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El Filibusterismo

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ASSIGNMENT
SA
FILIPINO

IPINASA NI:
GLAIZA MAE A. CATAROS
MGA TULA
NG
DAMDAMIN * ODA * DALIT * SONETO * ELEHIYA * AWIT

MANGGAGAWA ni Jose Corazon de Jesus

Bawat palo ng martilyo / sa bakal mong pinapanday alipatong nagtilamsik, / alitaptap sa kadimlan; mga apoy ng pawis mong / sa Bakal ay kumikinang tandang ikaw ang may gawa / nitong buong Santinakpan
Nang tipakin mo ang bato / ay natayo ang katedral, nang pukpukin mo ang tanso / ay umugong ang batingaw nang lutuin mo ang pilak / ang salapi ay lumitaw, si Puhunan ay gawa mo / kaya ngayo'y nagyayabang.
Kung may ilaw na kumisap / ay ilaw ng iyong tadyang, kung may gusaling naangat, / tandang ikaw ang pumasan mula sa duyan ng bata / ay kamay mo ang gumalaw hanggang hukay ay gawa mo / ang kurus na nakalagay.
Kaya ikaw ay marapat / dakilain at itanghal pagkat ikaw ang yumari / nitong buong Kabihasnan.
Bawat patak ng pawis mo'y / yumayari ka ng dangal dinadala mo ang lahi / sa luklukan ng tagumpay.
Mabuhay ka ng buhay na / walang wakas, walang hanggan, at hihinto ang pag-ikot / nitong mundo pag namatay.

Bayan Ko (My Country)
Ang bayan kong Pilipinas
Lupain ng ginto't bulaklak
Pag-ibig na sa kanyang palad
Nag-alay ng ganda't dilag.

At sa kanyang yumi at ganda
Dayuhan ay nahalina
Bayan ko, binihag ka
Nasadlak sa dusa.

Ibon mang may layang lumipad kulungin mo at umiiyak
Bayan pa kayang sakdal dilag
Ang di magnasang makaalpas!

Pilipinas kong minumutya
Pugad ng luha ko't dalita
Aking adhika,
Makita kang sakdal laya.
ANG ALINGAWNGAW NG TARIBONG

Itong munting panalangin
Katarunga’y aming hiling
Salarin ay panagutin.

Ang panaghoy ng damdamin
Mga buhay nang kitilin
Parang hayop ang kahambing.
Sila’y makabagong Cain…

Panginoon, sana’y dinggin
Itong munting panalangin
Katarunga’y aming hiling
Salarin ay panagutin.

HAIKU

Hindi tayo nabubuhay ng ukol sa sarili lang, bahagi ka ng lipunan, na ating kinaaniban.

Unang una ang pamilya ang higit na mahalaga. kasama mo sa tuwi na, kaakibat sa problema.

Ang buhay ay paglalakbay may nais na patunguhan. may malinis may masukal ang ating madadaanan.

O kay sarap o kay tamis ng mabuhay sa daigdig kung masaya ang paligid wala man ding kahulilip.

Ngunit merong dumating dalamhati at hilahil, sakuna at suliranin bahagi ng buhay natin.

At sa atin ngang pagtahak sa buhay na nilalandas may mithiin at pangarap tagumpay na hinahangad.

O kay sarap ng mabuhay dito sa mundong ibabaw. lalo na nga kung may ilan mga piling kaibigan.

Kaya naman dapat sana wag mawalan ng pag asa habang tayoy may buhay pa darating din ang ginhawa.
Soneto I
Bato-bato po sa langit
Ang tamaa’y h’wag magalit.
Kung kaya ikaw’y makinig
At tunghayan itong awit.
Isang araw ay nagpunta
Ka sa isang klinika
At nagbukas ng pahina,
Walang nakita ang mata
Kundi ang akda ng diyos.
Ang dudulas ng taludtod,
Yaong tugma’y maindayog;
At ang sukat ay di kapos.
Tiningala mo ba’ng diyos
O nais ring maging hambog?
Soneto II
Kumpulang nagtipon ang pastol ng diyos,
Ang kunwaring layo’y sumambang malugod-
Walang paki-alam kung anumang handog
Ang maidudulot ng kasamang lipos
Na nangagdalisay ng tanaga’t dalit.
Nahan ka? O, pastol kapag nasa bukid
Itong punong pastol nagtiis nang sakit
Rumurok ang nais at pumasalangit?
Ilang pagsosogang lagi kayong wala?
O nag-aantabay diyos ang magwikang:
Ako ang sundin n’yo! Ako ang bathala!
(Lugmok katamlayan ang pastol-makata.)
Manamba nang labis sa diyus-diyusan,
Ang pinagpastula’y natitigang parang.
Sa dahon na lamang ako’y bubulong

