...University, Tatt Avenue, Manila, Philippines Institute for Eco-planning and Development, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China Abstract This paper focuses on the current situation in the adaptation and adoption of industrial ecology in Asian Developing Countries (ADCs). The objective of this paper is to consider the possibilities to develop an eco-industrial development (EID) strategy for these developing countries. We review the regional indigenous resources of ADCs and use the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT) grouping to classify the preconditions of industrial ecology in ADCs. The authors of this paper argue that unlike the usual way of applying industrial ecology as a technical tool or a practical instrument, ADCs need to adopt industrial ecology as a strategic vision and as a strategic approach to plan the economic, social and ecological development of their national economies. In this way, it can be possible for the ADCs to avoid the same problems that occurred when the developed countries experienced industrialization and rapid economic growth, and move toward more sustainable development. # 2004 Published by Elsevier Ltd. Keywords: Industrial ecology; Eco-industrial development; Eco-industrial park; Sustainable development; Strategic planning 1. Introduction The economy of the Asian Developing Countries (ADCs) is the largest in the developing world. The Asian economy has experienced the most rapid increase of its history during...
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...INTERNATIONALIZATION OF THE TOURISM SECTOR IN KENYA INTRODUCTION Tourism in Kenya dates back to pre-independence days and history has recorded that as early as the 1930's, overseas visitors and explorers had started coming to Kenya mainly for big-game hunting expeditions while others came in search of solitude and adventure. These expeditions were locally referred to as "Safari" thus lending the travel world literature with a new vocabulary. Among the early visitors were statesmen, royalties and celebrities such as Theodore Roosevelt, Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II, and Ernest Hemingway respectively. At that time, there was in existence a fairly developed but basic tourism infrastructure. The available accommodation was spartan but sufficient for both the visitors as well as the settler community in Kenya. However soon after independence, the Kenya Government realized the enormous potential of the tourism industry and hence undertook to upgrade the existing infrastructure as well as investing in additional facilities. To achieve its goal, the Government encouraged local and foreign entrepreneurs to invest in the tourism and hospitality industries thus paving the way for the future development of the sector. In spite of increased competition from other destinations, Kenya remains one of the most popular tourist destinations in Africa. Tourism in Kenya is mainly based on natural attractions, which include wildlife in its natural habitats as well as beautiful beaches amongst...
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...bdresearch.org Eco-Tourism: An Investigation into the Conceptual Framework and Policy Requirements for its Growth in Bangladesh Golam Moinuddin* Halima Begum** Abstract Sustainability considerations have been making ways in each and every development initiative in the last two-decades or so. In line of this trend, the concept of eco-tourism emerged and later on, turned out to be an environment friendly and economically beneficial industry taking over a considerable bulk of mass-tourism activity and offsetting some of its negativities. Such a transformation has ultimately positioned eco-tourism to be the substitute of mass-tourism in many tourist destinations. In view of such reality, this article attempts to investigate on the conceptual dynamics and benefits of eco-tourism and explores reflective state of these theoretical underpinnings on the basis of two case studies drawn from successful eco-tourist destinations. In light of such investigative out-puts, the article focuses on the prospects of eco-tourism industry and makes an effort to provide a broad policy framework for the development of the same in Bangladesh. It identifies areas of intervention required in promoting the eco-tourism industry in the country. Finally, it attempts to define and differentiate the respective roles of the private and public sectors in the flourishment and sustainable growth of the sector in the country. Introduction Tourism industry contributes considerably to the society, economy and to the...
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...responsibility (CSR) is one of the requirements that enterprises need to observe to ensure green growth towards sustainable development. Corporate social responsibility (CSR) has been conventionally defined as a voluntary humane activity in solving social and charitable problems. Recently, however, there is a new school that advocates strong intervention by the state and society, including the need for legislation to strengthen the CSR of enterprises, instead of leaving it to their individual discretion. “Sustainable development (SD) is the development of using available natural resources and environmental conditions not only to meet the needs of human beings but also to ensure the necessary environmental and resource conditions for future generations so that they can live better" [WCED, 1987]. The sustainable development of a society is judged by certain criteria in all three aspects: the economy, society and environment and natural resources. These criteria are different in countries which have different levels of development. In general, however, in order to obtain sustainable development, they must balance all three objectives: the economy, society and the environment. This is not easy for the development of economy and society of each country or community in general. To improve competitiveness and ensure sustainable development of every enterprise and Vietnam’s economy, in the next time, it is essential that Vietnamese textile enterprises improve executive CSR standards...
