...------------------------------------------------- Ecology From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia For other uses, see Ecology (disambiguation). Ecology | | | | Ecology addresses the full scale of life, from tiny bacteria to processes that span the entire planet. Ecologists study many diverse andcomplex relations among species, such aspredation and pollination. The diversity of life is organized into different habitats, from terrestrial(middle) to aquatic ecosystems. | Ecology (from Greek: οἶκος, "house"; -λογία, "study of"[A]) is the scientificstudy of interactions among organisms and their environment, such as the interactions organisms have with each other and with their abiotic environment. Topics of interest to ecologists include the diversity, distribution, amount (biomass), number (population) of organisms, as well as competition between them within and among ecosystems. Ecosystems are composed of dynamically interacting parts including organisms, the communities they make up, and the non-living components of their environment. Ecosystem processes, such asprimary production, pedogenesis, nutrient cycling, and various niche construction activities, regulate the flux of energy and matter through an environment. These processes are sustained by organisms with specific life history traits, and the variety of organisms is called biodiversity. Biodiversity, which refers to the varieties of species, genes, and ecosystems, enhances certain ecosystem services. Ecology is an interdisciplinary field...
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...Abstract In the original Greek “oikos” means, “house”. So ecology is “the study of the house” the place where you live, or the environment which technically includes all those factors, both nonliving and living, that affect an organism. Ecology then is the study of the interactions of organisms in their environment includes both the living (biotic) and physical (abiotic) factors of the environment. It is also the science, which formulates and test hypotheses about environment. Keywords: ecology, environment, organisms, science, interaction, affects, temperate deciduous forest Ecology is the relationship, identification and analysis of problems common to all areas. Ecology studies the relationships between organisms and their environments and its responses to environmental change (Ecology.com Aug. 2011). Ecology encompasses a wide range of considerations, such as the position of organisms in the food chain and the ability of organisms to survive and reproduce. There is a variety of environmental issues that impact ecosystems and the organisms that live within them. Biomes are large, distinctive complex of plant communities created and maintained by climate, also known as ecoregions. A study published in 1999 concluded that there are 150 different "ecoregions" in North America alone (Biologypages.com August 2011). The temperate deciduous forest biome occupies most of the eastern part of the United States, including Ohio and a small strip of southern Ontario. The temperate...
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...The Fluidity of Ecology. Gender Norms & Racial Bias in the Study of the Modern "Ecology" Ecology is the scientific analysis and study of interactions among organisms and their environment. It is an interdisciplinary field that includes biology, geography and Earth science. Ecology includes the study of interactions organisms have with each other, other organisms, and with abiotic components of their environment. Topics of interest to ecologists include the diversity, distribution, amount, and number of particular organisms, as well as cooperation and competition between organisms, both within and among ecosystems. Ecosystems are composed of dynamically interacting parts including organisms, the communities they make up, and the non-living components of their environment. Ecosystem processes, such as primary production, pedogenesis, nutrient cycling, and various niche construction activities, regulate the flux of energy and matter through an environment. These processes are sustained by organisms with specific life history traits, and the variety of organisms is called biodiversity. Biodiversity, which refers to the varieties of species, genes, and ecosystems, enhances certain ecosystem services. Ecology is not synonymous with environment, environmentalism, natural history, or environmental science. It is closely related to evolutionary biology, genetics, and ethology. An important focus for ecologists is to improve the understanding of how biodiversity affects ecological function...
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...Name Tutor Course Date Ecological footprint Introduction The planet Earth is the only planet that supports and sustains human life. The human activities carried out on the planet are gradually making the planet unfavorable to live on (Perman 81). Ecology involves the study of relationships between living organisms and their usual natural environment. This paper will define ecological footprint, present a deep understanding of the ecological footprint and show how it applies in measuring the peoples’ effects to the environment. The paper will also explain how the ecological footprint can be used in making choices that go in line with people’s lifestyles. The principles of ecological footprint date back to literatures related to geography, ecology and economics. However, the idea of the earth’s ecological footprint has been present since early 90’s (Wackernagel 35). William Rees in 1992 produced the first academic publication on ecological footprint. The concept of ecological footprint and calculation criteria was later developed by Mathis Wackernagel as a PhD dissertation under the supervision of Rees at British Columbia University in Vancouver. Originally, the concept was called the appropriated carrying capacity. Rees later came up with the ecological footprint term in order to ensure that the concept is accessible. The ecological footprint in the planet has transpired as the earth’s vital gauge of the individual’s demand on the environment and the...