Sa dahon na lamang ako’y bubulong
Napakarami ko nang mga mithiin
Na sa gobyerno’y nabigyang diin
Panunumpa’t garantiya’y lagi na lang naglalaho na parang bula
Sa kariktan ng kanilang mga sumpa ako’y laging nalu-lula
Ang mga politikong laway ang puhunan
At ang mga taong bayan na sa pera’t salita’y nabubulagan,
Sadya ngang ang pagiging pilipino
Ay nakakapanangis, nakakalito
O bayan kong mahal
Na inalisan ng puri’t dangal
Ng iyong mga anak na hangal
Na laging nagdarasal ngunit walang mabubuting asal
PAKIUSAP! Kami’y iyong turuan
At sa batis ng parusa, kami ay paliguan
Nang sa gayo’y iyong katahimikan
At ang iyong malabirheng kagandahan ay muling masilayan…
Nguni’t sa bawat paalam ng araw, at sa bawat pagsilay ng buwan sa kalangitan
Problemang hindi nababawasan na lagi na lamang nadaragdagan
Kaylan pa kaya magkakaroon ng mga kasagutan
Kaylan pa kaya kami magigising sa katotohanan
At nang maamin namin sa aming sarili na “kami talaga ang may kasalanan”
Sa lahat ng mga paghihirap na aming nararanasan
“kami ang may gawa!” kami ang mga taong walang awa!
At sa di na matawaran naming mga gawa:
Sa pagsira ng iyong kalikasan
Sa pagkitil ng napakaraming buhay
Mula sa iba’t ibang angkan
Sa bilyong-bilyon naming mga kasinungalingan
Sa pagnanakaw namin sa taong bayan
Sa pangloloko namin sa aming mga kapatiran
Sa patuloy naming pagpapakain sa mga taong nababalot ng kasakiman
Sa patuloy naming pagbubulag-bulagan sa katotohanan
Sa patuloy naming pagtalikod sa aming mga asawa’t anak sa patuloy naming pagkitil sa buhay ng mga inosenteng paslit sa pagpaparami namin ng angkan kahit na wala nang maisaing sa mga pananapak namin sa mga taong aba sa mga panglilimos namin dahil sa pagkayod ay takot kami sa paghingi namin ng tulong mula sa mga OFW na nagsisikap magtrabaho at sa paghingi namin ng tulong mula sa europa, amerika at ibang bansa na nasa asya
Dasal ko sa maykapal “na sana’y kanya ng bigyan ng katapusan”
Kung kaya ko lang ibalik ang nakaraan
Kung saan, ikaw mahal kong bayan
Ay puno pa ng kasaganahan
At kung kaya ko lang sanang ibalik ang dati mong kariktan
Ang dati mong katahimikan
Ang dati mong kapayapaan
Kung kaya ko lang sana…
Mabuti pa ang hangin
Na sa kapaligira’y dumadaing at nagpaparamdam
Kahit di pa natin ito makita
Emosyon naman nya’y malayang naibabalita
Sapagkat sa kanya’y walang nagbabawal
Sapagkat sa kanya’y walang nanakot
Kung kasing laya lang sana ako ng ulan
Na sa pighati’y nabibigyang daan
Sa pamamagitan ng kanyang mga luha
Upang ang amang araw ay muling maipakita
Kung kasing laya lang sana ako ng mga ibon sa kalangitan
At tinig ko’y napapakinggan tulad nila
Aking gigisingin ang natutulog kung bansa
Kung kasing laya lang sana ako ng tubig sa karagatan,
Sa batis, sa ilog at kalawaan
Ngunit, di naman talaga ako malaya
Tago ng tago na parang daga
Takot na makita
Takot na masaksihan
Takot na masilayan
Bago pa man malunod ang aking puso
Sa malapit nang umapaw na kalungkuta’t hinanakit
Sa dahon ako’y bubulong
At magsusumbong
Sapagka’t sa ganitong paraan lamang
Ako’y di masasaktan ‘nino man
At sa aki’y walang magbabawal
Walang mananakot at mananakit
O dahon, tinig at pagnanangis ko’y pakinggan
Sapagkat sa iyo na lamang ako’y bubulong….
Pakiusap, ako’y iyong pakinggan

Ang Dapat Mabatid ng mga Kababaihan

ITONG kababaihan, na tinitingala noong unang panahon ng mga nabubuhay na mga mamamayan, noong hindi pa naiimbento sa mundong ito ang patriarkismo, ay nabuhay sa lubos na kasaganaan at kaginhawaaan. Kapantay niya ang bawat miyembro ng lipunan at lalung-lalo na ang mga kalalakihan, sila ay nagtatanim at naglilinang ng mga makakain, malabis ang paghihirap ng lahat ng kababaihan, kayat dahil dito'y kababaihan ang sandigan ng tanan. Bata't matanda at sampung mga lalaki ay labis na kinakalinga at pinoprotektahan ng talagang lubusan nitong mga kababaihan.

Lumipas ang mga panahon at naiba na ang sistema ng pamumuhay. Sa pagbabago nilang haharapin na di umano, ang buhay ay aakayin sa lalong kagalingan, at lalong imumulat ang kanilang kaisipan, ang nasabing mamamayan ay nangyaring nalamuyot sa tamis ng kanilang dila sa paghibo. Gayon man, sila'y ipinailalim sa sistema na kinokontrol ng mga kalalakihan na sinasaksihan at pinapagtibay ang kanilang pinagkayarian sa pamamagitan ng mga batas na mas pabor ng lubusan sa kani-kanilang mga karera, at yao'y ipinahayag at ipinatupad nilang tanan, tanda ng tunay at lubos na pagdomina na hindi matitibag sa lipunan. Ito'y siyang tinatawag na “The Urban Revolution: Origins of Patriarchy” ng manunulat na si Gerda Lerner at ni Elise Boulding na tinatalakay ng artikulo niya sa “Women and the Agricultural Revolution.”

Buhat nang ito'y mangyari ay bumibilang na ngayon sa dalawang libong taon mahigit na ang lahi ni Adan ay ating binubuhay sa lubos na kasaganaan; ating pinagtatamasa at binubusog, kahit abutin natin ang kasalatan at kadayukdukan. Ginugugol natin ang oras, dugo at sampu ng buhay sa paglilingkod sa kanila; kinakahamok natin sampu ng tunay na mga babae na ayaw pumayag na sa kanila ay paalipin, at gayon din naman nakipagbaka tayo sa mga babaeng palaban at mga matitigas ang ulo na nagbalak na umagaw sa kanila nitong kapangyarihan.

Ngayon, sa lahat ng ito, ano ang sa mga ginawa nating paggugugol ang nakikitang kaginhawahang ibinigay sa ating kababaihan? Ano ang nakikita nating pagtupad sa kanilang kapangakuan na siyang naging dahilan ng ating paggugugol? Wala kundi pawang kataksilan ang ganti sa ating mga pagpapala. At ang mga pagtupad sa kanilang ipinangakong tayo ay lalong gigisingin sa kagalingan? Bagkus tayo'y binulag, inihawa tayo sa kanilang hamak na asal, pinilit na sinira ang mahal at mahusay na kagalingan ng ating pagkababae. Iminulat tayo sa isang maling kamalayan at isinadlak sa lubak ng kasamaan ang kapurihan ng ating pagkababae.

At kung tayo'y mangahas humingi ng kahit gabahid na pantay na pagtrato, ang nagiging kasagutan ay ang tayo'y maliitin at pigilan sa pagkamit ng ating inaasam na mga mithiin, karanasan at karunungan. Ang bawat isang himutok na pumulas sa ating dibdib ay itinuturing na isang balighong paratang at karakarakang nilalapatan ng huwad na katwiran.

Ngayon, wala nang maituturing na pagkakapantay-pantay sa ating pamayanan. Ngayon, lagi nang ginagambala ang ating pamumuhay ng umaalingawngaw na daing at pananambitan, buntong-hininga at hinagpis ng kababaihan na ulila, balo't mga magulang ng mga kababayang binulag ng mga mapanlinlang na idealismo ng patriarkismo.

