...Cigarette Smoking 1 The effects of cigarette smoking on the American public are of significant concern in America. This effect is harmful to the body’s major organs, causing many diseases and generally alters the health and life of smokers. There is considerable different health risk, which result in diseases and changes in the Larynx with elevated levels of stress in the vocal area (Guimaraio and Abberton, 2005). Lung cancer is only one of the diseases associated with smoking cigarettes. The diagnosis of lung cancer risk increases due to the number of cigarettes a person smokes over time. The use of tobacco, principally cigarette smoking, in America, is the lone most preventable cause of death. A person smoking at least two packs of cigarettes per day would have what, doctors call a smoker with a history of 20 packs year. While a smoker with a history of 20 packs, risk of lung cancer, increases, the same is less in a cigarette smoker, having a history of 10 packs per year. A smoker with a history of smoking 30 packs a year or more risk developing lung cancer at a higher rate. Approximately one in seven who smoke two or more packs of cigarettes a day will die from...
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...Why Smoking Cigarettes Should Be Considered a Drug Mathew Wright ECPI University Why Smoking Should Be Considered a Drug Smoking cigarettes was once viewed as fashionable throughout the majority of the last century. Smoking was glamorized with beautiful woman though history. The most iconic is Marilyn Monroe. Others such as the Marlboro man who was a handsome cowboy on his steed, and I still haven’t forgotten the smooth stylish camel that could bring the cool to any party. Those times are long behind us now as we have become aware of the significant risks in smoking cigarettes. With nearly twenty percent of the United States’ population currently smoking, it is clear that this recreational habit has become an epidemic (American Cancer Society, 2011). However, I believe that even with mandated health risks printed on packages, countless numbers of anti-smoking ads on billboards, and the spamming of our television sets since 1998, individuals still refuse to kick the habit. With cigarettes being extremely addictive and the majority of smokers are not considerate to others, I believe cigarettes should be considered a drug. I hope discussing these three negative effects of cigarette smoking will help to re-evaluate a person’s stance on this completely legal drug; realizing that smoking is a bad decision for everyone. Besides the obvious possibility of death, one should be concerned with the likelihood of lung cancer, a diminished physical appearance, and the inadvertent...
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...Effects of Taxation on Cigarette Smoking In economics the demand elasticity refers to the sensitivity of the quantity demand for a product to the changes in price. This relationship correlates to the basic law of demand which states that if the price of a product or good increase, then the consumer demand would fall and decrease because of the change. However not all products follow this fundamental theory. In fact products that are considered addictive substances, such as tobacco and cigarettes can be the exception to this basic law because we must take into account not just the pricing but other factors such as time, usage, limitations, and restrictions. Imposing higher taxes on cigarettes will have a mix effect as to who the price increase affects. As noted in the Chaloupka article, “The effects of prices and tobacco”, paying higher taxes on cigarettes as well as placing stronger controls as to who is able to purchase them will lead to a reduction in the consumption of cigarette smoking. The article is supported by studies done in the early eighties and late ninnies, confirming the reduction is towards both adults and youths alike. However price sensitivity is significant in its responsiveness between youths and young adults than compared to adults; up to three times more sensitive. Some reasons as to why this may be, is due to the strict regulations and laws set by states and local governments that enforce and control the purchase of tobacco products to the consumer...
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...Differential Effects of Cigarette Price on Youth Smoking Intensity 1Department of Economics, University of Illinois at Chicago 2Health Research and Policy Centers, University of Illinois at Chicago 3Health Economics Program, National Bureau of Economic Research ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Support for this research was provided by grants from The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (ImpacTeen – A Policy Research Partnership to Reduce Youth Substance Use) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (Price, Availability and Youth Tobacco Use) to the University of Illinois at Chicago. We thank Lloyd D. Johnston and Patrick J. O’Malley of the University of Michigan’s Institute for Social Research for providing us with selected data from the 1992, 1993 and 1994 Monitoring the Future Surveys. The Monitoring the Future Project is supported by a grant from the National Institute on Drug Abuse Abstract Objectives: Data from the 1992, 1993, and 1994 Monitoring the Future Surveys were used to investigate the differential effects of cigarette price on the intensity of youth cigarette smoking. Methods: Respondents are classified into nonsmokers; individuals who smoked less than one cigarette per day; individuals who smoked one to five cigarettes per day; individuals who smoked one-half pack a day; and individuals who smoked one pack or more a day. A Threshold of Change Model was estimated with information on cigarette prices as the main explanatory variables. Results: Dummy variables...
