...ELECTIONS, ELECTORAL REFORMS AND POST- ELECTION VIOLENCE: PROBLEMS AND WAY FORWARD BY IRABOR PETER ODION DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL STUDIES COLLEGE OF EDUCATION, IGUEBEN, EDO STATE 07037830536. p24real2000@yahoo.com ABSTRACT In the contemporary world of today, elections have become the most accepted means of changing the government. Although history has shown that it is usually difficult to hold elections that are free and fair. But the importance of a good electoral act cannot be underestimated especially in a developing country like Nigeria where elections were reported to be marred by irregularities by foreign and local observers. It is on this basis that this paper critically observed, even with the electoral reforms carried out, the reasons why there were violence after the 2011 general election and recommended that adopting the basic part of the reforms, devolvement of power at the centre are other plausible way forward to true and sustainable democratic system in Nigeria. INTRODUCTION The electoral system of any given country plays a fundamental role in sustaining and moulding the political behaviour of its citizens (Okolo,2000). The way and manner election is conducted in a country goes a long way to determine the level of poltical culture, political participation and good governance in...
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...The system that a country decides to holds elections is important because it will forever influence crucial dynamics of the government. The electoral system consist of rules that determine not only how elections and referendums are conducted, but how their results are determined and carried out. Electoral systems lay out exactly how the voting process is planned to pan out. This includes everything from when elections occur, who is allowed to vote, how ballots are marked and cast, who can stand as a candidate, how the ballots are counted, and any other factors that can possibly affect the outcome. These political electoral systems are defined and protected by both electoral laws and constitutions. Elections are crucial to a functioning democracy since It is the most efficient procedure to place someone in power that is wanted by the people....
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...United States Of America Vs Cameroon. A developing nation is one with lower living standards, low human development index, and underdeveloped industrial base. Living in two countries has given me the ability to experience the different lifestyles, understand the cultural differences, and love the different choices presented by life as a whole. There are some similarities between Cameroon and the United States of America, but the differences between these countries in terms of population, infrastructure, standards of living, and government is wide. The population of the United States of America is three hundred and seventeen million, third by population, and fourth largest by area. Eighty two percent of the population lives in urban areas, and the nation is multicultural made of diverse immigrants. English is the main language being taught in schools, and Spanish is gradually being integrated in the society. Americans identify as homosexuals, bisexuals, and transgender. On the other hand, the population of Cameroon is twenty million, and the country is just a little larger than the state of California in area. Most Cameroonians live in both the urban and rural areas with the highest population density in the urban areas, northeastern plains, and western highlands. Both monogamous and polygamous marriages are practiced in Cameroon, and they generally have large extended families. Cameroon has two hundred and fifty linguistic groups, but French and English are the official languages...
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...The judge also use this money to pay a civil suit against him for sexual harassment. The sum of twenty five thousand dollars was paid to the victim in the civil lawsuit. Though white collar crimes are not violent in nature they destroy the practice of moral conduct. Alfortish V. the state of Louisiana I chose to cover a case in Louisiana where a judge used over 800,000 dollars in public funds from the Horseman’s Benevolent and Protective Association. He spent this amount in a span of over four years. The judge is also in prison for 46 months for rigging an election that kept him the president of the association. He was also ordered to pay back 105,104 dollars that included the money paid in the civil suit filed against him. In 2010 the charges against the judge was defrauding the public, attempt to defraud the state and conspiracy to commit mail fraud. (Perlstein, 2013) Federal and Local Fraud laws in this case Under federal statute 1037 subsection F: any offense that was undertaken by the defendant in concert with three or more other persons with respect to whom the defendant occupied a position of authority of leader. (Legal Iformation Institute, 2013) Though he stood trial in the state of Louisiana he could have stood trial in federal court. The judge could have faced federal time under the statute given. The judge not only used public funds he also used federal aid funds from the government...
