...short run it increases due to an increase in the money supply, but then it decreases in the long run as the real money supply is reduced by price increases over time. However it will not go back to its original level. It will be higher by the same percentage as the money supply has been increased by. Monetary policy has different effects in the short run and the long run. Expansionary monetary policies designed to reduce short-term interest rates and spur full employment and economic growth eventually lead to higher interest rates as they induce inflation. This means that monetary policy must be carefully applied. If the Fed introduces a monetary stimulus, they must also plan to remove the stimulus in order to prevent future inflation. The problem for policymakers is in timing the policy....
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...(a binary variable – commonly known as a dummy variable or indicator variable). Example A problem in transportation economics is to explain the choice between driving a car and taking the bus when commuting to work. For a random sample of N = 21 workers who commute to work the mode of transport is coded as the dummy variable: 1 yi = 0 individual i drives a car to work individual i takes the bus to work The choice of transportation may be influenced by a variety of factors. A key variable is: xi the extra time in minutes needed for a bus journey compared to travel by car (this may be negative to indicate that a bus journey is faster than using a car), for i = 1, . . . , N. 1 Econ 326 - Chapter 16 The linear probability model explains the choice variable by the linear regression equation: y i = β1 + β 2 x i + e i for i = 1, 2, . . . , N Estimation by the least squares principle (OLS) gives parameter estimates of β1 and β 2 as b1 and b2 . For some value of interest x 0 a prediction is calculated as: y 0 = b1 + b 2 x 0 ˆ ˆ The predicted value y 0 has the interpretation as the probability that the event will occur ( y = 1 ) given the value x 0 . For the transportation to work example, y 0 is the probability that an ˆ individual will drive a car to work given a difference in travel time for a bus journey compared to a car trip. 2 Econ 326 - Chapter 16 For the data set with transportation travel times least squares (OLS) estimation of the linear probability...
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...Wednesdays, 1:00- 313-436-9181 1:45 PM Mondays and Wednesdays, clhogan@umich.edu 5:00-5:45 PM Mondays, and by appointment |ECON 201 - Prin: Macroeconomics | |Together with ECON 202, this course serves to introduce the student to the basic ideas and concepts of modern economic analysis, and applies| |them to current economic problems, policies and issues. The focus of this course is on macroeconomics: income and wealth, employment, and | |prices at the national level in the United States economy. It is recommended that students take ECON 201 before ECON 202. MATH 105 is highly| |recommended but not required. (F,W,S). | |ECON 201 - Prin: Macroeconomics | |Together with ECON 202, this course serves to introduce the student to the basic ideas and concepts of modern economic analysis, and applies| |them to current economic problems, policies and issues. The focus of this course is on macroeconomics: income and wealth, employment, and | |prices at the national level in the United States economy. It is recommended that students take ECON 201 before ECON 202. MATH 105 is highly| |recommended but not required. (F,W,S). ...
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...Econ 2101 - Hovander Problem Set 6 - Solutions 1) Define the hypothesis of (eventually) diminishing marginal product both mathematically and verbally. Does this hypothesis hold in the short run or the long run? Explain. The long run is defined as a period of time sufficiently long so that all inputs to production can be freely varied. In contrast, the short run is a period of time sufficiently short so that at least one input is fixed (cannot be varied). For simplicity, let’s make the standard assumption that the variable input in the short run is labor and proceed by defining the hypothesis in terms of labor. The hypothesis of eventually diminishing marginal product states that as we increase labor while holding all other inputs fixed, we will eventually reach a point where the additional output gained with each increase in labor gets smaller and smaller. (e.g. the 5th baker increases output by 3 loaves, the 6th baker by 2 loaves, the 7th baker by 1.) Since the hypothesis is regarding what we expect to see when we vary one input while holding others fixed, this hypothesis is relevant in the short run and not in the long run. Mathematically, the marginal product of labor is MPL = q( L, K ) . L Under the hypothesis of eventually diminishing marginal product (of labor), the following will eventually hold: 2 q( L, K ) 0. L2 (Again, note that this is a partial derivative, so we are hypothesizing this will be true when capital is held fixed, a short-run situation...
