...Running Head: Eight Elements of Thought and Reasoning Yehuwdah Yodhhewawhe Eight Elements of Thought and Reasoning G00099693 HU260 Strategies for Decision Making November 10, 2013 Eight Elements of Thought and Reasoning The purpose of this assignment to expound on four real distinct categories of reasoning which consist of deductive, inductive, adductive or inference, and analogical. The first category of reasoning involves deductive reasoning which consist of consist of implication and consequences, and interpretation and inference. Deductive reasoning is one of the two basic forms of valid reasoning; it commences with an assumed hypothesis or theory, which is why it has been called 'hypothetical-deduction; this assumption may be well-accepted or it may be rather precarious - nevertheless, for the argument it is not questioned. The basic idea of deductive reasoning is that if something is true of a class of things in general, this truth applies to all members of that class. One of the keys for sound deductive reasoning, then, is to be able to properly identify members of the class, because incorrect categorizations will result in unsound conclusions. Moreover, inferences are interpretations or conclusions that you come to. Inferring is what the intellect does in attempting to figure something out. Implications are claims or truths that reasonably follow from other claims or truths. On the other hand, implications follow from ideas, and consequences follow...
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...Week 6 Assignment Contraband is defined as anything that is not issued to an inmate by the Department of Corrections or can be purchased by the inmate thru the canteen. How we can controlling contraband in American prisons. There are many different ways to reduce contraband from entering prisons. People often wonder how contraband get behind prison walls and what can of contraband is being found. Contraband is introduced into the prison by staff and thru visitation. A lot of the contraband being found at the prison (Black Water River Correctional Facility in Milton Florida) I work at is synthetic marijuana, cell phones, tobacco, prison made tattoo guns, homemade needles, knives, heroin and unauthorized pills. Prisoners will make weapons out of anything they can get into their hands. We conduct routinely pat searches of all inmates, including their housing units, recreation yards and all TV areas. When conducting a pat search of an inmate I always start from the top of their body and go down in a sweeping motion, because they can hide contraband on them. Visitation is Saturday and Sunday from 8:00 am to 1:00pm and all major holidays. We start processing visitors around 7:00 am. One by one they complete a visitation form were there write down all their personal information, vehicle information and the inmate name they came to visit. Once that is finish they place everything (jacket, money, belt, shoes, baby diapers) in a basket, and it has to clear the x-ray machine. The visitor...
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...Eight Elements of Thought and Reasoning The Eight Elements of Thought and the Eight Elements of reasoning both have eight parts, but there are only four real distinct categories. For example, Point of View and Assumptions are two aspects of the same thing. Re-organize the eight elements of thought and reasoning into four categories. Briefly describe each category. Include the characteristics of the original eight elements in your descriptions. The four real distinct categories are deductive, inductive, abductive or inference, and analogical. Deductive Reasoning: Consist of Implication and Consequences, and Interpretation and Inference. Deductive reasoning is one of the two basic forms of valid reasoning. It starts with an assumed hypothesis or theory, which is why it has been called 'hypothetical-deduction; this assumption may be well-accepted or it may be rather precarious - nevertheless, for the argument it is not questioned. This is the opposite of inductive reasoning, which involves creating broad generalizations from specific observations. The basic idea of deductive reasoning is that if something is true of a class of things in general, this truth applies to all members of that class. One of the keys for sound deductive reasoning, then, is to be able to properly identify members of the class, because incorrect categorizations will result in unsound conclusions. Inferences are interpretations or conclusions you come to. Inferring is what the mind does in figuring...