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...Switching from tobacco cigarettes to electronic cigarettes is growing in popularity. The tobacco industry encourages current tobacco smokers to make the switch through advertisements on television and through social media (Cataldo et al., 2015). Not only is the tobacco industry targeting current smokers they are also focusing on young adults and teenagers. Social media has a large influence on both groups, so they are more likely to conform to the social norm. Cigarettes, both conventional and electronic, are glorified on social media and are associated with being “cool”. As a result countries are seeing increasing numbers of smokers among the youth population, particularly high school and middle school students (Youn et al., 2015; White et...
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...Cigarette Taxes: Do They Have An Effect On Reducing The Demand For Them? By Lenora Walker Virginia College June 02, 2014 Cigarette Taxes: Do They Have an Effect on Reducing the Demand for Them? Cigarette taxes may stop some from smoking but in the long run people will find a way to keep smoking. There are some that are quitting for health reasons. In 2005 there was a decline between 1.5 percent and 2.5 percent. If cigarette taxes are earmarked then it can cause problems in funding education, health services, or other programs that will most likely grow over time. Policymakers and advocates should consider if a cigarette tax increase is necessary. In 2009 President Obama asked for a budget request to increase cigarette taxes from $1.01 per pack to $1.95 per pack. In 2015 the Federal tobacco tax would be indexed for inflation. Researchers have found that by increasing the real cigarette price by 10 percent would reduce the number of young-adults smokers by 3.5 percent and the number of kids by 6 or 7 percent. The calls to the national quit line have increased by 30% in the past 12 months after they compared it in the 12 months before. Increasing the cigarette taxes has had an effect on non-smokers by reducing the second hand exposure. Studies have showed that people of the low socioeconomics look at price more than the general population. With a regressive tax the poor is the one who pays the higher percentage through their income taxes. The economic analysis has determined...
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...Battle Joseph Professor Gary McDonald Comp Eng 111 April/9/2015 In P. Lorillard Company. v. The harmful effects of cigarettes was brought out by the FTC (Federal Trade Commission), most of the companies were big name cigarette companies. A research laboratory stated that no exact name brand of cigarettes was markedly more damaging and in other cases harmful to many others. Statistics show the comparison and the factor of how much nicotine and tar are in big cigarette companies. . Lorillard stated that his brand had for a fact the lowest amount of nicotine and tar in their cigarettes. In a 1950 a decision the change the rule of law, the Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals, upholding the commission's cease-and-desist order, it made them declared that Lorillard's advertising violated the FTC Act and its rule of law because, by printing small parts of the article, it created an entirely false and misleading impression giving people false information and false belief....
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...It is a chronic, progressive inflammatory condition of the small airways and lung parenchyma resulted from elevated pulmonary macrophages, neutrophils, and CD8+ T cells. Proinflammatory mediators, including IL-8, MCP-1, and IL-1β, are elevated in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and sputum samples obtained from patients with COPD [3-6]. Cigarette smoke is a major trigger of airways inflammation [7, 8] due to its concoction of many hundreds of toxic or otherwise bioactive substances, many of which may act in synergy [9]. Cigarette smoke has been identified as the most important risk for the development of COPD [10]. Smoking is the leading risk factor for compromised lung function stemming from COPD pathogenesis [11]. The exposure to cigarette smoke (CS) is associated with emphysema. In addition to chronic lung inflammation, emphysema is known mainly for the complex pathogenesis associated with imbalance of proteolytic and antiproteolytic activites, oxidative stress, and apoptosis of lung structural cells [12]. Roflumilast is a drug which acts as a selective, long-acting inhibitor of the enzyme PDE-4. It has anti-inflammatory effects and is under development as an orally administered drug for the treatment of inflammatory conditions of the lungs such as asthma, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Its’ mechanism of action is to increase cAMP levels in eosinophils, monocytes and neutrophils through...
