...EULOGIO “AMANG” RODRIGUEZ INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Nagtahan St. Sampaloc, Manila REPORTER: SYLVESTER MCGRAY S. VILLARUEL PROFESSOR: DR. CESAR H. GARCIA SUBJECT: CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT – MAED AS / SAT. 2:00 – 5:00 TOPIC: LEARNING THEORIES FOR CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT DATE: JULY 13, 2013 A. Multiple Intelligence This theory of human intelligence, developed by psychologist Howard Gardner and known as Gardners' Multiple Intelligences Theory, suggests there are at least nine ways that people have of perceiving and understanding the world. Gardner labels each of these ways a distinct 'intelligence' -- in other words, a set of skills allowing individuals to find and resolve genuine problems they face. Garners Multiple Intelligence Theory Verbal-Linguistic -- The ability to use words and language Logical-Mathematical -- The capacity for inductive and deductive thinking and reasoning, as well as the use of numbers and the recognition of abstract patterns Visual-Spatial -- The ability to visualize objects and spatial dimensions, and create internal images and pictures Body-Kinesthetic -- The wisdom of the body and the ability to control physical motion Musical-Rhythmic -- The ability to recognize tonal patterns and sounds, as well as a sensitivity to rhythms and beats Interpersonal -- The capacity for person-to-person communications and relationships Intrapersonal -- The spiritual, inner states of being, self-reflection, and awareness Existential...
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...Theory) Learning Theory Description: * Learning theory suggests attachment develops through classical and operant conditioning. * It is a nurture theory. * According to classical conditioning food (UCS) produces pleasure (UCR). The child simply associates food and mother together. The mother becomes the conditioned stimulus and happiness becomes the conditioned response…attachment has formed. * Attachment can also be learned by operant conditioning. * The presence of the caregiver is reinforcing for the infant. * The infant gains pleasure / a reward as they are being fed. * The behaviour of the infant is reinforcing for the caregiver (the caregiver gains pleasure from smiles etc. – reward). * The reinforcement process is therefore reciprocal (two way) and strengthens the emotional bond / attachment between the two. Explanations of Attachment (Learning Theory |Bowlby's Theory) Learning Theory Description: * Learning theory suggests attachment develops through classical and operant conditioning. * It is a nurture theory. * According to classical conditioning food (UCS) produces pleasure (UCR). The child simply associates food and mother together. The mother becomes the conditioned stimulus and happiness becomes the conditioned response…attachment has formed. * Attachment can also be learned by operant conditioning. * The presence of the caregiver is reinforcing for the infant. * The infant gains pleasure / a reward as...
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...Chapter 5: Learning I. Definition of Learning any relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience or practice relatively permanent aspect of learning refers to learning being associated with physical changes in the brain experience although physical changes may be present we may not always be able to “get” to the information Maturation * Not all change is accomplished through learning. Changes like an increase in height or the size of the brain are another kind of change controlled by a genetic blueprint. * is due to biology, not experience II. Classical Conditioning learning to elicit an involuntary reflex response to a stimulus other than the original, natural stimulus that normally produces the reflex. Ivan Pavlov focused on observable, measurable behavior; worked with salivating dogs * Unconditioned stimulus (UCS) * unconditioned means “unlearned.” * ordinarily leads to the reflex response * Unconditioned response (UCR) * involuntary (reflex) response to a naturally occurring or unconditioned stimulus * Natural Stimulus (NS) * stimulus that has no effect on the desired response * the sight of the food dish itself became a stimulus for salivation before the food was given to the dogs. Every time they got food (to which they reflexively salivated), they saw the dish. It had no effect on salivation. ...
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...Homework Week 3 September 22, 2013 DeVry University Online Operant conditioning sometimes referred to as instrumental conditioning is a method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for behavior. Through operant conditioning, an association is made between a behavior and a consequence for that behavior. A good example of Operant conditioning is: employees finishing projects to receive praise or promotions (Cherry, 2013). Observational learning occurs when one observes another’s behaviors, which enables one to reenact those behaviors. In the workplace observational learning is used in a few ways. For example: whenever a manager started to train an employee they used instructional videos, so that the new employees could observe the job functions they were to undertake. Next, normally the manager would take the new employees into the actual work area that they would occupy and allow them to observe someone performing the job task. After that, the manager would pair a new employee with an employee that performed their job title well enough to train another employee. This allowed the new employee to observe the other employee, which enabled the new employee to learn though observing the other employees behaviors (Whitaker, 2012). The social learning theory, a system of learning most commonly associated with behaviorist Albert Bandura, is most commonly applied in educational settings. You can also apply this theory, which argues that people learn from each other...