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...Rev. Integr. Bus. Econ. Res. Vol 3(1) 382 Impact of Workplace Diversity Elizabeth Foma University of Guam School of Business and Public Administration P. O. Box 5169 UOG Station Mangilao, Guam 96923 efoma@uguam.uog.edu; drmayuk@yahoo.com Abstract Diversity is an important part that all employees have to deal with at one point during their careers. There are many positive aspects to diversity in the workplace, such as exchange of ideas because of the diverse cultures of employees, the development of friendship without discrimination, workers learn to cope up with the diverse environment, stereotyping is eliminated, retention of employees are more likely due to healthy competition. On the other side, there is are negative parts which includes communication gaps due to language barrier and resistance to change. Diversity is any dimension that can be used to differentiate groups and people from one another, in which these dimensions can be visible or invisible. The existence of workplace diversity, within an organization, indicates that the workplace is heterogeneous in terms of gender, race, and ethnicity, in which employees possess distinct elements and qualities, differing from one another (Robbins, 2003). Key words: Race, gender, inequality, ethnicity, organizations, discrimination, lifestyle. 1. Introduction Diversity is any dimension that can be used to differentiate groups and people from one another, in which the dimensions can be visible...
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...financial benefits to, or impose specific financial burdens on, the primary government. 4. Discrete presentation is when one or more component units are reported in separate columns, in addition to those pertaining to the primary government. Blending is when the component units transactions and balances are reported as if they were part of the primary government that is, the component units funds are accounted for just as they were funds of the primary government. Blending is required when the primary government and the component units are controlled by governing boards having the same members or the component unit provides services solely to the primary government. If those conditions are not satisfied then discrete presentation is required. 5. Discrete presentation, as it must be applied in government-wide statements, allows for the aggregation of any number of...
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...UNDERGRADUATE REGULATIONS & SYLLABUSES 2014 - 2015 THE FACULTY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES TABLE OF CONTENTS MESSAGE FROM THE DEAN ............................................................. 3 UNDERGRADUATE PROGRAMMES ................................................ 4 ACADEMIC CALENDAR 2014-2015 ................................................ 5 DEFINITIONS ...................................................................................... 13 GENERAL INFORMATION & REGULATIONS .............................. 14 General Regulations for Bachelor of Science Degrees 14 Special Regulations for Degrees in Hospitality and Tourism Management........................................................... 27 Franchise Agreements .......................................................... 27 EVENING UNIVERSITY -GENERAL INFORMATION & REGULATIONS ................................................................................... 28 General Regulations for Bachelor of Science Degrees 28 General Regulations for Diploma Programmes ............ 36 General Regulations for Certificate Programmes ......... 37 STUDENT PRIZES .............................................................................. 38 CODE OF CONDUCT ........................................................................ 39 UNIVERSITY REGULATIONS ON PLAGIARISM .......................... 40 THE ACADEMIC SUPPORT/ DISABILITIES LIAISON UNIT (ASDLU) ..............................................................................................
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...Public Disclosure Authorized WPS5314 Policy Research Working Paper 5314 Public Disclosure Authorized Regional Trade Agreements Caroline Freund Emanuel Ornelas Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized The World Bank Development Research Group Trade and Integration Team May 2010 Policy Research Working Paper 5314 Abstract This paper reviews the theoretical and empirical literature on regionalism. The formation of regional trade agreements has been, by far, the most popular form of reciprocal trade liberalization in the past 15 years. The discriminatory character of these agreements has raised three main concerns: that trade diversion would be rampant, because special interest groups would induce governments to form the most distortionary agreements; that broader external trade liberalization would stall or reverse; and that multilateralism could be undermined. Theoretically, all of these concerns are legitimate, although there are also several theoretical arguments that oppose them. Empirically, neither widespread trade diversion nor stalled external liberalization has materialized, while the undermining of multilateralism has not been properly tested. There are also several aspects of regionalism that have received too little attention from researchers, but which are central to understanding its causes and consequences. This paper—a product of the Trade and Integration Team, Development Research Group—is part of a larger effort in...