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...FREE MARKET ENVIRONMENTALISM Free market environmentalism is the political position that argues that the free market, property rights, and tort law provide the best means of preserving and saving the environment, internalizing costs, and conserving resources. Many argue that free markets can be more successful than government and this has been proven to be true throughout history. Although free market environmentalism can work, this point of view is kind of sketch because many of the environmental problems stem from market failure. In the traditional view, many environmental problems are caused by decision makers who reduce costs by polluting on those who are downwind. Other environmental problems come from private decision makers failing to produce public goods, such as preserving a national park(Stroup, Richard: Free-Market Environmentalism). For markets to work in the environmental field, rights to each important resource must be clearly defined, easily defended against invasion, and transferable by owners on terms of buyer and seller(Stroup, Richard: Free-Market Environmentalism). Many well-functioning markets require property rights. This allows people to defend themselves against pollution and a standard is set by the community on how much is acceptable. In local communities these standards are often different because many of the people with similar views cluster together. There are not only standards set for air pollution but in some states and local communities people...
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...ECO 561 WEEK 5 LEARNING TEAM DELIVERABLE A+ Graded Tutorial Available At: http://hwsoloutions.com/?product=eco-561-week-5-learning-team-deliverable Visit Our website: http://hwsoloutions.com/ Product Description PRODUCT DESCRIPTION ECO 561 Week 5 Learning Team Deliverable Learning Team Deliverable Introduction The nation’s economy can be redefined by statistics and data reports; specifically economic indicators. Economic indicators allow economists and others (private, public, non-profit agencies) to analyze the health of the economy. The applicable agency releases the corresponding reports on daily, monthly, or quarterly schedule. Furthermore, the various types of indicators are classified by timing or direction in relation to business cycles. Because of the vast amount of data available, it is important to understand which one are necessary for a particular study; indicators are only helpful if they are used or interpreted correctly. This paper will list some ofthe top reports used in a business analyst, discuss its relevance in decision-making and the economy. GDP One of the most common indicators is the Gross Domestic Product (GDP). It is the primary measure of a nation’s performance; peruses annual total outputs of goods and services (McConnell, Brue & Flynn, 2009).To measure GDP all of the spending on final goods and services are summed upevery quarter or year. The items include personal consumption, gross private domestic investments, government purchases...
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...CHAPTER I The Problem and its Settings Introduction The term ecotourism was unknown in the English language as recently as the mid-1980’s. Yet, by the beginning of the 21st century, this form of recreational activity, which essentially involves the observation an appreciation of wildlife and other aspects of the natural environment while minimizing the related ecological or sociocultural costs, had emerged as a major component of global tourism and an important focus for academics in the field of tourism studies. Many stakeholders, however, while enthusiastically embracing the concept of ecotourism as defined above, still do not really understand what it means: what activities qualify, who participates, where it occurs, what impact is acceptable, or how it can be optimally managed. A balanced and comprehensive exposure to the growing knowledge base of ecotourism that will assist their ability to place in context, critically evaluate and effectively manage the sector. (Weaver, D. Ecotourism, 2nd edition: ESP Printers, Inc. 2008). Just as tourism has grown and changed, ecotourism also has gone through a kind of metamorphosis. In its early days, ecotourism was seen more as a type of travel and a specific market niche. Today, it is increasingly viewed as a travel concept or philosophy, based upon a set of principles that can, and should, be applied across the widest possible spectrum of the global tourism industry in an effort to make tourism truly sustainable and a positive...
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...CHAPTER I The Problem and its Settings Introduction The term ecotourism was unknown in the English language as recently as the mid-1980’s. Yet, by the beginning of the 21st century, this form of recreational activity, which essentially involves the observation an appreciation of wildlife and other aspects of the natural environment while minimizing the related ecological or sociocultural costs, had emerged as a major component of global tourism and an important focus for academics in the field of tourism studies. Many stakeholders, however, while enthusiastically embracing the concept of ecotourism as defined above, still do not really understand what it means: what activities qualify, who participates, where it occurs, what impact is acceptable, or how it can be optimally managed. A balanced and comprehensive exposure to the growing knowledge base of ecotourism that will assist their ability to place in context, critically evaluate and effectively manage the sector. (Weaver, D. Ecotourism, 2nd edition: ESP Printers, Inc. 2008). Just as tourism has grown and changed, ecotourism also has gone through a kind of metamorphosis. In its early days, ecotourism was seen more as a type of travel and a specific market niche. Today, it is increasingly viewed as a travel concept or philosophy, based upon a set of principles that can, and should, be applied across the widest possible spectrum of the global tourism industry in an effort to make tourism truly sustainable and a positive...