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...activity, or a habit that is psychologically or physically habit-forming such as narcotics are, to such an extent that its cessation causes severe trauma and most often an interruption in a person’s life (Robinson & Berridge, 2003). For the most part, addiction is a disease. When we are born, we start experimenting and learning for survival among other things. Phobias can develop through learning. The two most common and prominent ways or styles of learning are classical and operant learning. Classical and operant conditioning are psychological processes in which a person learns. Therefore, phobias and addictions are associated to classical and operant conditioning. Learning theorist, Edward Thorndike and Albert Bandura can account for two emotional difficulties, which are phobias and addictions. Learning theorist also include behaviorist Edward Tolman, Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov, and British naturalist Charles Darwin. Phobias and addictions are emotional issues or difficulties that many people have to cope with daily. Phobias are irrational fear. These fears can be powerful and at times devastating yet they are unfounded and are not based on fact or reality. In addition, addiction most often involves a psychologically or physically need for a substance or object, which a person, cannot control in order to perform certain behaviors or actions; for example, drug abuse, gambling, or criminal activity. Ultimately, individuals who continue to use addictive substances or...
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...Operant conditioning sometimes referred to as instrumental conditioning is a method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for behavior. Through operant conditioning, an association is made between a behavior and a consequence for that behavior. A good example of Operant conditioning is: employees finishing projects to receive praise or promotions (Cherry, 2013). Observational learning occurs when one observes another’s behaviors, which enables one to reenact those behaviors. In the workplace observational learning is used in a few ways. For example: whenever a manager started to train an employee they used instructional videos, so that the new employees could observe the job functions they were to undertake. Next, normally the manager would take the new employees into the actual work area that they would occupy and allow them to observe someone performing the job task. After that, the manager would pair a new employee with an employee that performed their job title well enough to train another employee. This allowed the new employee to observe the other employee, which enabled the new employee to learn though observing the other employees behaviors (Whitaker, 2012). The social learning theory, a system of learning most commonly associated with behaviorist Albert Bandura, is most commonly applied in educational settings. You can also apply this theory, which argues that people learn from each other through observation and socialization. A good example is: to...
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...Classical Conditioning PSY/390 Classical Conditioning Of the several types of learning the first to be studied and discovered within the behaviorist tradition was classical conditioning. Ivan Pavlov was the major theorist in developing classical conditioning. Classical conditioning is a learning process that occurs through associations between an environmental stimulus and a naturally occurring stimulus (Olson & Hergenhahn, 2009). Classical conditioning involves placing a neutral signal before a naturally occurring reflex. The techniques of classical conditioning have been found useful in the treatment of phobias or anxiety problems. Some teachers have found that applying classical conditioning in the class setting helps to creating a positive classroom environment this in turn helps students overcome anxiety or fear (Olson & Hergenhahn, 2009). Theory “Pavlov was studying the digestive system of dogs and became intrigued with his observation that dogs deprived of food began to salivate when one of his assistants walked into the room. He began to investigate this phenomenon and established the laws of classical conditioning. Skinner renamed this type of learning respondent conditioning since in this type of learning, one is responding to an environmental antecedent” (Huitt & Hummel, 1997, p. 1). “The ingredients necessary to bring about Pavlovian or classical conditioning include (1) an unconditioned stimulus (US), which elicits a natural and automatic...
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...Danilo Obando 06/18/2013 PSY 1012 Introduction of Psychology Chapter 6 Conditioning and Learning In the text book Introduction of Psychology the chapter that I will be writing about would be on chapter 6 Conditioning and Learning. Conditioning and learning in the world of psychology has many interested theories about behaviors. Learning is a permanent change in behavior due to experience and it starts from our childhood stage in our lives. There are two types of learning, which is associative and cognitive behavior. Associative learning is a simple type of learning that affects many aspects of daily life. Cognitive learning involves making use of information rich higher mental process. In associative learning there are many practices and theories of associative learning such as reinforcements which is any events that will increase a response. Classical conditioning is an antecedent stimulus that doesn’t produce a response is linked with one that does. Another one would be operant learning is based on the consequences of responding. These are part of associative learning and have happened in many times in a human being life, including mine. At first this theory was experimented by a scientist from Russia Ivan Pavlov. He began with animals and observing there behaviors. What he has discovered for example if he is studying a dog, he rings a bell being a neutral stimulus the dog would not response. Immediately after, he placed...
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...developed through classical conditioning, explore how addictions can be developed through operant conditioning, to distinguish between classical and operant conditioning, and to explain what extinction means and how it is achieved in both classical and operant conditioning. * . Phobias and Addictions are two very emotional learning difficulties. Phobias are defined as being an enduring, abnormal, and unfounded fear of a specific thing or situation that compels one to avoid it, regardless of the awareness and reassurance that it is not dangerous. Addictions are defined as conditions of being consistently or compulsively occupied with or involved in something. Classical Conditioning is defined as a process of behavior variation by which one comes to respond in a preferred manner to a previously neutral stimulus that has been repetitively presented along with an unconditioned stimulus that elicits the desired response. (Dictionary.com, 2010) Fear of heights, spiders, closed spaces (claustrophobia) and other specific or simple phobias are sometimes caused by a type of learning known as classical conditioning. (DeLuca, 2009) Precise phobias or simple phobias are thought to be caused or predisposed by genetics and/ or childhood disturbance. These phobias can be learned through the learning type of classical conditioning. Ivan Pavlov is quite known for his theory of classical conditioning. He is well known for his...
