...understand the risks posed to older adults by environmental exposures. Biologic capacity declines with normal aging; this may be exacerbated in individuals with pre-existing health conditions. This decline can result in compromised pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic responses to environmental exposures encountered in daily activities. In recognition of this issue, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is developing a research agenda on the environment and older adults. The U.S. EPA proposes to apply an environmental public health paradigm to better understand the relationships between external pollution sources → human exposures → internal dose → early biologic effect → adverse health effects for older adults. The initial challenge will be using information about aging-related changes in exposure, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacodynamic factors to identify susceptible subgroups within the diverse population of older adults. These changes may interact with specific diseases of aging or medications used to treat these conditions. Constructs such as “frailty” may help to capture some of the diversity in the older adult population. Data are needed regarding a) behavior/activity patterns and exposure to the pollutants in the microenvironments of older adults; b) changes in absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion with aging; c) alterations in reserve capacity that alter the body’s ability to compensate for the effects of environmental exposures; and d) strategies for effective...
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...EFFECT OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION FROM MOBILE PHONE ON THE LEVELS OF CORTICAL AMINO ACID NEUROTRANSMITTERS IN ADULT AND YOUNG RATS Y.A. KHADRAWY*, NAWAL A. AHMED**, HEBA S. ABOUL EZZ**, N.M. RADWAN** *Medical Physiology Department, National Research Center, Giza, Egypt **Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt Abstract. The present study aims to investigate the effect of electromagnetic radiation (EMR) generated by mobile phones on the levels of amino acid neurotransmitters; glutamate, aspartate, GABA, glycine and taurine in the cortex of adult and young rats. Several studies showed that EMR could influence normal brain physiology, probably by changing cortical excitability. In the present study, adult and young rats were exposed to EMR for one hour/day. Amino acids were measured after 1 hour, 1, 2 and 4 months of daily EMR exposure and after 1 month of stopping exposure that extended daily for 4 months. The present data showed that in adult rats EMR induced significant changes in the cortical levels of some studied amino acids throughout the exposure periods. However, in young rats EMR induced significant changes after 4 months of daily exposure and after stopping exposure. It could be suggested that the changes in amino acid neurotransmitters may underlie the EMR-induced changes in cortical excitability. Key words: Electromagnetic radiation, amino acid neurotransmitters, cortex, rats. INTRODUCTION The increasing number of telecommunication...
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...Cigarette smoking There is a major concern about banning cigarette smokers in the U.S. the mortality among both males and females smokers in the USA is more than three times higher than that among non-smokers. I agree that smoking should be prevented because it leads to many types of cancer and heart disease; secondly health affects exposure of secondhand smoke, thirdly it affects the health of the youth smoking tobacco, and fourthly the cost of treatment associated with cigarette smoking (healthcare). Cigarette smoking increases the risk of dying from cancer of the lungs, esophagus, larynx and oral cavity (as we studied in biology). The harmful effect of cigarettes is the chemical makeup of cigarette. According to Quitsmokingsupport.com Cigarettes contain over 4,000 chemicals , some of those chemicals are the heavy metals, humectants, casting agents ,pesticide, insecticides and nicotine which is an addictive substance added into a cigarette; that is why it is very hard for smokers to stop smoking right away . A friend’s mother who smoked up to 3 packs of cigarette per day for more than 25 years. She looked healthy and often cited that cigarette kills those who were already predisposed to suffer from those diseases. Years later she died, suffered from ventricular arrhythmia which means heart did not beat properly as a result it pumped little or no blood to the body organs; usually caused by nicotine in cigarette. According to Medical News Today (MNT), cigarette smoking...