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...examine the effects of globalisation on the management of organisations and people via the analysis of particular environments including the economic, cultural, technological and sustainable environments. Each factor, having considerable correlation with each other will delve into issues including anti-capitalist backlash, parochialism and geocentric attitudes, technological acquaintance and the eco-effectiveness of decisions made by leadership. The analysis indicates that challenges managers face from globalisation in managing people and organisations will need to be addressed by the adaptation of geocentric attitudes covering the embrace of a global leadership mindset, the appreciation of cultural diversity and the development of technological know-how to accompany the existing and essential leadership skills including change management, decision making and strategic rational. ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT Primarily considering the economic environment and the initial rise of globalisation is imperative to understanding the general welfare of national economies as a part of the global economy and is undoubtedly a solid contributing factor in the decisional direction of management. With economic integration strongly pushing forward amongst a plethora of industrialised nations (La Croix, 2007), it has been expressed that anti-capitalist backlash to at least some extent is an inevitable...
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...000 $432,000 Net Income $245,000 $211,200 Ratio of Net Sales to Assets 1.5% 2.2% Rate Earned on Total Assets 10% 17.3% Common Shares Outstanding 50,000 50,000 Earnings Per Share - Common Stock $4.10 $3.42 Dividends Per Share – Common Stock $0.90 $0.60 Rate Earned on Shareholders’ Equity 13.6% 24.5% Letter to Shareholders Dear Stockholders, As we close the books on our second year in operation we are committed to the growth and innovation of our products. As a growing company we will continue to focus on expansion while controlling costs and increasing value to our stockholders. This year we enjoyed a growth in earnings per share of common stock, the value grew to $4.10, a 16.6% increase from 2005. As our economy continues to rebound we are confident that Rainbow Paint Company will continue to provide quality products that will be attractive to consumers in both times of recession and in times of economic prosperity. Total net sales reached $5 million in 2006, this is a 36% increase over 2005 and we are pleased to announce that net sales have exceeded our projections for the year. Even with the cost of goods sold up 38.9% this year we are able to announce a gross profit of $1.6 million, a 30% increase over 2005. During the year we were able to raise working capital from $350,000 to $750,000. ...
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...THE TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENT OF TOURISM WORLD WIDE SUSTAINBALE TOURISM – A PRELUDE: Tourism is one of the fastest growing sectors of the global economy. The developing countries are attempting to cash in on this expanding industry with the objective to boost their foreign investment and financial reserves. The uncontrolled growth of this industry can result in serious environmental and social problems. Organizations like the United Nations contend that such negative effects can be controlled and reduced. With the basic tenet that ‘TOURISM NEEDS TO BE MORE SUSTAINABLE', the world body ( WTO- world trade organization) organized a meeting with the UN Commission on Sustainable Development. This meeting aimed at bringing together national and local governments, the tourism industry, trade unions and activist groups to articulate the principles and the road map for the goal of sustainable tourism, which is popularly known as Ecotourism. OPPORTUNITIES ON THE WALL: If we consider the International travel statistics, it is clear that in 1950, from a 25 million tourists, it grew to a billion by 2012. 1 billion international tourists traveling the world in a single year. Around 5 billion more traveled domestically within their own countries. These tourists generated over US$ 1 trillion in exports for the countries they visited, which is close to 6% of the world’s exports of goods and services, and 30% of exports if we consider services alone. One in every 12 jobs worldwide...