Ngayon, tayo'y malulunod na sa nagbabahang luha ng kababaihan sa ipinagkait na oportunidad ng pag-unlad, sa pagnanangis ng kababaihan na minamaliit ng lipunan, na ang bawat patak ay katulad ng isang kumukulong tingga na sumasalang sa mahapding sugat ng ating minapulang katauhan. Ngayon, lalo't lalo tayong nabibilibiran ng tanikalang nakalalait sa bawat babaeng may natatabunang kakayanan.

Ano ang nararapat nating gawin?

Ang araw ng katwiran na sumisikat sa Silanganan ay malinaw na itinuturo sa ating mga matang malaong nabulagan ang landas na dapat nating tunguhin. Ang liwanag niya'y tanglaw sa ating mga mata upang makita natin ang mga piring na nagsabog ng dilim na nagdulot sa kababaihan ng mga labis na kahirapan.

Itinuturo ng katwiran na wala tayong iba pang maaantay kundi lalo't lalong panlilinlang, lalo't lalong kataksilan, lalo't lalong kaalipustaan, at lalo't lalong kaalipinan.

Itinuturo ng katwiran na huwag nating sayangin ang panahon sa pag-asa sa ipinangakong kaginhawahan na hindi darating at hindi mangyayari.

Itinuturo ng katwiran na tayo'y umasa sa ating sarili at huwag antayin sa iba ang ating kinabukasan.

Itinuturo ng katwiran na tayo'y magkaisang-loob, magkaisang-isip at akala, at tayo'y magkalakas na maihanap ng lunas ang naghaharing patriarkismo sa ating lipunan.

Panahon na ngayong dapat na lumitaw ang galing ng kababaihan.

Panahon nang dapat nating ipakilala na tayo'y may angking kakayanan, may puri, may katalusan at pagdadamayan.

Ngayon, panahon nang dapat simulan ang pagsisiwalat ng mga mahal at dakilang aral na magwawasak sa masinsing tabing na bumubulag sa ating kaisipan. Panahon na ngayong dapat makilala ng mga kababaihan ang kakayanan ng kanilang mga pagkababae. Araw na itong dapat kilalanin na sa bawat pagpapaubaya natin ay tumutuntong tayo at nabibingit sa malalim na hukay ng panlilinlang na sa atin ay inuumang ng mga patriarkal na idealismo.

Kaya, O mga kababaihan! Ating idilat ang nabulag na kaisipan, at kusang igugol sa kagalingan ang ating lakas sa tunay at lubos na pag-asa na magtagumpay sa minimithing pagkakapantay-pantay ng bawat kababaihan.

ANG AWIT NI MARIA CLARA
Walang kasintamis ang mga sandali sa sariling bayan,
Doon sa ang lahat ay pinagpapala ng halik ng araw,
May buhay na dulot ang mahinhing simoy na galing sa parang.
Pagsinta’y matimyas, at napakatamis ng kamatayan man.
Maapoy na halik, ang idinarampi ng labi ng ina
Paggising ng sanggol sa kanyang kandungan na walang balisa,
Pagkawit sa leeg ng bisig na sabik pa-uumaga na,
Matang manininging ay nangakangiti’t pupos ng ligaya.
Mamatay ay langit kung dahil sa ating lupang tinubuan,
Doon sa ang lahat ay pinagpapala ng halik ng araw,
Ang mahinhing simoy na galing sa bukid ay lubhang mapanglaw
Sa wala nang ina, wala nang tahana’t walang nagmamahal
Kundiman
Tunay ngayong umid yaring dila’t puso
Sinta’y umiilag, tuwa’y lumalayo,
Bayan palibhasa’y lupig at sumuko
Sa kapabayaan ng nagturong puno.
Datapuwa’t muling sisikat ang araw,
Pilit maliligtas ang inaping bayan,
Magbabalik mandin at muling iiral
Ang ngalang Tagalog sa sandaigdigan.
Ibubuhos namin ang dugo’t babaha
Matubos nga lamang ang sa amang lupa
Habang di ninilang panahong tadhana,
Sinta’y tatahimik, iidlip ang nasa.

Awit Ng Manlalakbay ni Jose Rizal
Kagaya ng dahong nalanta, nalagas,
Sinisiklut-siklot ng hanging marahas;
Abang manlalakbay ay wala nang liyag,
Layuin, kalulwa’t bayang matatawag.
Hinahabul-habol yaong kapalarang
Mailap at hindi masunggab-sunggaban;
Magandang pag-asa’y kung nanlalabo man,
Siya’y patuloy ring patungo kung saan!
Sa udyok ng hindi nakikitang lakas,
Silanga’t Kanlura’y kanyang nililipad,
Mga minamahal ay napapangarap,
Gayon din ang araw ng pamamanatag.
Sa pusod ng isang disyertong mapanglaw,
Siya’y maaaring doon na mamatay,
Limot ng daigdig at sariling bayan,
Kamtan nawa niya ang kapayapaan!
Dami ng sa kanya ay nangaiinggit,
Ibong naglalakaby sa buong daigdig,
Hindi nila tanto ang laki ng hapis
Na sa kanyang puso ay lumiligalig.
Kung sa mga tanging minahal sa buhay
Siya’y magbalik pa pagdating ng araw,
Makikita niya’y mga guho lamang
At puntod ng kanyang mga kaibigan.
Abang manlalakbay! Huwag nang magbalik,
Sa sariling baya’y wala kang katalik;
Bayaang ang puso ng iba’y umawit,
Lumaboy kang muli sa buong daigdig.
Abang manlalakbay! Bakit babalik pa?
Ang luhang inyukol sa iyo’y tuyo na;
Abang manlalakbay! Limutin ang dusa,
Sa hapis ng tao, mundo’y nagtatawa.

PASALAYSAY
AGYU (Epiko ng mga Ilianon)
Ang pangunahing pinanggagalingan ng kabuhayan ng mga Ilianon ay pangongolekta ng sera. Ipinapalit nila ang sera sa mga Moro, sa kanilang mga pangunahing pangangailangan tulad ng palay, asin at asukal. Nagkaroon ng di pagkakaunawaan si Agyu at ang datu ng mga Moro dahil sa pagkakautang nila ng isang daang tambak ng sera. Upang maiwasan ang madugong labanan, si Agyu at ang kaniyang pamilya ay umalis sa Ayuman at pumunta ng Ilian. Ngunit hindi hahayaan ng mga Moro na mamuhay sila ng payapa. Sinundan nila ang mga ito upang patayin siya at ang kanyang pamilya. Lumaban si Agyu at ang kanyang pamilya ng buong tapang at lumabas na panalo sa laban sa mga Moro. Pagkatapos ng tagumpay ay naisip ni Agyu na lisanin ang Ilian at pumunta ng Bundok ng Pinamatun. Doon ay nagtayo sila ng mga bahay sa paanan ng bundok.
Isang araw ay pumunta si Agyu sa bundok ng Sandawa upang manghuli ng baboy ramo. Umuwi siya na dala ang kanyang huli habang ang kanyang kapatid na lalaki na si Lono at mga kapatid na babaing sina Yambungan at Ikwagan ay nakahanap ng pulot pukyutan. Hinati nila ang baboy ramo at pulot pukyutan sa kanila at sa kanilang mga alipin.