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...and tamarind may be a source of lead exposure. Lead sometimes gets into the candy when processes such as drying, storing, and grinding the ingredients are done improperly. Also, lead has been found in the wrappers of some imported candies. The ink of these plastic or paper wrappers may contain lead that leaches into the candy. Most domestic and imported candies already meet the stricter lead threshold. However, the FDA moved to lower the limit from an earlier half a part per million after the sampling of dozens of types of candies imported from Mexico and after information from other sources revealed additional ingredients used in some sweets can boost the lead content beyond allowable levels. Government tests had documented 102 candies with levels between 0.2 and 0.49 parts per million lead and 159 candies even higher, starting in 1993. In children, acute exposure to very high levels of lead may produce encephalopathy and other accompanying signs of * ataxia * coma * convulsions * death * hyperirritability * stupor The BLLs associated with encephalopathy in children vary from study to study, but BLLs of 70-80 µg/dL or greater appear to indicate a serious risk (ATSDR 2005). * Even without encephalopathy symptoms, these levels are associated with increased incidences of lasting neurological and behavioral damage (ATSDR 2005). Children suffer neurological effects at much lower exposure levels. * Neurological effects may begin at low (and, relatively speaking...
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...among young adults posing great to the society; it ranges from schools and colleges, homesteads or domestic grounds to public environment such as urban centers. Many questions have arisen as to why the youth are the most likely to get involved in violent crimes, according to statistics postulated by the government. The answerer to this question in as much as it may complex as it is elusive gives an insight of the actual fact about the cause of the escalating crimes of violence among the youth and possible remedies. Young adults have become violent in the recent years particularly in U.S.; also it has become a norm in many other nations including Africa where actual violence has been experienced leading to unimaginable losses to the natives and the whole country at large. Therefore, there is need to first of all study and understand factors that involve in development of human behavior before considering the root causes which will possibly help in preventing violence (Michael 1998). Causes of violence Media and Exposure In modern day society, children and young adults are the one at the highest risk for experiencing violent crimes. Technological developments and achievement has changed the face of the society in that, it is evident many people have efficient accessibility to the media and thus tend to spend much time on it. Some of these media content that attract many of the people are violent. The continual exposure to violent media has negative effect on the...
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...The Greatest cause of preventable death Students Name: ID: * 12105038 Presented to Dr. Haitham Gamal ------------------------------------------------- Table of content: Contents | Number of page | Introduction | | Literature review | | Methodology | | Results | | Discussion | | Conclusion | | References | | Abstract Our purpose is to help people to understand dangers of smoking on them and people around them, hoping to decrease at least numbers of smokers to let them enjoy a healthier and longer life without problems. Introduction: Like most people, you already know that smoking is bad for your health. But do you really understand just how dangerous smoking really is and how it can be also deadly for non smokers too? Do you know that the World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that each year smoking causes about 6 million deaths which is about 10% of all deaths and 0.6 million of these occurring in non smokers too due to second hand smoke? Do you know that smoking is considered as the greatest cause of preventable death globally? Since stopping smoking can be an extremely difficult process, understanding exactly how smoking harms your body and people around you can help keep you motivated to end that habit. So in our research we are going to talk about smoking health problems and second hand smoke. Literature review: Male and female smokers lose an average of 13.2 and 14.5 years of life,...
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...(RF-EMW). High exposures towards radio frequency (RF) in our daily lives have raised concerns regarding the harmful effects on human health especially on children. Children with cell phone exposure have higher odds of migraines and headache-related symptoms than the one with no exposure. A great deal of scientific and public interest have focused on radio frequencies that alter the brain, somatic and germinal cells in children. Children should be very careful and guided by elders while using cell phones that produce a lot of harmful radio frequencies. Today cell phone is one of the inseparable parts of modern life. Each and every daily activity today is possibly accomplished by the aid of the cell phone. With its reference, we can say that cell phone directly and regularly comes in contact with the vital body parts like head and sense organs. As it comes in contact with vital organs, not immediately but after some long term exposure, it causes severe health problems and in children, it’s even more serious. Children are still developing mentally; therefore, radio frequency from cell phones has a greater effect on them than on adults. It is because children have growing body parts where cell multiplication is active. According to a study conducted by Sudan, Kheifats, Arah and Oslen in 2012, children today are exposed to cell phones at a very early age and continuing throughout life. They might, therefore, achieve a much higher lifetime exposure than today’s adults. There are huge...