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...INTRODUCTION Electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use, or vaping, in the worldwide is increasing. Less than a decade ago, the e-cigarette was an obscure product marketed as a safe, tobacco-free alternative to conventional cigarettes by a single company in China. Seven years ago, the electronic nicotine delivery device entered the US market. Today, health officials, policy makers, and researchers are all scrambling to keep up with a rapidly expanding, wildly controversial, and largely unregulated $3 billion global industry that has, at last count, 466 brands, 7,764 flavors (bubblegum, cherry crush, bacon, java jolt, menthol), and slick, youth-oriented Big Tobacco marketing designed to create the perception that e-cigarettes are not only safe, but cool. Non-nicotine, but an abundant amount of toxic chemicals produced by the combustion of tobacco are the cause of well-known health problems. E-cigarette vapor contains no or only minimal quantities of potentially harmful substances. Hence it can be assumed that vaping in adults is much less harmful than smoking of cigarettes. Furthermore, no data exist that e-cigarettes will encourage youngsters to become cigarette smokers. E-cigarette vaping has the potential to reduce the daily number of cigarettes smoked or facilitates cessation of smoking in heavily nicotine-dependent smokers, who keep on smoking despite a structured smoking cessation program. Health professionals should be aware of this type of nicotine substitution, since the...
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...More than 10% mothers continue to smoke cigarettes during pregnancy in spite of the growing health concerns. Maternal cigarette smoking has been associated with several health problems for the newborn including premature birth, fetal growth restriction, respiratory dysfunction, and sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). The developing brain in the fetal stage is highly plastic, flexible, and extremely sensitive to different environmental stressors including tobacco smoke. Prenatal exposure to tobacco smoke & nicotine interferes with fetal brain development predisposing the offspring to different neurobehavioral & neuropsychological disorders including attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), various motor & sensory deficits, cognitive...
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...An Inquiry into the Effects of Tobacco Smoke on the Lungs Using a Hooka To begin with, the experiment that was conducted in the laboratory was on the effect of cigarette smoke on mollusc gill cilia. The cigarette smoke is composed of toxins, and oxidative chemicals that poses a major stress on the airway epithelium. “Each puff of cigarette smoke contains >1014 oxidant molecules and >1000 xenobiotics , and exposure to cigarette smoke evokes significant biologic changes in the airway epithelium, even though many smokers are phenotypically normal” (Leopald, 2009). Smokers are subjected to about 4,000 toxic chemicals in cigarette smoke, including arsenic, methane, and carbon monoxide. The continuation of smoke exposure on the lungs effect the cilia because the dirt, environmental pollutants, and toxins from cigarette smoke accumulate in the cilia causing the toxins to remain in the lungs. Furthermore, these toxins migrate from the lungs by the means of blood transportation to other organs. The smoke from all cigarettes is not necessarily equivalent, with the amounts of toxic substances varying from one brand to another. It is possible to specify the amount of tar, nicotine, and carbon monoxide that is delivered by a cigarette under experimental conditions, which is what we will be observing in this experiment. The source of the tobacco, the length of the cigarette, the type of paper and filter used, how densely the tobacco is packed, the temperature at which it burns, and...
