...On May 14, 1796 Edward Jenner tested his vaccine. Edward Jenner was known as the “Father of Immunology” due to his discovery of the smallpox vaccine. Edward Anthony Jenner was an english scientist(www.famousscientist.org). Jenner was able to use his observation skills, notice a small detail and create a vaccine for a disease that killed almost 300 million people. Therefore, Edward Jenner is remembered to save more lives than any other medical doctors. Edward Jenner was born to Stephen Jenner and Sarah Jenner on May 17, 1749. Jenner’s father was a preacher for the parish and he “passed away when Jenner was 5 years old” (www.famousscientist.org). Following his father's passing, Edward was taken care of by his mother and his brothers and sisters. As a young child, Edward would wander around and observe plants, animals, and collect fossils. Edward was able to go to school at the age of 8, as he was going to school he decided that he wanted to become a doctor. Edward received “training at Chipping Sodbury, he was an apprentice for Daniel Ludlow, a surgeon.(www.famousscientist.org). In 1770, after 7 years of studying under...
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...Edward Jenner was a country doctor who at the age of fourteen was apprenticed to a local surgeon (Edward Jenner). Edward Jenner was the first person to discover a vaccine that would cure smallpox, as well as be able to prove it more than once (Famous). Due to Edward Jenner’s discovery of a safer way to immunize patients, any other method of treating smallpox was banned (Trueman). Modern health care now uses vaccines to protect individuals from disease rather than any other method because it is now the safer and more effective way. Jenner laid the foundation of modern health care with his discovery in the curing of the epidemic disease known as smallpox. Jenner’s first patient was an eight year old boy named James Phipps (James Phipps). He...
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...Almost 100 years after Jenner, Louis Pasteur attempted to develop immunizations for other diseases aside from smallpox. Pasteur injected chickens with an attenuated form of cholera and then demonstrated how the chickens were immune to the fully virulent strain of cholera. This allowed to Pasteur to realize that exposure to weakened strains of a disease could cause immunity against that disease. After recognizing this, Pasteur attempted to create a vaccine for anthrax. Pasteur obtained cultures of the anthrax bacterium and then conducted an experiment involving farm animals; the results of which was the immunization of 70 animals. The success of his experiment attested that exposure to a weakened strain of a disease could lead to immunity. During Pasteur’s life, he was able to expand on Jenner’s work and provide explanations for aspects of vaccination that Jenner was not able to. The impact of the vaccine has been unparalleled in history. In the past two hundred years, many vaccines have been created by applying Jenner and Pasteur’s work. Extraordinarily, atments before, now have vaccinations. The World Health Organization states that vaccinations save approximately 2.5 million lives every year from diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, and measles. Every day, scientists...
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...In the United States, 90% of parents vaccinate their children and follow the recommended schedule. That is about twenty-eight immunizations against fourteen different diseases in the first two years of life. But, at least 10% of parents skip or delay some shots, and around 1% do not vaccinate at all "Vaccines-Calling the Shots". Most people have gotten at least vaccinated once in their lives. Doctors use vaccines as sort of a boot camp for immune systems from adults to small children. The way it works is by using a dead or weakened virus that would imitate the real virus if it attacks. The immune system responds by attack to virus and leaving behind white blood cells that know how to fight the virus now. Vaccines came from Dr. Edward Jenner. He was the first man to deliberately inoculate people with a mild, non-fatal disease called "cowpox" that came from a similar strain to smallpox, thus making people immune to the virus. He called his technique "vaccine” from "vacca" Latin for cow "Vaccines-Calling the Shots"....
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...Edward Jenner was born in 1749 and died in 1823. Edward Jenner’s great gift to the world was his vaccination for smallpox. This disease was greatly feared at the time as it killed one in three of those who caught it and badly disfigured those who were lucky enough to survive catching it. Edward Jenner was a country doctor who had studied nature and his natural surroundings since childhood. He had always been fascinated by the rural old wives tale that milkmaids could not get smallpox. He believed that there was a connection between the fact that milkmaids only got a weak version of smallpox – the non-life threatening cowpox – but did not get smallpox itself. A milkmaid who caught cowpox got blisters on her hands and Jenner concluded that it must be the pus in the blisters that somehow protected the milkmaids. Jenner decided to try out a theory he had developed. A young boy called James Phipps would be his guinea pig. He took some pus from cowpox blisters found on the hand of a milkmaid called Sarah. She had milked a cow called Blossom and had developed the telltale blisters. Jenner ‘injected’ some of the pus into James. This process he repeated over a number of days gradually increasing the amount of pus he put into the boy. He then deliberately injected Phipps with smallpox. James became ill but after a few days made a full recovery with no side effects. It seemed that Jenner had made a brilliant discovery. He then encountered the prejudices and conservatism of the medical...