Bakit ayaw mong kumuha ng karne at pulot para sa iyo, at sa iyong asawa sa Ayuman, Banlak? tanong ni Agyu sa kanyang kapatid na lalaki. Ang asawa ni Banlak na si Mungan ay naiwan sa Ayuman sapagkat nagkaroon ito ng ketong.

Hindi pumayag si Banlak sa ideya. Nagboluntaryo na lamang si Lona na pumunta sa Ayuman dala ang karne at pulot para kay Mungan. Nang makarinig siya ng malakas na boses na nagsasabl kay Mungan na tanggapin na ang imortalidad sa pamamagitan ng pagkain ng pagkain ng mga diyos.

Nang bumalik si Lono sa Panamutan, sinabi niya kay Agyu at Banlak kung ano ang narinig. Nais ni Banlak na makita si Mungan ngunit pinigilan sila ni Agyu. Bagkus ay binagtas ni Agyu ang daan pababa ng Ayuman upang makita si Mungan ngunit huli na ang lahat. Pumunta na si Mungan sa langit. Ang natira lamang ay isang gintong bahay. At nang bumalik siya sa Pinamutan, iniwan nilang muli ang lugar at nagpunta sa Tigyangdang. Ngunit hindi nila nakita ang kapayapaan sa Tigyangdang. Napakaraming kaaway ang nagpapaalis sa kanila sa Tigyangdang. At kahit anong gawin nila ay hindi nila matalo ang kalaban.

Nang dumating ang pang-apat na araw ng pakikipaglaban ay lumapit ang kanyang binatang anak na si Tanagyaw.

Payagan mo akong lumaban, ama, sabi niya.

Ngunit napakabata mo pa, anak, sinabi niya rito.

Marahil nga ay bata ako ngunit ako ay matalino, ama, pilit ni Tanagyaw.

Humayo ka at nawa ay tulungan ka ng mga diyos. Ingatan mo ang sarili mo!

At umalis na si Tanagyaw upang pumunta sa labanan. At natalo niya ang mga kalaban.

Nais ng pinuno ng mga kalaban na makasal si Tanagyaw sa anak nitong babae na si Buy-anon ngunit tumanggi ito dahil napakabata a nila

Sa Dalampasigan ni Teodoro A. Agoncillo

I.
O mumunting alon!
Buhat sa magalas na batong tuntungan,
Namamalas kitang tumatakbo-takbo’t sumasayaw-sayaw
Bago ka humalik sa dalampasigan.
Sa sinasayaw-sayaw, sa tinakbu-takbo ikaw ay kundimang
Namadmad sa labi ng isang kariktan!
Sa sinayaw-sayaw at hinalik-halik sa aking paanan,
Titik kang masigla ng luma ng talindaw.
O mumunting alon! Buhat sa magalas na aking tapakan,
Ikaw ay piraso’t nagkadurog-durog na sultanang buwan!

II
Buhat sa malayo,
Ikaw’y dambuhalang busilak ng bagwis,
Na kung ibuka mo’y parang niwawalat ang pinto ng langit,
Sa pananambulat ng iyong tilamsik
Ay nasaksihan ko ang pagkadurog-durog ng mga daigdig!
Habang sa malayo ikaw ay mabagsik,
Maamung-maamo, mayuming-mayumi ikaw kung lumapit!
Sa buhanging tuyo’t may kislap na init,
Marahang-mabining idinarampi mo ang wagas na halik!

III
Lumapit-lumayo
Ay pinapawi mo ang kayraming bakas
Na sa buhangina’y limbag na balita ng gabing lumipas,
Aywan kung ang mga magkatabing yapak
Ay pinawi mo rin sa bisa ng iyong pagliyag
Kung magkagayon man, nais kong isulat
Na “ibig ko na ring ako’y maging isang dagat na malawak;
Ako, sa ganito, ay magkakapalad
Maging kahalikan ng tuyong buhangin sa tabi ng dagat!
Sa ganya’y lagi nang mayroong kabulungan at kayakap-yakap!”

IV
At ang mga bulong
Sa aki’y di ingay kundi mga awit
Ng pag-aanasan at pagsusumpaan ng lupa at tubig!
At sa paanan ko kung aking mamasid
Ang paghahabulan ng along animo’y kumakabang dibdib
Ng isang dalagang bago pang ninibig
Nais kong mawala, matunaw at muling iluwal ng langit,
Nang di ko madama yaring tinitiis!
Sa aki’y di ingay ang naririnig ko- kundi mga tinig
Niring kaluluwang di man lumuluha’y may piping hinagpis!