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...Analytical Questions using Elements of Reasoning Introduction to Critical Thinking What do we do to think critically? What is critical thinking? 3 Key Questions Why do we need critical thinking? The Three Dimensions of Critical Thinking Reasoning: three aspects Traits of the Disciplined Mind Reasoning The process of drawing conclusions or figuring something out Elements of Reasoning Standards for Reasoning The quality of our thinking is largely reflected in the quality of our questions. Circle – Dots Critical thinking is the way you do everything you do Instruction Content LOGIC OF Student Thinking StandardsElementsTraits In other words, what elements must you account for in order for the analysis to be substantive? What is involved in analyzing reasoning? (Story, argument, point of view, subject) ● Look at the cartoon and analyze it by asking questions. 1. Individually, write a series of questions that attempt to probe the meaning of the cartoon. 2. With a group, compare your questions with others. Add to your list. Analyzing a Cartoon We use data, facts, and experiences to make inferences and judgments based on concepts and theories based on assumptions within a point of view leading to implications and conse quences. in attempting to We think answer a for a question. purpose Whenever we think Elements wheel ,aking for t granted ...
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...Applying the 8 Elements of Thought In the WMD Report 1 Applying the 8 Elements of Thought In the WMD Report HLS-355 October 20, 2012 Applying the 8 Elements of Thought In the WMD Report 2 There are eight elements of thought that are used when analyzing a document. These “Eight basic structures are present in all thinking: Whenever we think, we think for a purpose within a point of view based on assumptions leading to implications and consequences. We use concepts, ideas and theories to interpret data, facts, and experiences in order to answer questions, solve problems, and resolve issues (Criticalthinking.org)”. The eight elements of thought are think about the purpose, state the question, gather information, watch your inferences, check your assumptions, clarify your concepts, understand your point of view, and think through the implications. These eight elements of thought come from Dr. Linda Elder and Dr. Richard Paul. We will use Dr. Elder’s and Dr. Paul’s eight elements of thought to analyze and discuss about The Commission on the Intelligence Capabilities of the United States regarding Weapons of Mass Destruction. This is also known as the overview of the WMD Report. The main purpose of this report is to determine and expose the lack of critical thinking that was used by each of the intelligence agencies that assumed that Iraq’s leader, Saddam Hussein, had reconstituted his nuclear weapons program, had biological weapons, had mobile biological weapon production...
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...The eight elements of thought and reasoning are part of the critical thinking model. They are as follows: • purpose-purpose is your goal, your objective, what is trying to achieve. • Why is this (plan of treatment) case study developed? • Key/Question-always you reason through something, tries to answer some questions or address some problems. • What is the problem presented or directed? Information - information includes facts, evidence of data or experiences that is used to find out things. • What information do I need to answer the question? • What information we have and what information I have, but I need? • Concepts- concepts are ideas, theories, laws, principles, or hypothesis that is used in thinking to make sense of things. • What...
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...Examining The Elements of Thought & Right Questions Participating in a changing and increasingly complex society requires citizens to process large amounts of information and to operate effectively in ambiguous and unstructured situations. Such work demands thinking and thoughtful people. (Grant, 1988, p. 36) The importance of critical thinking is directly linked to the ability to make sound, informed decisions. The results of those decisions could have a major impact not just in regards to Homeland Security, but also in a person’s daily life. There are two major methodologies of critical thinking, both being unique and similar within their own right. From Dr. Richard Paul and Dr. Linda Elder there are the “Elements of Thought” which are eight. While from M. Neil Browne and Stuart M Keeley comes the “Right Questions” which are ten in number. In the “Elements of Thought” from Dr. Richard Paul and Dr. Linda Paul we find eight seemingly simple questions that should be asked in order to either make the best decision possible and/or to process the available information effectively. What is the author’s purpose? What is the author’s point of view? What assumptions are made? What are the implications? What evidence is provided? What are inferences or conclusions? What are the basic concepts? What are the key questions? (Elder & Paul, 2007) From these questions a reader, listener, or an analyst is given a template with which the critical thinking process should take...
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...to answer this question in his book, entitled, “The Advancement.” L. Russ Bush, is a dean and a professor at the Southern Baptist Theological Seminary. The Advancement is an apologetic approach to the philosophy of naturalism. Bush used the term “advancement,” to explain the modern worldview based on a naturalistic philosophy. Bush felt that the term, “modern” is outdated and old fashioned because this term tends to provoke a mindset of staleness, rather than revolving and advancing. Bush organizes his book into eight chapters. In the book, Bush explains the ideas of postmodern evolutionary thought and offers a response from a Christian perspective. Bush’s main goal for writing this book was to expose the discrepancies of the modern naturalist philosophy, compared to the truths of Christianity. The first chapter, which is entitled “The Worldview of the Advancement,” which basically talks about the worldview that is most dominant in our day, comparing it with the elements of the older Christian worldview. The text states that the earlier view consists of a natural stability in both history and nature (pg 15). Also, progress or decline are the products of a person’s relationship or lack of a relationship with God, and neither is inevitable historically (pg 15). The second chapter, which is entitled, “The Rise of...