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...Cyber Crime Erika Moore CRJU 5500-02F What is cybercrime and how can someone get caught in participating in a cybercrime? Cybercrime any kind of crime committed via the internet or on a computer network. Cybercrime can be anything from hate crimes, telemarketing and Internet fraud, identity theft, to credit card account thefts. All are considered to be cybercrimes when the illegal activities are committed through the use of a computer and the Internet. How bad could cybercrime really be? “Cybercrime is a type of crime that not only destroys the security system of a country but also its financial system.” (Real Cost of Cyber Crime) Cybercrime is the type of crime that is hard to trace, but once traceable it then opens a whole can of worms. Once our government finds out about cybercrimes usually they find more than what they were looking for to begin with. In the past there have been some cybercrime laws that were insufficient but the law enforcement agencies and government have proposed many plans to help fight cybercrime. Once a cybercrime has been committed and traced back to the hacker punishment is required. “Cybercrime must be dealt with very seriously because it causes a lot of damage to businesses and the actual punishment should depend on the type of fraud used. The penalty for illegally accessing a computer system ranges from 6 months to 5 years. The penalty for the unofficial modification on a computer ranges from 5 to 10 years.”(Real Cost of Cyber Crime)...
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...1 Violence Free Elections: Perspectives on the Peace Initiatives on the 2015 General Elections in Nigeria Warisu O. Alli Institute of Peace and Conflict Resolution Plot 496 Abogo Largema Street, CBD, Abuja Email: alliwo@yahoo.co.uk; Mobile: 08035991377 ABSTRACT Elections are essential in a democracy and are fundamental features of representative democracy.. When free, fair and transparent, they confer credibility and legitimacy on the outcome. However, Nigeria's electoral history has always been marred by various levels of violence with grave implications for the polity. Since return of democratic rule in 1999, Nigeria, has conducted elections in 2003, 2007, 2011 but with an ever increasing rise in electoral violence. The April 2011 elections, which benefitted from the electoral reform efforts of President Yar ‗Adua, and was considered the most credible since the return to democracy also turned out to be the most violent as the country witnessed an orgy of bloodshed after the elections. The 2015 elections were to be held against the background of a prediction about the disintegration of Nigeria against the background of several socio-economic, political and security challenges, including insurgency in the nation‘s North East. The emergence of the All Progressives Congress (APC) as a formidable opposition to the ruling People Democratic Party (PDP) fifteen year rule also added more tension to the charged atmosphere of the elections. The Peace Initiatives which started immediately...
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...Case Taken from: Jennings, Marianne Moody. 2008. Business Ethics: Case Studies and Selected Readings. United State of America: Cengage Learning The Finance Club at Harvard University is a prestigious organization for Harvard MBA students. The student members have the opportunity to interact with public officials like Senator William Proxmire and business executives such as Bruce Wasserstein. The Finance Club also serves as a network for job hunting. Each spring, the club holds elections for its officers, including two co-presidents. In the spring of 1992, after initial balloting, there was a tie between two teams of two co-presidents. Murry Gunty was one member of one of the teams and busily recruited students to vote in a run-off election. Two of the students he recruited voted under names of absentee members of the Finance Club. The new votes gave Mr.Gunty his victory. However, two of the votes were from students who were not members of the club, but used someone else’s name to vote.1 After an anonymous tip, the elections were set aside and the runners-up installed as co-presidents. Mr.Gunty was required to write a paper on ethics.2 1 Gilbert Fuchsberg, “Harvard Has Some Crimson Faces Over a Lesson in Practical Politics,” The Wall Street Journal, April 9, 1992, B1 2 ”Harvard Student Rigging Election Must Write Paper,” The Wall Street Journal, April 24, 1992, A3 Kasus The Finance Club Universitas Harvard adalah sebuah organisasi yang mempromosikan kegiatan...
