...Smallpocks Edward Jenner was an English country doctor in the late 1700's. In this time smallpocks was deadly, young people would be terrified of having this illness. There was no Vaccination to cure this illness. Until Jenner starting coming up with ideas. In 1788 the smallpock illness widely spread in the town of Gloucestershire. Jenner noticed something about how the people who were cattle farmers didn't get smallpocks. Jenner's First vaccination was in 1796 to Sarah Nelmes. She has a rash that appeared on her hand, he diagnosed her with cowpocks. Cowpocks is an infection that someone would get from cows, often milkmaids would get them. The rash was usually on the person’s hand, although it doesn’t really hurt that patient. He became fascinated...
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...Edward Jenner (1749 – 1823) * Born in Gloucester. * His father was a vicar. * At the age of 14 he took an apprenticeship with a local surgeon and then later studies medicine in London. * He returned back to his native town of Berkley to practice medicine. * Lady Montagu was contracted with smallpox after she married her husband who later became the British Ambassador in Turkey. * She witnessed the inoculation of smallpox when she was in Turkey. * Unlike Jenner’s theory; it contained a small amount of the disease itself which encouraged the antigens to fight it within the system. * Having suffered it herself (with the permanent devastation of having permanent scarring and loss of eyelashes) she encouraged her children to receive the treatment while they were in Turkey. * Jenner’s theory was created when he recognised the pattern in that milk maids that received cow pox did not suffer at all from smallpox. * He then took the puss from a milk maid’s blister and injected it into a young boy who was used as a test subject for this experiment. * The boy was called James Phipps. Jenner cut into Phipps’ skin and poured in the cowpox infection. The boy had a small fever but recovered. * Jenner then inserted the smallpox however Phipps’ remained healthy. * The two other subjects that were in the bed with Phipps also remained healthy. * Phipps being the son of a poor farmer was not paid to be the subject of this experiment...
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...Edward Jenner was born in 1749 and died in 1823. Edward Jenner’s great gift to the world was his vaccination for smallpox. This disease was greatly feared at the time as it killed one in three of those who caught it and badly disfigured those who were lucky enough to survive catching it. Edward Jenner was a country doctor who had studied nature and his natural surroundings since childhood. He had always been fascinated by the rural old wives tale that milkmaids could not get smallpox. He believed that there was a connection between the fact that milkmaids only got a weak version of smallpox – the non-life threatening cowpox – but did not get smallpox itself. A milkmaid who caught cowpox got blisters on her hands and Jenner concluded that it must be the pus in the blisters that somehow protected the milkmaids. Jenner decided to try out a theory he had developed. A young boy called James Phipps would be his guinea pig. He took some pus from cowpox blisters found on the hand of a milkmaid called Sarah. She had milked a cow called Blossom and had developed the telltale blisters. Jenner ‘injected’ some of the pus into James. This process he repeated over a number of days gradually increasing the amount of pus he put into the boy. He then deliberately injected Phipps with smallpox. James became ill but after a few days made a full recovery with no side effects. It seemed that Jenner had made a brilliant discovery. He then encountered the prejudices and conservatism of the medical...
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...The U.S. Government on Mandatory Vaccination What are vaccines? Vaccines contain a mixture of sugars, proteins, and certain chemicals that all serve a purpose in neutralizing the severely weakened or dead virus within. They are substances that are typically injected subcutaneously under the skin to trigger a bodily response. This response activates the creation of antibodies against the foreign compounds, which then leads to immunization from the desired disease. Although the modern story of vaccination began with Edward Jenner’s approach of introducing already infected material to a healthy subject to protect against smallpox, the idea dates as far back as 1000 B.C. in China. Before agreeing to the label of vaccination, it was generally termed inoculation. It was Jenner’s 1796 research that became the base for which smallpox ultimately became eradicated in the United States. Today we strive to advance our understanding of vaccinations to build a future free from diseases such as HIV, malaria, dengue, and RSV. Today, the government and its schools hold considerable responsibility in the control of preventable diseases. The initial mandatory vaccination laws were passed by Massachusetts in the early 1850’s. The vaccine law transpired because of the new mandatory school attendance law. It was passed in order to keep the growing number of school students safe from disease, and to halt the advancement of smallpox. Vaccines were never collectively respected though. The...
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...In 1966, the WHO voted to create a program for worldwide eradication of smallpox (Henderson). Before that, smallpox control efforts often lied in mass vaccination programs. Rarely did anyone pay attention to the control of outbreaks. In November of 1965, the U.S. Government approached Donald Henderson to take responsibility for the task (2). The project would cover 18 countries in Western and Central Africa. The project only $2.7 million allocated—and that was not even enough to cover the cost of the vaccination! Several countries did not approve of the idea because of its cost and the sheer impossibility of the task. According to Donald Henderson, Chief of the World Health Organization’s global smallpox eradication program, Director-General Marcolino Gomes Candau was very opposed to the program “because the malaria eradication program wasn’t doing very...
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...have five exhibits that have changed health care, which include: the discovery of germs, vaccines, surgery, childbirth, and Medicare. I will give a brief description of each exhibit and their role in health care. Germs Louis Pasteur, born in Dole, a small town in eastern France had an interest in scientific subjects. In 1847, he received his doctoral degree. Pasteur believed that if germs were the cause of fermentation they could also be the cause of contagious diseases. He began to develop the Germ Theory of Disease, and eventually, developed vaccinations. In 1881, Pasteur successfully developed and introduced to the public his anthrax vaccine. In 1855, He launched one of his most famous developments – a vaccine against rabies. Soon after the vaccines were tested and were successful, the Pasteur Institute was built in Paris to treat victims with rabies and other diseases. Vaccines Vaccines in the United States, Edward Jenner created the world’s first vaccine for smallpox. Edward Jenner, worked in a rural society most of his patients were farmers or worked on farms. In 1796 he created the world’s first vaccine for smallpox. In the 18th century smallpox as one of the most deadliest and persistent human diseases. The main treatment developed by Jan Ingenhaus, involved scratching the vein of a healthy person and pressing a small amount of matter, taken from a smallpox pustule of a person with a mild attack in the wound. The risk of treatment had fatal results. In 1788 a wave of...
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...Section A: Basic Microbiology 1 SCOPE AND HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS IN MICROBIOLOGY “Science contributes to our culture in many ways, as a creative intellectual activity in its own right, as a light which has served to illuminate man’s place in the uni-verse, and as the source of understanding of man’s own nature” —John F. Kennedy (1917–63) The President of America The bacterium Escherichia coli INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE MICROBIOLOGY is a specialized area of biology (Gr. bios-life+ logos-to study) that concerns with the study of microbes ordinarily too small to be seen without magnification. Microorganisms are microscopic (Gr. mikros-small+ scopein-to see) and independently living cells that, like humans, live in communities. Microorganisms include a large and diverse group of microscopic organisms that exist as single cell or cell clusters (e.g., bacteria, archaea, fungi, algae, protozoa and helminths) and the viruses, which are microscopic but not cellular. While bacteria and archaea are classed as prokaryotes (Gr. pro-before+ karyon-nucleus) the fungi, algae, protozoa and helminths are eukaryotes (Gr. eu-true or good+ karyon-nucleus). Microorganisms are present everywhere on earth, which includes humans, animals, plants and other living creatures, soil,water and atmosphere. Microorganisms are relevant to all of our lives in a multitude of ways. Sometimes, the influence of microorganisms on human life is beneficial, whereas at other times, it is detrimental. For example...
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