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...causing permanent neurological damage. An inquiry into environmental lead exposure was conducted against Xstrata’s Mount Isa Mines Ltd lead emittance, who firmly stand that the lead was “naturally occurring” and not a consequence of mining. As subsequent years follow, more children are found to have dangerous lead levels in their blood, raising more suspicion, but Queensland Health and Xstrata are turning a blind eye to the concern. Suspected toxic substance Common name is Lead, the trade name is Plumbum, and CAS number is 7439-92-1 Chemical properties: reactive...
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...LITERATURE REVIEW http://suite101.com/article/xeno-estrogens-in-water-bottles-disrupting-male-and-female-hormon-a232123 A new study from Harvard School of Public Health (HSPH) researchers found that participants who drank for a week from polycarbonate bottles -- the popular, hard-plastic drinking bottles and baby bottles -- showed a two-thirds increase in their urine of the chemical bisphenol A (BPA). Exposure to BPA, used in the manufacture of polycarbonate and other plastics, has been shown to interfere with reproductive development in animals and has been linked with cardiovascular disease and diabetes in humans. The study is the first to show that drinking from polycarbonate bottles increased the level of urinary BPA, and thus suggests that drinking containers made with BPA release the chemical into the liquid that people drink in sufficient amounts to increase the level of BPA excreted in human urine. In addition to polycarbonate bottles, which are refillable and a popular container among students, campers and others and are also used as baby bottles, BPA is also found in dentistry composites and sealants and in the lining of aluminum food and beverage cans. (In bottles, polycarbonate can be identified by the recycling number 7.) Numerous studies have shown that it acts as an endocrine-disruptor in animals, including early onset of sexual maturation, altered development and tissue organization of the mammary gland and decreased sperm production in offspring. It may...
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...beginning of mass media. Researches and a lot of studies have been done to find the direct relationship between media violence and child aggressive behavior. Some of the studies have shown a positive relationship while other has shown no relation at all. Some of the opposing sides, mainly the people that create these types of media, argued that there is no solid correlation between the two to suggest otherwise. Others actually believe that violent media, such as video games can be beneficial to children. Whether this is true or not, the evidence which proves positive relation between media and child aggressive behavior outweigh those which oppose it. The studies on child psychology and it receptiveness to aggressive behavior and its long term effect simply cannot be ignore. Television viewing is a major activity and influence on children and adolescents. Studies have shown that children in the United States watch an average of three to four hours of television a day. By the time of high school graduation, they will have spent more time watching television than they have in the classroom. With this high amount of time children spent watching television, they will surely be expose to violence in various shows. In fact, the level of violence that they see on prime time television is about five violent acts per hour and the level of violence on Saturday that includes cartoons morning programming is about 20 to 25 violent acts per hour. Shows such as CIS, Buffy the Vampire, Jack...
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...mainstream smoke which is the smoke that the smoker exhales. Both types of secondhand smoke contain harmful chemicals and a lot of them. More than 250 of which are toxic. And more than 50 of the chemicals in cigarette smoke are known or suspected to cause cancer (mayoclinic.com). The dangerous particles in secondhand smoke can linger in the air for hours. Breathing them even for a short time — as little as 20 or 30 minutes — can harm you in a variety of ways. And breathing in secondhand smoke over years can be all the more dangerous (mayoclinic.com). Children are more vulnerable to ETS than adults, since there respiratory and immune systems are not fully developed and children spend more time at home where the majority of their ETS exposure exposed. Individuals 18 or younger, living with one or more smokers, were more than twice as likely to suffer from chronic dry cough as adults (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services 2006). Children can be exposed to environmental tobacco smoke in various places such as At Home when Children can breathe in secondhand tobacco smoke if parents or others smoke inside there home. In public places where children can be exposed to secondhand smoke in restaurants, bars, and outdoor...