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...Electoral reform is change in electoral systems to improve how public desires are expressed in election results. That can include reforms of: * Voting systems, such as proportional representation, a two-round system (runoff voting), instant-runoff voting, Instant Round Robin Voting called Condorcet Voting, approval voting, citizen initiatives and referendums and recall elections. * Vote-counting procedures * Rules about political parties, typically changes to election laws * Eligibility to vote * How candidates and political parties are able to stand (nomination rules) and how they are able to get their names onto ballots (ballot access) * Electoral constituencies and election district borders * Ballot design and voting equipment * Scrutineering (election monitoring by candidates, political parties, etc.) * Safety of voters and election workers * Measures against bribery, coercion, and conflicts of interest * Financing of candidates' and referendum campaigns * Factors which affect the rate of voter participation (voter turnout) Electoral Reforms in India: Issues and Challenges before theElection Commission INTRODUCTION “An election is a moral horror, as bad as a battle except for the blood; a mud bath for every soul concerned in it.” - George Bernard Shaw Electoral reform means introducing fair electoral systems for conducting fair elections. It alsoincludes recuperation of the existing systems to enhance and increase the efficiency...
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...U.S. Interventions in Latin America and the Caribbean” is that the United States interventions in Latin America and the Caribbean have done more harm than they have done good. Alan McPherson states that during opening phases of the Monroe Doctrine the United States focused on keeping the European Powers out of Latin America, it was even called the” …[g]ospel of the new continent] . McPherson explains how the United States took the policy of establishing puppet governments in the interest of American businessmen and ideological survival. McPherson wrote this book so to carefully detail and explain the destructive policy that is mostly forgotten by the citizens of the US, because the government would prefer to keep the blunders of our past covered and quiet. McPherson understand that not everyone in interested in the exploits of the American past, so he writes with the intent of educating the curious reader and aspiring intellectual. McPherson believes that the American establishment has involved themselves in the politics of South America to enhance the security and economy of our own nation while sacrificing the same from other South American nations. The American government from our beginning held a policy of de-colonialization and after the...
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...Title Student’s Name Institutional Affiliation Date Answer Kenya is in danger of continuance the violence that marred its 2007 presidential election, throughout that one,133 died and nearly 60 million were displaced from their homes. Political order in African country nearly folded. Ending the crisis needed 2 months of negotiations mediate by former United Nations secretary-general Kofi Annan and supported by the us and its partners. The negotiations resulted during a power-sharing agreement between the 2 adversaries within the election, President Mwai Kibaki and Raila Odinga. called the National Accord, the deal elevated Odinga to the post of prime minister and provided for the writing of a replacement constitution to deal with the causes of the conflict. Kenya's next elections, to be persevered March four and Apr eleven, 2013, ar arguably the foremost necessary and sophisticated since the country's come to multiparty politics 20 years past. If the elections ar mostly peaceful and viewed as "free and truthful," they are going to bring Kenya's new formation, adopted in 2010, totally into force and advance the country's progress toward changing into a contemporary democratic state. Conversely, if the elections ar marred by widespread violence and perceived as illegitimate by the Kenyan public, they're possible to plunge the country into a revived amount of political instability and set back Kenya's democratic advance...
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...ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background to the study Structured election process is one of the indicators of stability in Nigeria’s democracy. Elections in Nigeria continue to elicit more than casual interest by Nigerian scholars due to the fact that despite the appreciation that only credible election can consolidate and sustain the country’s nascent democracy, over the years, Nigeria continues to witness with growing disappointments and apprehension inability to conduct peaceful, free and fair, open elections whose results are widely accepted and respected across the country (Ekweremadu, 2011). All the elections that have ever been conducted in Nigeria since independence have generated increasingly bitter controversies and grievances on a national scale because of the twin problems of mass violence and fraud that have become central elements of the history of elections and of the electoral process in the country (Gberie, 2011). Despite the marked improvement in the conduct of the 2011 elections, the process was not free from malpractices and violence (National Democratic Institute, 2012). Thus over the years, electoral processes in the history of Nigeria’s democratic governance have continued to be marred by extraordinary display of rigging, dodgy, “do or die” affair, ballot snatching at gun points, violence and acrimony, thuggery, boycotts, threats and criminal manipulations of voters' list, brazen falsification of election results, the use of security agencies against political...