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...hooves instead of hands and their long and flaccid ears. In short, these people were turning into cows. Also illustrated in the center of Gilray’s cartoon was a doctor holding a syringe and gazing into the distance: Edward Jenner. People felt that vaccines were so absurd and dangerous that they were capable of transmute a human being. Jenner’s cowpox vaccine eventually permitted the elimination of smallpox off the face of the earth. In modern day, this ignorant fear seems rather amusing hence in most parts of the world, we have become accustomed to the method and reason of science. Although we do not possess the fear that a vaccine can turn people into cows, we do possess another fear: the fear of...
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...Health Care Museum Monica Joshua HCS/235 July 2,2014 Health Care Museum After reading this week chapters and having the knowledge of heath care field, I have came to understand that there are several aspects from vaccines to new disease. In this paper I will discuss five exhibits and how it has changed health care. Vaccine Vaccine has played a huge role in human history. Dr. Edward Jenner, introduced the first vaccination in 1796 for small pox. In 1809 there was only the state of Massachusetts that mandated vaccination for small pox and other states followed. In 1879, the Anti-Vaccination Society of America stated that no one should be mandated to be vaccinated due to the vaccine causing corruption in the blood and also cause the spread of disease instead of curing it. Penicillin Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin in 1928. Before penicillin was introduced there was no cure for infections. He observed that Staphylococcus had been contaiminated by a blue-green mold but discovered that bacteria adjacent to the mold were being dissolved. Birth The delivery of babies has changed tremendously in health care. In early years women was forbidden to practice medicine. If they did they were considered being witches and were put to death. Barber-surgeon was most common medical practitioners that delivered babies. Health Insurance In the early 1900’s health insurance seemed to be inevitable. In 1912, President Roosevelt endorsed health insurance. The American Association...
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...Edward Jenner, in eighteenth-century England, first injected a child with a totally untested smallpox vaccine and then, after a time, injected that child with living smallpox virus. What would be the likely reaction to someone performing a similar experiment today? How do you think a scientist of today would test a potential new vaccine? A: Well I read once that he tried it on his son, I think people would think he would be crazy to do such testing because it can put someone in danger. I think scientist of today would test it on animals like rats. a. Where do you suppose the “new” infectious diseases come from? I suppose new infectious diseases come from epidemic and pandemic diseases. It has a major economic and social impact on many affected people. b. Name some factors that could cause older diseases to show an increase in the number of cases. A.Old infectious diseases increase in incidence or geographical distribution Old infectious diseases previously under control begin to re-emerge One reason for the rapid advance in knowledge concerning molecular biology during the second Golden Age of microbiology was because researchers used microorganisms as model systems. Why would bacterial cells be more advantageous to use for research than, say, rats or guinea pigs? A: Bacterial species like Escherichia coli have many advantages over rats or guinea pigs as model systems. Bacterial cells are much easier to grow and much less costly to “feed.” Substantially less...
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...smallpox survivors and would put it into healthy people’s bodies. The process of variolation consisted of making a wound on a person’s arm and inserting the dry tissues scabs in the wound to contract the virus and obtain immunity from it. This early method of vaccination protected the individual from getting the smallpox disease (Nazarko, 2013). Throughout the 18th century in Europe, people were still dying from smallpox. Every year a mass of 400,000 people would die from smallpox and one-third of the population lost their vision (Nazarko, 2013).In 1796, Edward Jenner became the godfather of vaccinations (Nazarko, 2013).The discovery of vaccines was brought to light after Jenner purposely implanted or inoculated the disease of cowpox to an 8-year-old boy, the inoculation resulted in stimulating a resistance to smallpox, the young boy did not contract the virus and had built the proper immunity to fight off the disease. Edward Jenner’s discovery became one of the most important steps in medical science. Jenner’s astonishing finding on vaccines opened the doors to the discovery of numerous types of vaccinations that have helped the world eradicate a considerable number of deadly viruses and bacteria (Nazarko, 2013). Vaccines have contributed to human’s life tremendously by preventing six million deaths worldwide (Andre, 2011). Unfortunately, the development of vaccines has also attracted numerous hypothesis and concerns for many parents. Many parents believe that vaccines cause...