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...HOW DO IN W OES NFLAT TION AFFE ECT ECO ONOM GROW MIC G WTH? EC CON30 01 ASSO OC.PRO OF.DR Ayla OĞUŞ O Gör rkem To opuz 07 7020111 13 A Abstract t; T This pape examine relation er es nship betw ween infla ation ,defl lator and current GDP o econom growth with usi econometric tec on mic h ing chniques w that provide with p approp priate proc cedures fo estimati and in or ion nference.Fo many c or country, in nflation has an importan effect in econom situatio n nt n mic on.Moreov ver,inflatio is used for to on d see how much countries developed. w d .But in my case i us inflatio for how much y sed on w it effec cted econo omic grow wth.And a also i follo up oth variabl with in ow her les nflation to show how the effect economic g w ey growth. T mode include a poten The el es ntial impa of inf act flation on growth ,current , GDP, inflation effect on consume prices via anuua % valu and in er al ues nflation on deflator(an nnual %). effect o GDP d T mode highlig The el ghts if inf flation inc creses dir rectly ther is a negative re n impact on grow t wth.When inflation above th percent he tage of … …then gro owth is affect in a nega ative way.Below tha rate inf at flation does not hav any ef ve ffect on h y ve tly e growth or it may even hav a slight positive effect. S So,in this paper inc clude both negative and posi h e itive affec of inflation on ct econom grow but mostly neg mic wth m gative aff fect, and also incl lude time series e eviden about how muc inflatio...
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...Elke Pirgmaierb, Griet De Ceusterc, Friedrich Hinterbergerb, Onno Kuikd, Henry Leveson Gowera, Christine Polzinb, Adarsh Varmaa a b c d GHK Sustainable Europe Research Institute (SERI) Transport & Mobility Leuven VU University Amsterdam, Institute for Environmental Studies (IVM) Institute for Environmental Studies Vrije Universiteit De Boelelaan 1087 1081 HV AMSTERDAM The Netherlands Tel. ++31-20-5989 555 Fax. ++31-20-5989 553 E-mail: info@ivm.falw.vu.nl Internet: http://www.vu.nl/ivm vrije Universiteit amsterdam Contents Executive Summary 1. 2. 3. 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 4. 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 5. 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 6. 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 7. 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 8. 8.1 Introduction Environmental Policy and the Economy Environmental Policies and Productivity Description and background Policy instruments Review of evidence from the wider literature Evidence from examples and case studies Scale of economic benefits to date and assessment of the further potential Beneficiaries and timescale Environmental Policies and Innovation Description and background Policy instruments Review of evidence Examples and case studies Scale of economic benefits Beneficiaries and timescale Environmental Policies and Employment Description and background Policy instruments Review of evidence from the wider literature Evidence from examples and case studies Scale of economic benefits to date and assessment of the further potential Beneficiaries and timescale Environmental Policies...
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...In an effort to spur economic growth for Sparksville we are currently entertaining, three new business opportunities. These businesses are a Shipping Distribution Center, a Hybrid Car Production Factory and an Oil Refinement factory. For each of these businesses we have taken careful consideration of how each of the three choices could be a point and non-source of water and air pollution. How each will impact the health of Sparksville's citizens, the local ecosystem, and the local economy. The Distribution center while producing a smaller foot print of emissions from the vehicles and little to no water pollution is not the best fit for our current needs. With so little new jobs gained it cannot return enough investment for the city as the other opportunities. Another concern is the fallout from the increased traffic on the roads from tractor trailers which will cause congestion on the roads and creating daily potentially dangerous situations. The oil refinement factory could have a very positive impact on the local economy as it offers the largest number of job opportunities. This however I fell does not out way the potential risks to the eco-system and the health of our population from emissions and runoff from the chemical refinement process. This leaves us with what we feel is the best option a Hybrid Car Production Factory. After careful consideration we have found by maintaining a standard and controlled production rate we have an acceptably low risk on industrial accidents...
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...water and food for species living along its shores. The natural world is therefore made up of a complex web of ecosystems – the largest of which is the global ecosystem: the “ecosphere” or “biosphere”.Ecologists argue that humankind currently faces the prospect of environmental disaster because of material wealth.Material wealth and consumption upsets the ‘balance of nature’ and endangered the ecosystems that make human life possible. * This is all a result of the growth in human population * The depletion of finite and irreplaceable resources such as: Coal, Oil, and Natural Gas * The eradication of tropical rain forests * The pollution of rivers, lakes and forests and air itselfEcologism presents a radically different vision of nature and the place of human beings within it - one that favours ecocentrism and challenges anthropocentricism. The distinction between the environmental movements: Shallow * Basically environmentalism * Recognises there is a problem * Still desires to manage the economy and not live in harmony. * Uses technology and modern practices to resolve the problem – reformist...
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