TULANG
PANDULAAN

The Passion of the Christ
CHAPTER 26
Then cometh JESUS with them unto a place called GETHSEMANE.
JESUS
Sit ye here, while I go and pray yonder.
And he took with him PETER and the two sons of ZEBEDEE, and began to be sorrowful and very heavy.
JESUS
My soul is exceeding sorrowful, even unto death: tarry ye here, and watch with me.
And he went a little further, and fell on his face, and prayed.
JESUS
O my Father, if it be possible, let this cup pass from me: nevertheless not as I will, but as thou wilt.
And he cometh unto the disciples, and findeth them asleep.
JESUS
What, could ye not watch with me one hour? Watch and pray, that ye enter not into temptation: the spirit indeed is willing, but the flesh is weak.
He went away again the second time, and prayed.
JESUS
O my Father, if this cup may not pass away from me, except I drink it, thy will be done.
And he came and found them asleep again: for their eyes were heavy. And he left them, and went away again, and prayed the third time, saying the same words. Then cometh he to his disciples.
JESUS
Sleep on now, and take your rest: behold, the hour is at hand, and the Son of man is betrayed into the hands of sinners. Rise, let us be going: behold, he is at hand that doth betray me.
And while he yet spake, lo, JUDAS, one of the twelve, came, and with him a great multitude with swords and staves, from the chief priests and elders of the people. Now he that betrayed him gave them a sign, saying, Whomsoever I shall kiss, that same is he: hold him fast. And forthwith he came to JESUS.
JUDAS
(kissing him)
Hail, Master.
JESUS
Friend, wherefore art thou come?
Then came they, and laid hands on Jesus, and took him. And, behold, one of them which were with JESUS stretched out his hand, and drew his sword, and struck a servant of the high priest’s, and smote off his ear.
JESUS
Put up again thy sword into his place: for all they that take the sword shall perish with the sword. Thinkest thou that I cannot now pray to my Father, and he shall presently give me more than twelve legions of angels? But how then shall the scriptures be fulfilled, that thus it must be?
In that same hour said JESUS to the multitudes…
JESUS (V.O.)
Are ye come out as against a thief with swords and staves for to take me? I sat daily with you teaching in the temple, and ye laid no hold on me.
But all this was done, that the scriptures of the prophets might be fulfilled. Then all the disciples forsook him, and fled. And they that had laid hold on Jesus led him away to Caiaphas the high priest, where the scribes and the elders were assembled. But Peter followed him afar off unto the high priest’s palace, and went in, and sat with the servants, to see the end.
Now the chief priests, and elders, and all the council, sought false witness against Jesus, to put him to death;
But found none: yea, though many false witnesses came, yet found they none. At the last came two false witnesses,
FALSE WITNESSES
This fellow said, I am able to destroy the temple of God, and to build it in three days.
And the high priest arose
HIGH PRIEST
Answerest thou nothing? what is it which these witness against thee?
But Jesus held his peace. And the high priest answered.
HIGH PRIEST
I adjure thee by the living God, that thou tell us whether thou be the Christ, the Son of God.
JESUS
Thou hast said: nevertheless I say unto you, Hereafter shall ye see the Son of man sitting on the right hand of power, and coming in the clouds of heaven.
HIGH PRIEST
(renting his clothes)
He hath spoken blasphemy; what further need have we of witnesses? behold, now ye have heard his blasphemy. What think ye?
EVERYONE ELSE
He is guilty of death.
Then did they spit in his face, and buffeted him; and others smote him with the palms of their hands,
EVERYONE ELSE
Prophesy unto us, thou Christ, Who is he that smote thee?
Now Peter sat without in the palace: and a damsel came unto him
DAMSEL
Thou also wast with Jesus of Galilee.
But he denied before them all
PETER
I know not what thou sayest.
And when he was gone out into the porch, another maid saw him
MAID
This fellow was also with Jesus of Nazareth.
PETER
I do not know the man.
And after a while came unto him they that stood by
THEY THAT STOOD BY
Surely thou also art one of them; for thy speech bewrayeth thee.
PETER
(cursing and swearing)
I know not the man.
COCK
Crow.
And Peter remembered the word of Jesus
JESUS (V.O.)
Before the cock crow, thou shalt deny me thrice.
And he went out, and wept bitterly.
EXT. CHAPTER 27
When the morning was come, all the chief priests and elders of the people took counsel against Jesus to put him to death: And when they had bound him, they led him away, and delivered him to Pontius Pilate the governor. Then Judas, which had betrayed him, when he saw that he was condemned, repented himself, and brought again the thirty pieces of silver to the chief priests and elders,
JUDAS
I have sinned in that I have betrayed the innocent blood.
PRIESTS
What is that to us? see thou to that.
And he cast down the pieces of silver in the temple, and departed, and went and hanged himself. And the chief priests took the silver pieces
PRIESTS
It is not lawful for to put them into the treasury, because it is the price of blood.
And they took counsel, and bought with them the potter’s field, to bury strangers in. Wherefore that field was called, The field of blood, unto this day.
Then was fulfilled that which was spoken by Jeremy the prophet..
JEREMY THE PROPHET (V.O.)
And they took the thirty pieces of silver, the price of him that was valued, whom they of the children of Israel did value; And gave them for the potter’s field, as the Lord appointed me.
And Jesus stood before the governor.
PONTIUS PILATE
Art thou the King of the Jews?
JESUS
Thou sayest.
And when he was accused of the chief priests and elders, he answered nothing.
PONTIUS PILATE
Hearest thou not how many things they witness against thee?
And he answered him to never a word; insomuch that the governor marvelled greatly. Now at that feast the governor was wont to release unto the people a prisoner, whom they would. And they had then a notable prisoner, called Barabbas.
PONTIUS PILATE
(unto the people)
Whom will ye that I release unto you? Barabbas, or Jesus which is called Christ?
For he knew that for envy they had delivered him. When he was set down on the judgment seat, his wife sent unto him,
PILATE’S WIFE
Have thou nothing to do with that just man: for I have suffered many things this day in a dream because of him.
But the chief priests and elders persuaded the multitude that they should ask Barabbas, and destroy Jesus.
PONTIUS PILATE
Whether of the twain will ye that I release unto you?
THE PEOPLE
Barabbas!
PONTIUS PILATE
What shall I do then with Jesus which is called Christ?
THE PEOPLE
Let him be crucified.
PONTIUS PILATE
Why, what evil hath he done?
THE PEOPLE
Let him be crucified!
When Pilate saw that he could prevail nothing, but that rather a tumult was made, he took water, and washed his hands before the multitude.
PONTIUS PILATE
I am innocent of the blood of this just person: see ye to it.
THE PEOPLE
His blood be on us, and on our children.
Then released he Barabbas unto them: and when he had scourged Jesus, he delivered him to be crucified. Then the soldiers of the governor took Jesus into the common hall, and gathered unto him the whole band of soldiers. And they stripped him, and put on him a scarlet robe. And when they had platted a crown of thorns, they put it upon his head, and a reed in his right hand: and they bowed the knee before him, and mocked him
SOLDIERS
Hail, King of the Jews!
And they spit upon him, and took the reed, and smote him on the head. And after that they had mocked him, they took the robe off from him, and put his own raiment on him, and led him away to crucify him. And as they came out, they found a man of Cyrene, Simon by name: him they compelled to bear his cross. And when they were come unto a place called Golgotha, that is to say, a place of a skull, They gave him vinegar to drink mingled with gall: and when he had tasted thereof, he would not drink. And they crucified him, and parted his garments, casting lots: that it might be fulfilled which was spoken by the prophet, They parted my garments among them, and upon my vesture did they cast lots. And sitting down they watched him there; And set up over his head his accusation written, THIS IS JESUS THE KING OF THE JEWS.
Then were there two thieves crucified with him, one on the right hand, and another on the left. And they that passed by reviled him, wagging their heads
THIEVES
Thou that destroyest the temple, and buildest it in three days, save thyself. If thou be the Son of God, come down from the cross.
CHIEF PRIESTS
He saved others; himself he cannot save. If he be the King of Israel, let him now come down from the cross, and we will believe him. He trusted in God; let him deliver him now, if he will have him: for he said, I am the Son of God.
The thieves also, which were crucified with him, cast the same in his teeth. Now from the sixth hour there was darkness over all the land unto the ninth hour.
JESUS
My God, my God, why hast thou forsaken me?
SPECTATORS
This man calleth for Elias.
And straightway one of them ran, and took a spunge, and filled it with vinegar, and put it on a reed, and gave him to drink.
THE REST
Let us see whether Elias will come to save him.
Jesus, when he had cried again with a loud voice, yielded up the ghost. And, behold, the veil of the temple was rent in twain from the top to the bottom; and the earth did quake, and the rocks rent; And the graves were opened; and many bodies of the saints which slept arose, And came out of the graves after his resurrection, and went into the holy city, and appeared unto many.
Now when the centurion, and they that were with him, watching Jesus, saw the earthquake, and those things that were done, they feared greatly.
CENTURION
Truly this was the Son of God.
The AUDIENCE sat in silenced awe for a moment, and when they spoke, they sayeth unto each other,
AUDIENCE
Jesus Christ, how could a movie that claims to be about love and hope be so entirely devoid of anything Jesus actually said? Are we just supposed to confuse a visceral reaction to violent imagery with a sense of inspiration?
They DO.
END