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...Econ 301B Winter 2012 Problem Set 1 Due date: Monday, January 23 in class 1. Suppose the country of Utopia has a population of 1,000 and produces only three goods: T-shirts, cars and pineapples. Assume that Utopia does not trade with other countries. The production amounts and prices (in US Dollars) for 2009, 2010 and 2011 are given in the table below: Year 2009 2010 2011 Quantity of Tshirts 10,000 9,500 10,500 Price of Tshirts Quantity of cars Price of cars Quantity of pineapples Price of pineapples $10 $10.50 $11 75 85 90 $15,000 $16,000 $15,500 50,000 60,000 45,000 $4 $4.50 $5 a) Using 2009 as base year, calculate nominal and real GDP per capita for 2009, 2010 and 2011. b) Keeping 2009 as base year for prices, compute Utopia’s inflation rates for 2010 and 2011 using both the CPI and the GDP deflator. When calculating the CPI, assume that the representative consumer purchases in any given year 10 T -shirts, 1 car and 100 pineapples. c) Explain why the computed inflation rates are not the same when u sing the two different methods. 2. For this question assume that we are within the short -run goods market framework developed in Chapter 3 in Blanchard. Suppose that the economy is characterized by the following behavioral equations: Note that in this economy investment, I, depends positively on output, Y. This mirrors the fact that firms in the real world will increase their investment expenditure...
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...An Essay on Fiscal Federalism Wallace E. Oates Journal of Economic Literature, Vol. 37, No. 3. (Sep., 1999), pp. 1120-1149. Stable URL: http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0022-0515%28199909%2937%3A3%3C1120%3AAEOFF%3E2.0.CO%3B2-A Journal of Economic Literature is currently published by American Economic Association. Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/about/terms.html. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at http://www.jstor.org/journals/aea.html. Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission. JSTOR is an independent not-for-profit organization dedicated to and preserving a digital archive of scholarly journals. For more information regarding JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org. http://www.jstor.org Tue Apr 24 17:00:09 2007 Journal of Economic Literature Vol. XXXVZZ (September 1999) pp. 1120-1 149 An Essay on Fiscal Federalism 1. Introduction ISCAL DECENTRALIZATION is in vogue. Both in the industrialized and in the...
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...Econ 301A Summer 2013 Problem Set 1 Due date: Wednesday, July 10 in class 1. Suppose the country of Utopia has a population of 1,000 and produces only three goods: T-shirts, cars and pineapples. Assume that Utopia does not trade with other countries. The production amounts and prices (in US Dollars) for 2009, 2010 and 2011 are given in the table below: Quantity of Tshirts 10,000 9,500 10,500 Price of Tshirts $10 $10.50 $11 Quantity of cars 75 85 90 Quantity of pineapples 50,000 60,000 45,000 Price of pineapples $4 $4.50 $5 Year 2009 2010 2011 Price of cars $15,000 $16,000 $15,500 a) Using 2009 as base year, calculate nominal and real GDP per capita for 2009, 2010 and 2011. b) Keeping 2009 as base year for prices, compute Utopia’s inflation rates for 2010 and 2011 using both the CPI and the GDP deflator. When calculating the CPI, assume that the representative consumer purchases in any given year 10 T-shirts, 1 car and 100 pineapples. c) Explain why the computed inflation rates are not the same when using the two different methods. 2. Blanchard, Chapter 3, Questions 2 and 4. 3. Blanchard, Chapter 4, Question 8. 4. Consider the following balance sheet of the Central Bank of Utopia: Assets Government bonds Liabilities $2,000 Currency + Reserves $2,000 In answering the following questions, assume that (i) the public wishes to hold 20 percent of its money holdings as currency, (ii) the ratio of reserves to deposits is 0.25, (iii) nominal income in Utopia is $25...
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...Econ 251 7:30 a.m. in EE 129 1:30 and 3 p.m. in CL50 224 Spring 2012 Instructor: Dr. Kelly Blanchard Office: KRAN 477 Office Phone: 494-7956 Office Hours: Tuesdays and Wednesdays 9-11 a.m. and by appointment Email: khb@purdue.edu Teaching Assistants: Curtis Ball (ball10@purdue.edu) KRAN B024E T/Th 11:30-1:30 p.m. 496-1664 Ross Winegar (rwinegar@purdue.edu) KRAN 487 W/Th 3-5 p.m. Weekly Review Session: Thursdays 6-7 p.m. in KRAN G9 Exam Review Sessions: Friday, February 10 from 6-7 p.m. in WTHR 200 and Monday, March 26 from 6-7 p.m. in WTHR 200 Administrative Assistant: Bree Miller KRAN 443 496-7964 (9 a.m. – 1 p.m. M-Th) bree2@purdue.edu Course Web Site(s): blackboard.purdue.edu (for accessing grades and course information or postings) www.pearsonmylabandmastering.com (for e-text, online homework, study guide) Course Overview: Econ 251 is intended to introduce you to microeconomic theory and its application in everyday life. The course will explain how individual consumers and producers together determine the prices and quantities of goods available in the marketplace. We will investigate the underlying incentives of consumers to buy goods and of firms to produce products that satisfy consumer demand. In addition, we'll look at how government can help or hinder market efficiency. The textbook for the course is Microeconomics for Economics 251, published by Pearson Custom Publishing (ISBN: 1256128546). The publisher has created an online resource site...