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...FRUITFUL QUESTIONS AMY BURNS JOURNAL #3 DR. BARRY POLLICK WRITING 101S, KADENA AFB 500 Hedgehog or Fox? Intellectual or the Artistic? Which is better? Fruitful Questions by James Sollisch emphasizes the importance of looking at things and problems more than one way in order to come up with a solution. This essay reminds me of a fable by Isiah Berlin told to me by an old professor of mine. In this fable the fox is a cunning creature, able to devise a myriad of complex strategies for sneak attacks upon the hedgehog. Day in and day out, the fox circles around the hedgehog’s den, waiting for the perfect moment to pounce. Fast, sleek, beautiful, and crafty—the fox looks like the sure winner. The hedgehog, on the other hand, is a dowdier creature, looking like a genetic mix-up between a porcupine and a small armadillo. He waddles along, going about his simple day, searching for lunch and taking care of his home. The fox waits in silence at the juncture in the trail. The hedgehog, minding his own business, wanders right into the path of the fox. The fox thinks he has the sure advantage now. He leaps out, bounding across the ground, lightning fast. The little hedgehog, sensing danger, looks up and thinks, “Here we go again. Will he ever learn?” Rolling up into a perfect little ball, the hedgehog becomes a sphere of sharp spikes, pointing outward in all directions. The fox, bounding toward his prey, sees the hedgehog defense and calls off the attack. Retreating back to the...
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...Smallpocks Edward Jenner was an English country doctor in the late 1700's. In this time smallpocks was deadly, young people would be terrified of having this illness. There was no Vaccination to cure this illness. Until Jenner starting coming up with ideas. In 1788 the smallpock illness widely spread in the town of Gloucestershire. Jenner noticed something about how the people who were cattle farmers didn't get smallpocks. Jenner's First vaccination was in 1796 to Sarah Nelmes. She has a rash that appeared on her hand, he diagnosed her with cowpocks. Cowpocks is an infection that someone would get from cows, often milkmaids would get them. The rash was usually on the person’s hand, although it doesn’t really hurt that patient. He became fascinated...
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...vaccinations. In 1881, Pasteur successfully developed and introduced to the public his anthrax vaccine. In 1855, He launched one of his most famous developments – a vaccine against rabies. Soon after the vaccines were tested and were successful, the Pasteur Institute was built in Paris to treat victims with rabies and other diseases. Vaccines Vaccines in the United States, Edward Jenner created the world’s first vaccine for smallpox. Edward Jenner, worked in a rural society most of his patients were farmers or worked on farms. In 1796 he created the world’s first vaccine for smallpox. In the 18th century smallpox as one of the most deadliest and persistent human diseases. The main treatment developed by Jan Ingenhaus, involved scratching the vein of a healthy person and pressing a small amount of matter, taken from a smallpox pustule of a person with a mild attack in the wound. The risk of treatment had fatal results. In 1788 a wave of smallpox swept through and during this outbreak Jenner discovered his patients who worked with cattle had much milder diseased called cowpox and never developed smallpox. In 1976 Jenner conducted an experiment on one of his...
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...38). Immediate/Long Term effects of Inoculation: The British were rumored to have been inoculated against the disease (with the goal of mass spreading the disease), but were still susceptible to outbreaks [undermines reputability/efficacy of inoculation] (Pybus 38) Many doctors were unskilled and did not know much about how the body works, so their attempts at inoculation lacked sterility, cleanliness, and general sanitary conditions that we expect from modern physicians. As a result, the effects of inoculation were not clear because soldiers were still likely to die of infection (Rienti 9). Zabdiel Boylston was the first to inoculate for smallpox, but this experimentation led to the eventual creation of a vaccine for smallpox by Edward Jenner. As a result of Boylston’s trials with inoculation, smallpox became the first disease to ever (almost) completely be eradicated from the population (Spatz...
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...Professor MacDougall started the lecture with the discussion of why one studies history, stating disease is a universal experience, and transcend race, gender, and class. She expressed how smallpox is part of the Orthopox family, with a variola major virus which is more deadly than the variola minor virus. There were many attempts at vaccination, once incident where they would extract the puss from one victim, and insert into a healthy person for them to become immune. However, all this would do is spread the disease further. Then Edward Jenner tested his theory of injecting cow pox into a volunteer. This vaccination proved to be effective. In 1948, with the creation of the World Health Organization people believed it was time to eradicate...
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...Vaccines have been around since the end of the 1700s. It was created by an English physician named Edward Jenner. He “recognized that cowpox, a common mild ailment of those who milked cows, protected those who developed it against life-threatening smallpox. He developed what came to be called a vaccine-derived from the Latin vacca, meaning ‘cow’”(Riegelman and Kirkwood6). Vaccines were made to protect the population for severe illnesses that can kill or injure an individual. Vaccines are now mandatory for children to go to school and for workers depending on your job, and what type of people you interact with. There are laws put in place by state for certain types of vaccines to be mandated. People are against this for religious reasons, there own believes, or the fact that they think it is unnecessary or it doesn’t work. Mandating vaccines keeps the public healthy and protected from certain illnesses. The law of compulsory vaccination is present in all fifty states. The start of mandatory vaccination began in 1908. “Massachusetts became the first state to enact a mandatory smallpox vaccination law…”(Chemerinsky and Goodwin596). After this, Boston, “In 1827...was the first city to require vaccination records for children upon entering...
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