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...2007 Herrick Notes Herrick, James. A History and Theory of Rhetoric: An Introduction. 3rd edition. New York: Allyn and Bacon, 2005 Chapter Eight Enlightenment Rhetorics • late 17th – early 18th century known as the Age of Enlightenment • periods marks a transition in western thought when the questioning of the received truths of Christian tradition, the elevation of rationality over other sources of truth, looking for solutions to social problems by means of the scientific method, and perceiving the universe as governed by inviolable physical laws • 18th century marks a period in which rhetorical theory turned away from its traditional concern for the invention of arguments and toward aesthetic matters of style and good delivery • change influenced by Ramus and Descartes who moved argument and proof out of the domain of rhetoric and into the domains of logic, dialectic, and math • a rhetorical theory that distinguished the discovery of knowledge through reasoning from the communication of that knowledge • thus invention is subordinate to concerns about style, taste, delivery and the imagination • rhetoric again moved to the forefront of education but less concerned with inventing/producing public discourse and more concerned with consuming public discourse Vico on Rhetoric and Human Thought • Giambattista Vico 1668-1744 • Italian philosopher, Lawyer, historian, student of ancient Rome, rhetorician • born in Naples, Italy...
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...PHL 1010 Complete Assignments PHL1010 Complete Assignments Click below link for Answers http://workbank247.com/q/phl-1010-complete-assignments/26278 http://workbank247.com/q/phl-1010-complete-assignments/26278 PHL 1010 Unit II Journal Assignment As you journey through this unit, and are honing in on your critical thinking skills, you might have recognized the information regarding the Game Plan. To help in your critical thinking process, the Game Plan, located on pages 38-42 in your textbook, consisting of 10 strategies, was created to help assist you in making critical decisions. One of the 10, Keep an Intellectual Journal, will be the main focus of this assignment, however, other strategies will be included. Throughout the week you are to keep a journal. Within this journal, list at least three situations that have occurred during the week that are emotionally significant to you (meaning things you deeply care about). From your list, accomplish the following, while keeping each situation separate from the rest: 1. Describe each situation and explain why each was important to you. 2. Describe how you behaved, with precise details, in each situation. 3. Formulate at least two questions that ask what was going on during the situation, and explain your answer to each question as a means of self-assessment. 4. Of the nine strategies remaining, remember you are keeping an intellectual journal, choose two and explain how using them will help you in decision making to solve each...
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...|[pic] |Syllabus | | |College of Social Sciences | | |HSM/270 | | |Program Planning and Grant Proposal Writing in Human Services | Copyright © 2009, 2007 by University of Phoenix. All rights reserved. Course Description This course provides practical knowledge in program planning, grant proposal writing, and program evaluation. Students will examine the planning process from conceptualization to implementation and evaluation. Also discussed is how to locate private and public funding for human service programs and agencies. Policies Faculty and students/learners will be held responsible for understanding and adhering to all policies contained within the following two documents: • University policies: You must be logged into the student website to view this document. • Instructor policies: This document is posted in the Course Materials forum. University policies are subject to change. Be sure to read the policies at the beginning of each class. Policies may be slightly different depending...