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...Environmental science covers various methods of studies in the fields of Ecology, Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Geology and Geography through the education of environmental systems. (Carson, 2002). Science and technology affects the issues in our society, for example, the experiment of human cloning has brought controversy and society became skeptic. Environmental awareness among the communities has grown in the past decade, when it became known that human actions were damaging to the atmosphere. The role of Science and Technological investigation in protecting the environment has also grown. Investigation established the situation of the environment to human well-being as well as the financial, societal, and artistic harm that can stalk from deprived environmental performs. Study has recommended habits to control harmful study without experiencing extreme costs. For instance, technical and manufacturing examination has delivered cost-effective habits to reduce the contamination in air and safety of a healthy aquatic life everywhere. There is no doubt that Science and Technology has recognized the areas, which are most valuable to the human civilizations and has assist to reserve natural ecologies. Several concerns of science and technological areas of which are important, where the research is going on in the field of environmental matters, to see whether the matters are connected to contamination, ecology, sustainable expansion, recycling procedure, or reserve use in the environment...
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...Eco-feminist principles refer to principles derived from the concept of eco-feminism. Eco-feminism refers to the union of radical ecological movement that seeks to champion the civil rights of women (Gregory and Giancola 378). Ecology is the study of living organism in relation to the environmental systems such as social ecology and economic ecology. Social ecology explores the symbolic, psychological, and ethical issues affecting the relationship between human beings and the environment. In most cases, eco-feminists surveys issues affecting women in the society such as political rights, access to employment, and other civil rights that are entitled to women. Nonetheless, women rights are still contemporary issues in the modern society because of the social alienation and discrimination of women in the society because of the patriarchal societal systems. For instance, the western culture does not advocate for equality for women as far as gender sensitivity is concerned. According to Gregory and Giancola, the issues affecting women in the society are ecological crisis dated from the 20th century (377). Therefore, Eco-feminism offers an alternative that society needs to adopt and embrace to foster equality without oppression of women. As such, there are varied Eco-feminist principles outlined by world ethics. The first Eco-feminist principle is reshaping of the dualistic concept of reality (Gregory and Giancola 382). The concept of reality focuses on the biblical fact that women...
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...Published by the Ecological Society of America Issues in Ecology Number 4, Fall 1999 Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functioning: Maintaining Natural Life Support Processes Issues in Ecology Number 4 Fall 1999 Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functioning: Maintaining Natural Life Support Processes by Shahid Naeem, Chair, F.S. Chapin III, Robert Costanza, Paul R. Ehrlich, Frank B. Golley, David U. Hooper, J.H. Lawton, Robert V. ONeill, Harold A. Mooney, Osvaldo E. Sala, Amy J. Symstad, and David Tilman Critical processes at the ecosystem level influence plant productivity, soil fertility, water quality, atmospheric chemistry, and many other local and global environmental conditions that ultimately affect human welfare. These ecosystem processes are controlled by both the diversity and identity of the plant, animal, and microbial species living within a community. Human modifications to the living community in an ecosystem as well as to the collective biodiversity of the earth can therefore alter ecological functions and life support services that are vital to the well-being of human societies. Substantial changes have already occurred, especially local and global losses of biodiversity. The primary cause has been widespread human transformation of once highly diverse natural ecosystems into relatively species-poor managed ecosystems. Recent studies suggest that such reductions in biodiversity can alter both the magnitude and the stability of ecosystem processes...