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...2012-2013 PAWNSHOPS AND BEHAVIORAL ECONOMICS 193 PAWNSHOPS, BEHAVIORAL ECONOMICS, AND SELF-REGULATION SUSAN PAYNE CARTER* AND PAIGE MARTA SKIBA** I. Introduction Pawnbroking is the oldest source of credit.1 There is growing public interest in day-to-day pawnbroking operations, as evidenced by the popularity of reality shows such as “Pawn Stars” and “Hardcore Pawn.”2 Television viewers’ curiosity about an old credit institution may be due to the fact that 7% of all U.S. households have used pawn credit.3 Although pawnshops predate biblical times, researchers know surprisingly little about this ancient form of banking and its customers.4 We fill this gap by documenting detailed information on pawnshop loan repayment and default, and by discussing how pawnshop borrowers’ behavior is consistent with various behavioral economics phenomena. Pawnshop loans are small, short-term, collateralized loans typically used by low-income consumers. The borrower leaves a possession, or “pledge,” as collateral in exchange for a loan, typically of $75–$100.5 Interest rates vary by state and range from 2 Assistant Professor, Office of Economic and Manpower Analysis, United States Military Academy. susan.carter@usma.edu. The views expressed in this paper do not necessarily represent those of the United States Military Academy, the United States Army, or the Department of Defense. ** Associate Professor of Law, Vanderbilt University...
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...2012-2013 PAWNSHOPS AND BEHAVIORAL ECONOMICS 193 PAWNSHOPS, BEHAVIORAL ECONOMICS, AND SELF-REGULATION SUSAN PAYNE CARTER* AND PAIGE MARTA SKIBA** I. Introduction Pawnbroking is the oldest source of credit.1 There is growing public interest in day-to-day pawnbroking operations, as evidenced by the popularity of reality shows such as “Pawn Stars” and “Hardcore Pawn.”2 Television viewers’ curiosity about an old credit institution may be due to the fact that 7% of all U.S. households have used pawn credit.3 Although pawnshops predate biblical times, researchers know surprisingly little about this ancient form of banking and its customers.4 We fill this gap by documenting detailed information on pawnshop loan repayment and default, and by discussing how pawnshop borrowers’ behavior is consistent with various behavioral economics phenomena. Pawnshop loans are small, short-term, collateralized loans typically used by low-income consumers. The borrower leaves a possession, or “pledge,” as collateral in exchange for a loan, typically of $75–$100.5 Interest rates vary by state and range from 2 Assistant Professor, Office of Economic and Manpower Analysis, United States Military Academy. susan.carter@usma.edu. The views expressed in this paper do not necessarily represent those of the United States Military Academy, the United States Army, or the Department of Defense. ** Associate Professor of Law, Vanderbilt University...
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...JOURNAL OF APPLIED ECONOMETRICS J. Appl. Econ. 23: 925– 948 (2008) Published online 7 November 2008 in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com) DOI: 10.1002/jae.1036 ECONOMETRICS OF AUCTIONS BY LEAST SQUARES LEONARDO REZENDE* PUC-Rio, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; and University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Illinois, USA SUMMARY I investigate using the method of ordinary least squares (OLS) on auction data. I find that for parameterizations of the valuation distribution that are common in empirical practice, an adaptation of OLS provides unbiased estimators of structural parameters. Under symmetric independent private values, adapted OLS is a specialization of the method of moments strategy of Laffont, Ossard and Vuong (1995). In contrast to their estimator, here simulation is not required, leading to a computationally simpler procedure. The paper also discusses using estimation results for inference on the shape of the valuation distribution, and applicability outside the symmetric independent private values framework. Copyright 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Received 15 September 2006; Revised 1 July 2008 1. INTRODUCTION The field of econometrics of auctions has been successful in providing methods for the investigation of auction data that are well grounded in economic theory and allow for inference on the structure of an auction environment. Today, a researcher has a number of alternative structural methods, especially within the independent private-values paradigm...
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