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...everything on the quiz will derive from this guide. Indeed, you should carefully review the readings for other noteworthy facts, terms, or concepts that you might encounter on the quiz. KEY WORDS Topic selection Ethical behavior Plagiarism General purpose Specific purpose Thesis statement Audience definition Facts Statistics Examples Testimony Analogies Introduction Body Conclusion Language Fillers Stages of speech tension SUMMARY Putting together an effective public speech requires good planning. In order to construct and to deliver such a speech, you should follow an eight-step process. First, decide on a topic. Before choosing a topic, make sure you know the amount of time you have to speak, your level of knowledge about the topic, and the needs of your audience. Second, resolve to demonstrate ethical behavior throughout the process. This requires you to use accurate and current information, to rely on sound reasoning, to present a speech based on your own independent research and views, to cite sources, and to quote and to paraphrase correctly when you present information that is not your own. Third, determine the general purpose, specific purpose, and thesis statement. A speech may have one of three general purposes: to inform, to persuade, or to entertain or inspire. A speech’s specific purpose is an infinitive phrase that explains precisely what you wish to do in the speech. The thesis statement is a single sentence that expresses the central message that you want listeners...
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...(Harper Lee). Every exceptional piece of literature requires certain elements to make it extraordinary; Harper Lee was an amazing writer and portrayed this in her writing. One of her novels, To Kill a Mockingbird, was remarkably well written and expressed itself in a way some novels can’t. Among the many characters found in To Kill a Mockingbird, Scout is my favorite. She is the narrator of the novel, and her point of view can be amusing, but she also shifts your own point of view to consider things from hers. Scout is a young girl who ages from eight to nearly ten throughout the story, and embarks on a journey of adventure and discovery. Scout is a young tomboy who is bursting with curiosity, and always learning something new. Her naivety is amusing and childish and she expresses it frequently. “Miss Caroline, he’s a Cunningham.” (Scout 20). She expects everyone to know everything, often landing herself in awkward situations and receiving punishments for her efforts. Scout unintentionally wraps herself in trouble and always has to find a way out of it...or learn a lesson. This habit of hers is amusing and entertaining to...
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...| Peter F. Drucker is the management scholar. He is thought to be the establishing father of current management. Peter Drucker, whose life crossed the previous century (1909 – 2005), was an exceedingly instructed native of the world: an innovative soul who composed thirty-nine books including numerous fantastic chips away at business management. He was a man of numerous parts: a sharp eyewitness, a long lasting understudy, an educator, mentor of eminent corporate pioneers, and the organizer of an official school in Claremont, California, that bears his name. Peter Ferdinand Drucker was an author, management advisor and college teacher. His written work concentrated on management related writing. Peter Drucker made well known the term information specialist and is thought to have unknowingly introduced the learning economy, which viably challenges Karl Marx's reality perspective of the political economy. George Orwell credits Peter Drucker as one of the main journalists to foresee the German-Soviet Pact of 1939. Much has been said and composed of his accomplishments, but then there is a lesser-known side to Peter Drucker; that other side is the subject of this paper. He was hesitant about his own reasoning of life. He additionally emphatically protested being known as a ‘management master’ – a sobriquet frequently attached to him. As opposed to being a supplier of answers, Drucker constantly remained an examiner: his showing strategy was Socratic. What mattered most was the...
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...Slice of Life A Synthesis Paper on Philosophy and Logic Jonn Denzel V. Ramos BSGE-1E Does God exist? How to build an attractive city? Does life is real or just an imagination? An average person fails to answer these questions objectively, but philosophers have this will on solving these problems. Philosophy and logic are the fundamentals in search for meaning. Philosophers have these skill set which makes them think different from others, which leads and guides them to real and unbiased answer, it is a slice of life where they embrace every single moment they put up time and effort in their search for answer. Long time ago, Ancient Greeks invented philosophy as the way of thinking and asking questions about all things through its ultimate causes. Pre-Socratic Pythagoras coined the word philosophia which means “love of wisdom” or people who are faithful to wisdom as St. Thomas Aquinas called as wise man. Philosophy began to spread throughout the rest of the world, as the knowledge and discipline that engages and sharpens our reasons. There are three components of philosophy, the material object, formal object and natural scope. The material object refers to the subject being observed and finding the root cause on how it exist is its formal object. The natural scope is simply defined as natural reason which philosophers use in search for explanations. Ordinary and profound are two types of knowledge in philosophy. Ordinary knowledge is the foundation or the simplest form...
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