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...Ecology is a group of interconnected elements which is formed by the interaction of living organisms with the other organisms and its surrounding environment. Ecosystems are a functional unit which comprises of ecology and the environment where living and non-living things work together. A.G. Tansley in Singh (1935) defined ecosystem as 'a particular category of physical systems, consisting of organisms and inorganic components in a relatively stable equilibrium, open and of various sizes and kinds'. All living beings are dependent on ecosystems for the survival of their lives. Thousands of years ago, ecosystems were able to sustain the weight of increasing population creating a balance in the environment. The ecosystem had the capacity...
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...pairs and crossbreeding with individuals from other areas. Sociologists use population to refer to a number of human beings. Demography refers to the study of human population. The world’s population is estimated by the United States Census Bureau to be around 6.9 billion as of June 11, 2011.The world population hit the 6.5 million mark on 24 February 2006. Population growth significantly grew after the Industrial Revolution. Medical advances and increased agricultural productivity in the last 50 years or so has led to a rapid increase in the rate at which the world population is growing. In future, world population is expected to reach a growth peak and there will be a drop due to different factors such as environmental hazards, economic reasons, land exhaustion and health concerns (Neal, 2004). The number of births and deaths usually determines population change. If the number of births exceeds the number of deaths then population growth is said to have occurred. The factors that are known to affect population growth include fertility rates, family size (small families are more common in developed countries, larger in developing countries), and mortality rates determined by access to medical facilities, accidents, natural disasters. The world population is estimated to be growing at a rate of 180 new persons per minute or 43 million new births per year. Demographic transition in less developed countries in recent times has been marked by gradually declining birth...
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...Following World War II ecology gained the reputation of being a subversive science. The question is was this reputation warranted. According to the online Merriam-Webster dictionary subversive is the adjective form of the noun subversion and is defined as a systematic attempt to overthrow. Using this definition most sciences, not just ecology, can be argued are subversive. Science should attempt to, at the very least, grow upon earlier knowledge and, if needed, to subvert previous thought in order to replace older ideas that are proved to be wrong. The ecologist Paul Sears declared, in the 1950’s, ecology was indeed a subversive science (Worster, 1994). Research in ecology following World War II attempted to overthrow the centuries old notion that man lived apart from nature and in being separate were not bound to the same rules. The idea was, as humans, what happened in the environment did not have an effect on us. The researchers and scientific writers of the day were able to show what humans did to the environment did, in fact, have an effect on us even if we did not realize it. In this sense then, yes, ecology was and is a subversive science. In 1962, Rachel Carson published her work Silent Spring. She had spent years gathering scientific evidence that showed that persistent pesticides, such as DDT, progressed through the food chain and even had an effect on penguins in Antarctica thousands of miles away from the application site (Worster, 1994). Steinberg (2009)...
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...Principles of Environmental Science Pamela Ram Bharwani ENV/100 07/08/2013 Angila Romious principles of environmental science Study shows that Environmental science is how different element of the environment interact; which is the chemical, biological, and the physical'. it has three main fundamental sets of component which is physical ( energy of something), chemical ( substance, man-made or natural), biological ( living things). Various aspects of physics , biology, hydrology, chemistry , economics, other social sciences and law and topical environmental issues like climate change, soil contamination, conservation, ozone depletion, groundwater, use of natural resources, waste management, air and noise pollution , encompasses within environmental science. it's a research involving air, soil, food and water to better understand the environment and protect it. it's a work that basically performs in a private, governmental and public organization monitoring waste disposal, it include technical proposals and writing risk assessment . The relationship between science and technology affect environmental problems and solutions in today’s society in a lot of different ways. It usually goes like this: Someone uses the power of science to create a very nice thing that causes unintended environmental problems, for example: a car. If enough or a lot of people care about that problem, then again someone will use the power of science, to make something to fix or reduce...