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...“So Cute I Could Eat It Up”: Priming Effects of Cute Products on Indulgent Consumption GERGANA Y. NENKOV MAURA L. SCOTT This article examines the extent to which consumers engage in more indulgent consumption when they are exposed to whimsically cute products and explores the process by which such products affect indulgence. Prior research on kindchenschema (baby schema) has found that exposure to cute babies or baby animals leads to more careful behavior (see the study by Sherman, Haidt, and Coan), suggesting restraint. The present research uncovers the opposite: consumers become more indulgent in their behavior after exposure to whimsically cute products. Drawing from research on cognitive priming, kindchenschema, anthropomorphization, indulgence, and regulatory focus, this research posits that exposure to whimsically cute products primes mental representations of fun, increasing consumers’ focus on approaching self-rewards and making consumers more likely to choose indulgent options. These effects do not emerge for kindchenschema cute stimuli, since they prime mental representations of vulnerability and caretaking. Four empirical studies provide evidence for the proposed effects and their underlying process. C ompanies market a rapidly increasing number and variety of cute products across numerous categories, targeting not only children but also adult consumers. The marketplace is replete with cute clothing, utensils, appliances, foods, office supplies, and...
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...2015). The effects of children dealing with domestic violence persist into their adolescent ages and teens who were abused and or witnessed domestic violence are more likely to experience depression as well as other externalizing problems, such as violence perpetration and delinquency. With the exposure of domestic violence in childhood, it has been linked to a...
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...movies and investigating the influence of exposure to these images on gender-based beliefs about friendships, social aggression, and roles of women in society. First, a content analysis of gender portrayals in teen movies was conducted, revealing that female characters are more likely to be portrayed as socially aggressive than male characters. Second, college students were surveyed about their teen movie-viewing habits, gender-related beliefs, and attitudes. Findings suggest that viewing teen movies is associated with negative stereotypes about female friendships and gender roles. Research examining the effects of media exposure demonstrates that media consumption has a measurable influence on people's perceptions of the real world, and, regardless of the accuracy of these perceptions, they are used to help guide subsequent attitudes, judgments, and actions. For example, these results have been yielded for viewing media representations of race,1 the mentally ill,2 and the elderly.3 Past research additionally indicates that watching televised gender portrayals has an effect on individuals' real-world gender-based attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors.4 Based on this research, and the tenets of social cognitive theory, it would be expected that consumption of teen movies would have an analogous influence on audience members' gender-based attitudes and beliefs. Despite the popularity of teen movies, the influence of such films on emerging adults has not been examined. This is particularly...
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...A variety of chemicals have been shown to disrupt female reproductive function throughout the lifespan in laboratory animals and humans (e.g., diethylstilbestrol). These effects include the disruption of normal sexual differentiation, ovarian function (i.e., follicular growth, ovulation, corpus luteum formation and maintenance), fertilization, implantation, and pregnancy. Only a few agents are associated with direct interference with the endocrine reproductive axis. Examples are those with estrogenic activity or the potential to interact with the aryl hydrocarbon (Ah) receptor. Exposure to toxicants during development is of particular concern because many feedback mechanisms functioning in the adult are absent and adverse effects may be noted at doses lower than those observed in the adult. Endometriosis is a painful reproductive and immunologic disease of women characterized by aberrant location of uterine endometrial cells. It affects approximately 5 million women in the United States from 15 to 45 years of age and often causes infertility. The etiology of this disease is unknown. In a single study with a small number of animals, research has suggested a link between dioxin exposure and the development of endometriosis in rhesus monkeys. The severity of this lesion was dependent on the dose administered. Recently, a small pilot study to test the hypothesis that serum dioxin concentrations have an association with human endometriosis has been reported. No statistically significant...
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