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...democratic country in West Africa, with a population of over 140 million people (2006 census). Since Nigeria was officially declared an independent state and gained freedom from their British colonial masters on 1st October 1960, three major ethnic and religious groups has remained unified despite the challenges of civil war that lasted for three years (1967 – 1970), ethnic and religious crisis, that has ravaged the nation since independence till date and recently; terrorism and post electoral violence – the later having gained ground since 1999 when Nigerian transited to democratic governance. It is a truism that no nation on earth can achieve the dreams of her founding fathers if characterized by electoral violence, crisis and terrorism. Terrorism is a devastating trend that our contemporary world has had to grapple with in recent times. In this contest, it is defined as the premeditated use of violence by an individual or group to cause fear, destruction or death, especially against unarmed targets, properties or infrastructure within a state, with the intentions to compel those in authority to respond to the demands and expectations of individuals or group behind such violent act. The devastating effects of terrorism have been witnessed in the United States of America, especially in September 11, 2001. In Kenya, the United States Embassy was targeted in August, 7 1998, and most recently Nigeria has suffered the effects severally and repeatedly. From all the attacks recorded...
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...Cold War 1945-1949? To a certain extent, the USSR’s responsibility of the Cold War cannot be underestimated as their policies following the Second World War may have been seen as aggressive by USA. The forceful take-over of Eastern Europe through the Red Army occupations, especially in distinctive cases such as Poland and Czechoslovakia, can be seen as being far from the “liberation” over which the two war-time allies had agreed, while the rigging of elections did not conform to the Yalta agreement of the organisation of free ones. Stalin responded to the Americans’ policies of containment by creating his own agencies, therefore creating even more hostility between the two superpowers, while also refusing the existence of anything but Soviet puppet states in Eastern Europe. However, the event which cemented the outbreak of the Cold War was Stalin imposing the Berlin Blockade, taking direct action towards weakening the Americans’ position. One may see that Stalin’s blockade resulted in the official creation of two separate German states, one of the most significant events of the Cold War. On the other hand, revisionists point out that the USSR was taking defensive measures to protect itself from anything that could have caused as much damage as the Second World War, while the Americans, who were superior economically, adopted provocative policies. They challenged the patience of the Russians by hiding crucial events from them, while a range of public speeches and declarations...
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...In the mid-1950s, the Vietnamese people had officially pushed their French colonizers out of their soil so that they may unite and rule as their own country. However, this point in history was in an extremely cautious state; the Red Scare was at its peak and the Cold War was all but getting better. Two political opponents arose in this new Vietnamese regime: the communist backed Ho Chi Minh of North Vietnam, and Southern Vietnam’s Ngo Dinh Diem, who had a more Republican view. Shortly after the Korean War, America saw another communist threat that could lead to the impression of Communism being able to easily rise across Asia, otherwise known as the Domino Theory. Soon, war broke out between the North and South Vietnamese which would lead to...
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...within their boarders and the only thing closest to international trade was when explorers such as Vasco Da Gama and Christopher Columbus sailed to undiscovered lands and traded goods such as copper, diamonds, gold and spices. In later years international trade within Europe started to grow, for example neighbouring countries such as France and the U.K traded consumer, capital and military goods with each other. International trade today is enormous, in 2010 global exports and imports were $37 trillion, which is 58 percent of the value of global production. The United States is the largest global trader as it accounts for 10 percent of world exports and 13 percent of world imports, China comes second then Germany third. World trade has made all individual national economies heavily dependent on each other, for example the fall of the United States economy or the appreciation and the depreciation of the United States dollar affects all other economies. A good example of international financial dependency will be the global economic crisis of 2008 that is considered to date to be one of the worst financial meltdowns since the 1929 great depression. The crisis occurred due to the collapse of the U.S stock market and banking system, which led to the appreciation of the dollar. The global effects of this U.S financial crisis were such as less economically developed countries that were...
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