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...Principles of Environmental Science Jennia McCray Env/100 June 30, 2011 Professor Elshorafa Principles of Environmental Science Environmental Science is a multidisciplinary field that combines information from many different punitive areas of study, such as biology, geography, chemistry, geology, physics, economics, sociology (mostly demography or the study of populations), cultural anthropology, natural resources, management, agriculture, engineering, law, politics, and ethics. Environmental science and nature’s environmental problems we faces are generally complex and are not as simple as the meaning portrays. The goals of environmental scientists are to try to form basic principles about how the natural world operates. They then use these principles to develop applicable solutions, mostly derived from scientific knowledge, to address environmental problems. Using scientific evaluation is the key to successfully achieving a solution to any environmental problem. Before this, you must completely understand what science is opposed to what it is not. Science is not just a body of knowledge, as some see it to be, but much rather a collection of facts about the natural world. In addition, science is also a systematic way to investigate the natural world, what we refer to as the dynamic process. Science looks to decrease the conspicuous complexity of earth to general principles, those principles help to make predictions, solve problems and create new insights. These principles...
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...in creating the Environmental Analysis. The macro environment examines the general business climate as it relates to the organization, but has nothing to do with the organization itself. The macro environment is primarily concerned with major issues and upcoming changes in the environment. The acronym for the macro analysis is “STEEP.” The five areas of interest are Socio-cultural and demographics; Technology; Economic conditions; Ecology and physical environment; and Political and legal. SOCIO-CULTURAL AND DEMOGRAPHICS Societal values and lifestyles change over time, and the most important of these should be discussed. For example, over the past generation, it has become acceptable for women to work outside the home – or not; smoking is not as acceptable as it once was; people are not retiring at 65; students going to college are older; and people are more aware of the environment and healthful living styles. The changes in values and lifestyles may come from many sources: medical (smoking, healthy eating, exercise); science (global warming, going “green”); economic (people working longer, women in the workforce); cultural diversity (music preferences, foods, living accommodations, medicine); and technologies (Internet dating, biodegradable plastic) are just a FEW examples. Some changes in values and lifestyles will be important to the industry, but not to your business. For example, the current trend is to adopt pets from a shelter, rather than from a pet store; this has...
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...actions. Instead, he upholds that our efforts must be guided by deeply held values around diversity and the natural world. In one essay, “The Land Ethic”, Leopold explains how attempts to create land conservation laws are ineffective because they are strongly influenced by economic versus ecological factors. He shows how linking anthropocentric values to nature preservation tends to erode the effectiveness of conservation. Leopold expresses a genuine appreciation for nature and its right to exist regardless of man’s interpretation of value. Leopold expresses a logical argument combined with poetic descriptions of wildlife which keeps his message fresh and engaging. The modern deep ecology movement is founded on Leopold’s approach to wilderness protection. Many of today’s environmental organizations have adopted his ideas as they work to preserve nature for its innate value. Environmental managers should continue to reflect on Leopold’s most important message – that our appreciation of nature’s intrinsic value is at the core of environmental reform. Leopold expresses a logical argument combined with poetic descriptions of wildlife which keeps his message fresh and engaging. The modern deep ecology movement is founded on Leopold’s approach to wilderness protection. Many of today’s environmental organizations have adopted his ideas as they work to...
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...social, and economic goals and recognition of humans as key components of the ecosystem………………………………………………………..............3 Consideration of Ecological Not Just Political- Boundaries………………………………5 Accounting for the Complexity of Natural Processes and Social Systems and Using an Adaptive Management Approach in the Face of Resulting Uncertainties………7 Engaging Multiple Stakeholders in a Collaborative Process to Define Problems and Find Solutions………………………………………………………..…………………….8 Incorporating Understanding of Ecosystem Processes and How Ecosystems Respond to Environmental Perturbations…………………………………………….....9 Concern with the Ecological Integrity of Coastal-marine Systems and the Sustainability of Both Human and Ecological Systems………………………………10 Conclusion ….12 References 13 Introduction Human activities on land and in the ocean are changing ecosystems and threatening their ability to provide important benefits to society, such as healthy and abundant sources of food, clean air, and fresh water. The argument that the ecosystem ought to be managed in whole ecological units based on integrative biological, physical and/or socio-economic assessments is not a new one. However the argument is gaining urgency as a result of continuing and increasing problems in environmental management based on old areal units, and it is gaining relevance as a result of new developments in related areas of theory and practice such as landscape ecology, ecosystem...
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