TULANG
PATNIGAN

Dapat Ba O Hindi Dapat Ipatupad ang K+12 Policy sa Pilipinas? nina Vanessa Lee at Marl Yjuv Toquero
Lakandiwa:
Magandang umaga mga Binibini at Ginoo,
Ako po’y nagaagalak makaharap kayo.
Isang makabuluhang pagtatalo ating matutunghayan.,
Pagtatalong pwedeng magbigay liwanag sa ating bayan.
Noong umupo bilang bagong pinuno, bilang isang pangulo.
Ang napasikat at napakadilaw na Noynoy Aquino.
Sari-saring batikos binato sa kanya,
Batikos na sadyang minulat ang ating isip at mga mata.
Ang K+12 Policy ating paksa,
Paksang ukol sa edukasyon ng ating bansa.
Ang high school raw ay dagdagan ng dalawang taon,
Ang K naman ay para sa kinder institutionalization.
Ngayon ating dinggin ang babaeng malakas ang dating,
Ang babaeng galing Korea na kinasal sa isang Pilipino,
Ang babaeng nangangalan ay Nesa,
Na tutupad sa repormang edukasyon.
Palakpakan natin siya,
Pakinggan at intindihin si Binibing Vanesa.
Vanesa:
Ako’y kinikilala bilang boss ng DepEd,
Pilipinong buong buo sa dugo, puso’t isipan.
Ang pangalan ko ay Vanesa Lee Roque,
Narito ako para bigyang tamang pag-unawa ang proyekto ng gobyerno.
Isa munang paglilinaw bago po magkagulo ang lahat,
Sana’y makinig kayo.
Ang K+12 project ay platapormang tungo sa pagbabago,
Pagbabago para sa ating bansang nangangailangan.
Upang ang edukasyon ng Pilipinas ay malinang.
The fruit of this change will benefit the next generation,
On behalf of the government, I speak to erase the misconceptions.
Yjuv:
Salamat sa unang pananalita, Binibining Roque.
Ngunit sayo’y may kokontra,
Ang lalaking to,
Ay si Yjuv Toquero.
Ginoong galing probinsya, ginoong akibista.
Ako po si Yjuv Toquero,
Sa usapin ng K+12, tutol ako.
Sapagkat ang programang sadyang ay hindi
“Ang tanging solusyon t’wina sa edukasyon”
Problema ng ating bansa.
Vanesa:
Ang edukasyon ay para sa lahat,
Ito’y aming tutuparin na tapat
Bibigyan pangarap ang bawat Pilipinong bata,
Para sa kinabukasang walang problema
Tulad ng Europe, East Asia, Amerika at iba pa,
Ang total number of years ng primary education ay dapat labindalawa
Oras na ng pagbabago,
Pilipinas nalang ang inaantay ng mundo
Yjuv:
Ako po’y lumaki sa probinsya,
Probinsyang dukha.
Nanay ko, tatay ko, magsasaka.
Sapat na kita nila,
Upang kami’y makatuka.
Pagdadagdagan pa ng dalawang taon,
Naku! Tuition fee ko!
Paghihirap nila madagdagan pa.
Isipin mo, ang dalawang taon na iyon,
Pwede nang dalawang tao sa kolehiyo ngayon.
Ang K+12 ay magastos sa parte ng gobyerno,
At lalong mas magastos sa parte ng pamilya ko.
Vanesa:
Ang edukasyon ay isang investment.
Investment sa mga anak nating magiging doctor, abogado, teacher, nars, pati seargent,
Kung ikaw nasasayangan para sa magiging produkto na ang mga magulang din ang makikinabangan,
H’wag ka nalang mag-aral!
Ang proyektong to’y para sa kabubuti ng bansa.
Batay sa pag-aaral, lagpak ang Pinas sa Math at Science
Dahil kulang sa pagsasanay at aplikasyon mga guro
Kailangan i-angat ang Pilipinas! Oo, i-angat natin to!
Yjuv:
Mga kaibigan, h’wag kayong magpabulag sa kaibigan kong duwag!
Ako’y paniwalaan, na K+12 ay hindi lamang ang solusyon sa edukasyon ng ating bayan.
Gobyerno’y sana’y mas paigtingin,
Ang problema sa kaledad ng mga guro natin.
Isipin mo to Madame Koreana,
Sige mag-aral ka nga mahabang panahon.
Ngunit guro mo ay hindi trained at incompetitive,
Haha…ang K+12 ay di napapanahon!
Vanesa:
Ano ba silbi ng high school diploma?
Bumabata ang ating workforce, nakakahiya naman.
Ang bansa ay nangangailangan ng skilled workers! Hindi mga batang nagtratrabaho.
They belong to the classrooms studying and exploring the world,
At hindi sinasayang ang talino.
Maawa naman po tayo sakanila.
Ganap na propesyonal, sila’y hindi pa.
Yjuv:
Papabulaanan ko ‘yang mga binaggit mo.
Ako’y babalik sa konsepto ng “kalidad” ng edukasyon rito.
Di mo ba alam na tataas ang drop out rates kapag tinupad ang K+12?
Tignan mo, gumawa pa ng mas malaking problema ang policy!
Isa pa, alam mo bang kulang ang mga silid, upuan, at eskwelahan?
Ang K+12 mo rin ba ay kayang resolbahin ang problema sa kakulangan ng libro
O K+12 lang ba ang talaga ay kabaliwan ng gobyerno?
At alam mo binibini, h’wag mo na ipagpilitan,
K+12, walang silbi yan.
Isipin mo, ano nga ba ang problema,
Kung bakit sistema ng edukasyon natin sabog sabog na,
Korupsyon ang dahilan, wala ng iba!
Korupsyon dahil sa kasakiman,
At katakawan sa kapangyarihan!
Vanesa:
Bakit kaya’y lumalayo ang aking kausap sa pinag-uusapan?
Edukasyon ang pinag-uusapan natin dito
Hindi ang korupsyon na pinagsasabi mo
Ang dami mong alam
Maghugas ka na lang ng pinggan!
Heto na lang, ipapakita ko sa’yo kung bakit natin kailangan itupad ang K+12.
Di na tumatanggap ng mga Pilipino ang European nation,
Dahil sa kababahan ng sistema ng ating edukasyon.
Nahihirapan ang mga nanay at tatay kumayod sa ibang bansa.
Ang mga Pinoy na matatalino,
Nagpapakababa’t minsay binobobo.
Ang mga doktor dito ay nagiging nars lamang,
Maging midwife kulang nalang
Ang mga guro ay nawawalan ng dignidad
At buhay nila’y may pait,
Sapagkat silay nagpupunas lamang ng mga p’wet ng mga batang singkit!
Ang mundo ay nagbabago na,
Globalisasyon nasa harap na ng lahat,
Makibagay, makiuso, sumunod iyon ang dapat
Mahirap ang daan tungo sa pagbabago
Ngunit magiging maganda din ang bunga nito.
H’wag nating isara ang ating kaisipan at tayo’y magpakatino,
Gumawa tayo ng paraan upang making din sa sinasabi ng gobyerno.
Ang edukasyon ay dapat para sa lahat.
Baguhin ang sistema, maging internationally competitive,
Ito ang dapat.
Yjuv:
Mga kaibigan ko inyong natunghayan,
Ang debate namin ni binibining Koreana.
Ang sa’kin lang po,
Huwag magpapabulag sa mga programang ‘di naman totoong kailangan.
K+12 andaming loopholes, andaming problema.
Sa K+12 uunlad ba talaga edukasyon sa ating bansa?
Pag-isipan natin ng mabuti, kabayan.
Lakandiwa:
Mga kaibigan, K+12 nga ba ay solusyon
Sa problema ng edukasyon?
Mga kaibigan, ating isasara ang balagtasan na makabuluhan,
Ang balagtasang kailangan.

