggression and expansionism? INTRODUCTION After the Second World War, there were two important countries which had the power: the USA and URSS. In the Yalta conference in 1945 Stalin had the support from the allies to set up pro-soviet governments in Eastern Europe. But then in the Potsdam conference, there were disagreements about what to do with Germany, about the reparations and about the soviet policy in Eastern Europe. Stalin achieved the domination of these countries (Eastern Europe). Churchill described the border between the soviet countries and the West, as the “iron curtain”. Stalin established a strict regime and imprisoned all the people who opposed the communist rule. I believe that this aggressive expansionism caused the cold war. MAIN BODY During the cold war, there was distrust between the USA and the URSS. There was a propaganda (political) war which created tension. This war would last for 30 years. The Western countries had accepted Stalin’s control over the Eastern countries but they never expected such a complete communist domination. While Stalin saw this domination as the only way to be secure, Truman saw it as the spread of communism. In 1948 Greece and Czechoslovakia were the only countries not controlled by Stalin. There were two groups in Greece, the monarchist and the communists. The communists supported Stalin, but the monarchists wanted the return of the king of Greece. Churchill send British troops...
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...Executive Summary Perogies is a small family owned takeout restaurant, located right near the new IKEA. They pride themselves with the high quality and taste of the products. The wide variety of products offered in-store are mostly vegetarian and can be purchased frozen or cooked. Main competition of the store are other Eastern European stores in the Ottawa metropolitan as well as big chains like Loblaw and Metro. We believe that while Perogies is known for their high quality healthy foods and well established pricing model, they are lacking proper promotion and need an increased customer base. In order to attain the desired level of customer awareness we believe that Perogies will need to increase their online presence, by both social media and a complete redesign of their website. Moreover, flyer distribution in fitness centers, community centers and swimming pools will to further enhance Perogies as a onetime stop for proper healthy and nutritional food for people of all ages. A new sign will need to be purchased and installed, due to the need to attract IKEA customers more effectively. In long term, Pergoies will need to search for outside investment into the business and open a new location in the Chapel Hill area, as well as establish a delivery service. Strategy presented in this study is targeted on increasing brand awareness and customer base, while building on the current competitive advantages. Situation analysis Company Background Perogies is a family own...
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...1)The new international order after 1945; The human capacity for self-destruction had reached in World War II with an estimation of 55,000,000 people had died, 27,000,000 in the Soviet Union alone (most of the dead were civilians). In the first years after World War II there were three main issues: the influence of Soviet Union in Eastern Europe, the political struggle for Western Europe and the role of United States in the world.In this moment a new powers (Western allies and Soviet Union) established new spheres of influence. 11 February 1945 – Yalta Peace Conference – a meeting between the tree big countries (United States, Soviet Union and United Kingdom) speaking about the future of Europe. The main concerns were: Polish questions, future of Germany and the condition of the entry of Soviet Union into war with Japan. Each president decide to arrive to Yalta for different reasons: Roosevelt decide to create United Nations, Churchill feared the growing of power of the Soviet Union in Europe and Stalin was intent on protecting Soviet Union against another German invasions. Roosevelt attained his goal and in addition Stalin accepted the American proposal on the use of the veto in the Security Council. All men agreed to move the Polish boundary western to the 1919 Curzon Line and to restore Western Byelorussia and the Western Ukraine to the Soviet Union. 2 August 1945 - Postdam Peace Conference - Trumann, Stalin and Churchill met to reach a new accord on postwar Germany...
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