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...SMOKING AND THE EFFECT ON THE BODY I never understood the concept of wanting to smoke and after researching this I understand less, why smoking appeals to a person. The risk is higher than the benefits and I can’t seem to understand what people find in it that makes them want to continue smoking. My mother was a smoker and had high blood pressure, heart disease and bronchitis. After researching this, I found out that most of it could have been prevent if she did not smoke. The chemicals used to produce them have been researched and are the cause for many of the disease and the effects it has on your body. Some people think smoking will keep them from gaining weight or that it keeps them calm but after researching this I think I could find a better way. Research has found that there are over 4,000 chemicals found in cigarettes which are harmful to the human body. The effects range from circulatory issues to immune issues. The research will validate the effects, of the type of chemicals used in the production of cigarettes and the effect that it has on the human body. The articles that I read validated that the chemicals use do cause harm to the body. Smoking is the gamble we take of getting illnesses, such as cancer or heart disease Smoking affects the circulatory system, heart, and other organs. Cigarettes harms your circulatory system by raising your blood pressure, less oxygen carried by the blood and damages the lining of the arteries ,to name a few . The chemical in...
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...Cigarettes should be made illegal Name Institution Affiliation Cigarette smoking is estimated to cause more deaths than all other controlled substances combined each year. Cigarette related illnesses are believed to cause more than 400,000 deaths in the United States each year (Jha, 2014). People choose to smoke a cigarette without considering the adverse effects it will have on them. Cigarettes should be made illegal because they are addictive, very harmful to the smokers, the people who inhale second-hand smoke and the environment. Cigarettes should be made illegal because they cause different kinds of cancer. Cigarette smoking is known to be one of the main contributors of the deaths caused by cancer. It causes lung, throat, oesophagus, nose, and stomach cancer among others with cigarettes causing ninety percent of all lung cancer issues. The cancer harm caused by smoking should be one of the reasons why cigarettes should banned (Jha, 2014). Smoking affects not only the smoker alone but also the people who inhale second-hand smoke and the surrounding. Second-hand smoking is said to cause more harm than smoking the cigarette itself. The smoke also pollutes the environment to a big extend. It would not be unfair to allow people who do not smoke to face adverse effects of smoking because of second-hand inhalation of smoke. Cigarettes are bad for the mouth and teeth. They cause tooth decay that makes the teeth wear away. The smoke also stains the teeth leaving them yellow...
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...Cigarettes have been a main issue in this country for years. It is currently the leading preventable death in the US. The components that are in cigarettes have led to the cause of several different diseases. It has an effect on three main components in the body. The first part of the body that it affects is the respiratory system. The second part of the body it affects is blood. The last part of the body it affects is the organs in the body. The respiratory system is a vital part of the human body. It allows the body to take oxygen in to the system and allow a person to breath. Cigarettes contain a component called hydrogen cyanide. This has toxic effects on the cilia of the bronchial tubes. The cilia are responsible for filtering and cleaning of the lungs (knowledgebase-script.com). There is also tar in cigarette smoke that gets deposited in to the respiratory tract and the lungs which turns them black. The cellular respiration in the respiratory system is also affected. Cellular respiration is what turns oxygen in to carbon monoxide. With the smoking of cigarettes it raises the carbon monoxide in the body and lowers its ability to use the oxygen the body needs. The blood is a vital fluid of the body. Cigarettes have caused a direct problem with the blood which causes several diseases. Oxygen that the body needs is transported in by hemoglobin. When smoke is inhaled it brings in a level of carbon monoxide that is even higher that what cars output. With this level of...
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...that looks like a cigarette. Current ad campaigns of “Everyone is doing it. Smoke in style. ” are similar to those used by big tobacco companies decades ago. The cartoon mascot, Joe Camel, has now been replaced by eJuice Monkey and Mr. Cool! These are just a few examples of advertisements that can be found in print and on television today for the new nicotine product, electronic cigarettes. The electronic cigarette, also known as the e-cigarette, was invented by Hon Lik in 2003 and entered the U.S. market as early as 2007. E-cigarettes are battery-operated devices designed to look like regular tobacco cigarettes. Like...
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