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...CHAPTER 19: EL FILIBUSTERISMO PUBLISHED IN GHENT I. PRIVATIONS IN GHENT a. Reasons for moving to Ghent i. Cost of printing in Ghent was cheaper than in Brussels ii. To escape from the enticing attraction of Petite Suzanne II. PRINTING OF EL FILIBUSTERISMO a. He pawned his jewels in order to pay the down payment and the early partial payments during the printing of the novel III. VENTURA, SAVIOR OF FILI a. Valentine Ventura in Paris learned of Rizal’s predicament and immediately sent him the necessary funds b. With his financial aid, the printing of the Fili was resumed IV. THE FILI COMES OFF THE PRESS V. DEDICATED TO GOM-BUR-ZA VI. SYNOPSIS OF EL FILIBUSTERISMO a. This novel is a sequel to the Noli i. It has little humor, less idealism, and less romance than the Noli Me Tangere ii. It is more revolutionary, more tragic than the first novel b. Simoun i. The hero of the novel and is a rich jeweler 1. He was Ibarra of the Noli ii. He fled to Cuba where he became rich and befriended many Spanish officials 1. He returns to the Philippines where he freely moved around 2. He is a powerful figure not only because he is a rich jeweler, but also because he is a good friend and adviser of the governor-general. iii. He is secretly cherishing a terrible revenge against the Spanish authorities 1. 2 magnificent obsessions are: a. Rescue Maria Clara from the nunnery...

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El Filibusterismo

...El Filibusterismo SUMMARY OF THE BOOK The story started in a journey in Tabo ship between Manila and Laguna. One of the travellers is Simoun who is no other than Ibarra, the poet Isagani, and Basilio. Basilio, who is now a grown-up bachelor was only 10 years old when we read his story in Noli Me Tangere. Therefore, 13 years had passed since Elias and Sisa died. Basilio reached San Diego and in a historical event he met Simon when Basilio visited the place where his mother was buried which was inside the burial place of the Ibarra’s. He learned that Simon was Ibarra in disguise; and for this secret not to be told, Simon attempted to kill Basilio. But he was able to control himself and he just persuaded Basilio to join his cause to revolt against Spanish regime in the Philippines. Basilio refused because he wanted to finish his studies. While the Kapitan Heneral was having a good time in Los Banos, Filipino students laid a plea to his majesty (Kap. Heneral) for him to establish an academy of Spanish language. This appeal was not approved, as what the students wished, because they learned that the priests are going to manage the the academy, and the students will be just the followers of the priests. When that happens, they will have no rights to whatever they want for the academy. While this was happening, Simon met up with Basilio at persuaded him again to join his cause to revolt and head a group that break into the convent of Santa Clara to get Maria Clara. But the...

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Rizal Law

...WRITINGS OF JOSE RIZAL, PARTICULARLY HIS NOVELS NOLI ME TANGERE AND EL FILIBUSTERISMO, AUTHORIZING THE PRINTING AND DISTRIBUTION THEREOF, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES. WHEREAS, today, more than any other period of our history, there is a need for a re-dedication to the ideals of freedom and nationalism for which our heroes lived and died; WHEREAS, it is meet that in honoring them, particularly the national hero and patriot, Jose Rizal, we remember with special fondness and devotion their lives and works that have shaped the national character; WHEREAS, the life, works and writing of Jose Rizal, particularly his novels Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo, are a constant and inspiring source of patriotism with which the minds of the youth, especially during their formative and decisive years in school, should be suffused; WHEREAS, all educational institutions are under the supervision of, and subject to regulation by the State, and all schools are enjoined to develop moral character, personal discipline, civic conscience and to teach the duties of citizenship; Now, therefore, SECTION 1. Courses on the life, works and writings of Jose Rizal, particularly his novel Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo, shall be included in the curricula of all schools, colleges and universities, public or private: Provided, That in the collegiate courses, the original or unexpurgated editions of the Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo or their English translation shall be used as basic texts. The...

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El Fili

...religious group and the justice implements in our country during the time of Spaniard colony. The whole time that I watch I feel blessed and proud for being one of the Filipino because we Filipinos fight for freedom in a good and nice way. We fight even we don’t have strong weapon to fight Spaniards army. I believed that the hero of El Filibusterismo is a rich jeweler named Simoun. He was Crisostomo Ibarra of the Noli Metangere. One good thing I saw in the play was that, it did not only show simoun’s (Jose Rizal) strong or positive points but his weaknesses and personal struggles also. It only shows that no man is perfect as was our national hero. However, this does not degrade his personality and character. Instead, it strengthens even more the views that Dr. Jose Rizal understood and had a good heart for his fellow countrymen. The impact of El Filibusterismo is to awaken the eyes of the Filipinos, to make revenge against the Spaniards, it just for peace and to get back the freedom. To show how Spaniards abused Filipinos. How the government system affects our lives. How religious groups used their power to manipulate Filipinos. Also El Filibusterismo makes the Filipinos became desperate and fight against the hatred Spanish authorities and to encourage...

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An Analysis of “Noli Me Tangere” Using the Marxist Approach

...Tangere? | * To identify the themes underlying in Noli Me Tangere | Formalism | | | * Freedom from Spain * Social Climbers * Abusive Power * Family Devotion * Self-sacrifice * Patriotism | The novel illustrates the face of the Philippine society and government during the Spanish times. | Title of the Essay/ Article/ Book/ Crtique ReviewAuthor/ CriticDate Published | Unit of Analysis | Literary Research Questions | Objectives | Approach/ Methodology/ Theory | Assumptions | Methods of Analysis/ Procedures | Important Results/ Findings | Conclusions | Comparative Analysis of Noli Me Tangere and El FilibusterismBleasy CepedaAugust 22, 2014 | Noli Me Tangere | * What are some of the similarities and differences of Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo? | * To identify some some of the similarities and differences of Noli Me Tangere and El...

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Noli Me Tángere Term Paper

...José Rizal, a Filipino nationalist and medical doctor, conceived the idea of writing a novel that would expose the ills of Philippine society after reading Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin. He preferred that the prospective novel express the way Filipino culture was backward, anti-progress, anti-intellectual, and not conducive to the ideals of the Age of Enlightenment. He was then a student of medicine in the Universidad Central de Madrid. In a reunion of Filipinos at the house of his friend Pedro A. Paterno in Madrid on 2 January 1884, Rizal proposed the writing of a novel about the Philippines written by a group of Filipinos. His proposal was unanimously approved by the Filipinos present at the party, among whom were Pedro, Maximino and Antonio Paterno, Graciano López Jaena, Evaristo Aguirre, Eduardo de Lete, Julio Llorente and Valentin Ventura. However, this project did not materialize. The people who agreed to help Rizal with the novel did not write anything. Initially, the novel was planned to cover and describe all phases of Filipino life, but almost everybody wanted to write about women. Rizal even saw his companions spend more time gambling and flirting with Spanish women. Because of this, he pulled out of the plan of co-writing with others and decided to draft the novel alone. Plot Having completed his studies in Europe, young Juan Crisóstomo Ibarra y Magsalin comes back to the Philippines after a 7-year absence. In his honor, Don Santiago delos Santos...

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...Pangalan: Erieka T. Sato Petsa: Oktubre 08,2012 Taon at Pangkat: 4th – Shinri Kabanata #7: Si Simoun A. Talasalitaan 1) lente – plaslayt 2) napakislot – biglang pagkilos 3) mabunyag – matuklasan 4) pitaggan – paggalang 5) naglagalag – nakipagsapalaran 6) nagpunyaagi – nagsikap 7) lasog-lasog – durog-durog 8) sumisidhi – tumitindi 9) luray-lurayin – gutay-gutayin 10) Inudyukan – sinusulsulan 11) umaagnas – nagpapabulok 12) pagkakagahaman – pag-iimbot B. Mahalagang Pangyayari 1.Nang pabalik na si basilio, may nakita siyang liwanag sa gitna ng kakahuyan at gumagawa ng mga yabag. 2.Nakita ni Basilio ang mag-aalahas na humuhukay at paminsan-minsan ang kanyang mukha ay naliliwanagan ng plaslayt. 3.Nagpakilala si Basilio kay Simoun sa takot na matuklasan siya na naroroon sa gubat. 4.Tinitigan ni Simoun ang binata at binunot ang rebolber sa kanyang bulsa. 5.Pinabayaan ni Simoun na mabuhay ang binata sapagkat pareho silang uhaw sa katarungan. 6.Isinalaysay ni Simoun ang kanyang paglalakbay sa mundo upang magpayaman, at nanumbalik upang maghimagsik at makitang muli si Maria Clara. 7.Napagusapan nila pareho ang kanilang plano para sa bayan at nalaman nilang magkasalungat ang kanilang mga katwiran. 8.Sinabi ni Simoun kung baka sakaling magbago ang pananalig ng binata ay puntahan...

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Narcotrafico

...NARCOTRAFICO ! La Real academia Española define el Narcotráfico como el comercio de drogas tóxicas en grandes cantidades. A pesar de que según esta definición el comercio de drogas tóxicas, tanto legal como ilegal, debe ser considerado narcotráfico, es común creer que el termino narcotráfico se refiere única y exclusivamente a actividades ilícitas. ! La causa principal del narcotráfico debe ser, claro, el hecho de que exista un mercado que debe ser llenado, el de las drogas, ahora cuando un individuo produce y/o distribuye dichas drogas, llena este mercado y se convierte así en un narcotraficante. La noción de que el narcotráfico se refiere únicamente a ilícitos, es probablemente causa de que aquellas drogas que son comerciadas por un narcotraficante son prohibidas en la mayoría de naciones modernas, haciendo que este individuo se convierta en un criminal y el termino narcotráfico en designio de una actividad ilegal. ! En un comienzo se pensaría que las únicas consecuencias reales del narcotráfico serian el daño a la salud de aquel que consuma drogas y el enriquecimiento de aquel que las comercie, así como la generación de empleo para muchos que servirían como vendedores, sin embargo, el hecho de que se prohiban este tipo de drogas (y por tanto de que el narcotráfico se vuelva ilegal) crea problemas judiciales entre las autoridades y quienes, ignorando la ley, continúan comerciando drogas; estos últimos a su vez, en un intento por evitar ser castigados por la justicia,...

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