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...Psyc 341 Studyguide Ch. 6 Ivan Pavlov – Classical Conditioning of Personality - Dog Studying (And Baby Albert) o Unconditioned stimulus o Unconditioned response o Conditioned response ♣ Neutral Stimulus linked with Unconditioned Stimulus ♣ Unconditioned Stimulus removed ♣ Neutral Stimulus -> Conditioned response - Generalization o Conditioned responses can occur in response to stimuli similar to conditioned stimulus - Discrimination o Learning to tell the difference between different stimuli and only responding to conditioned stimulus and not to similar stimuli - Extinction o When the pairing of the conditioned and unconditioned stimulus stops o Gradual decrease in the response to the conditioned stimulus - Explains emotional aspects of personality o Neurotic behavior o Phobias o Superstitious behavior John B. Watson – Behaviorism - Founded behaviorism - Applied conditioning principles to humans - Rejected introspection (examining one’s own mental and emotional processes) - Tabula rasa “blank slate” approach (Coined by John Locke) o Personality is based on environmental effects B. F. Skinner – Radical Behaviorism - Personality IS a group of responses to the environment - Radical determinism o All behavior is caused - Operant Conditioning o Behavior is changed by its consequences o “Skinner box” (operant chamber) - Reinforcement o Increases activity after consequence - Punishment o Decreases activity after consequence - Positive o Stimulus...
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...Addiction as it Relates to Classical and Operant Conditioning Social phobia is also known as social anxiety which is a persistent phobia from negative assessment of others. Most people suffering from this type of phobia or social anxiety would turn to drugs and alcohol to lessen the anxiety (Lak, Sedaghat, and Almadv, & 2012), and then the self-medicated or self with illegal drugs leads to addiction. The paper essay will focus phobias and addictions as related to classical and operant conditional. Phobia is an irrational fear of a specific object or situation. Phobias can be developed through classical conditioning. Classical conditioning is learning by stimulus from the environment. In layman’s term, a toddler learns that a pot on the stove is hot and should not be touch. The toddler then develop phobia that hot stove burn the skin and as a result stay away from it. Following Pavlov’s observations, John Watson a behaviorist and his associate Rosalie Rayner (1920) did studies on how classical conditioning relates to phobias. Watson and Rayner selected a white rat to be in their experiment and proceeded to condition a fear response in Little Albert and each time Albert would reach out to touch the rat, they struck the steel bar. After doing this a few times, Albert learned to fear the rat. This is all true in adults as well because I have a friend who goes in panic when they see the police or anything that is connected to the police. If he hears a police siren,...
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...free of too much dependence on notes and PowerPoint slides? Be specific as to how you will relate the technique to the content of the presentation. * Name and describe the three qualities of emotional intelligence according to Goleman. If you were interviewing applicants for a position in your company and wanted to know whether they had emotional intelligence, how would you go about discovering that? Would you do that in an interview or by some other means? * 1. These different kinds of learning techniques are used in the work place almost on a daily basis, in an office environment most people are used to Social learning, simply because they are told to do something by their boss or manager. If the tasks seems ridiculous for an individual he uses Operant Conditioning, and that individual thinks about what would happen if he does follow through with his boss, or just chooses to not do it the way his boss had told him to. This is also when observational learning plays a huge role, because while others might be doing the right thing that one individual might just not be on track at all, so he watches and observes what the other are doing so he can slowly get on par with the other employees. * 2A Prejudice is simply developed and nurtured through classical conditioning for example by learning from previous life experiences or problems that the individual overcame, the individual knows what is right and what its wrong just from his/her experience, or how he o she...
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...Quiz Click Link for the Answer: http://workbank247.com/q/psy-490-week-4-quiz/27203 http://workbank247.com/q/psy-490-week-4-quiz/27203 1) Ivan Pavlov pioneered the theory of | A. Social Learning Theory | | B. classical conditioning | | C. operant conditioning | | D. Cognitive Psychology | | | | 2) Philosophers who believe that truth can emerge from the careful use of reason are known as | A. Rationalists | | B. Nativists | | C. Dualists | | D. Empiricists | | | | 3) The most commonly used statistic in Psychology is | A. mean | | B. criteria | | C. mode | | D. range | | | | 4) In a topographical representation of the motor cortex, the homunculus is the largest area devoted to | A. the face | | B. the hands | | C. arms and legs | | D. the tongue | | | | 5) What theorist presents a hierarchy of needs and motivations? | A. Carl Jung | | B. Sigmund Freud | | C. Abraham Maslow | | D. B.F. Skinner | | | | 6) Consider the biological theories of aging. Which of the following best represent components of that theory? | A. Attachment Theory | | B. The Nun Theory | | C. Cellular Dial Theory | | D. Hormonal Stress Theory | | | | 7) In operant conditioning, which of the following is accurate? | A. Any response that is followed by reward tends to become extinct. | | B. Any response that is followed by punishment is likely to not be repeated. | | C. Any response that is followed...
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...on operant conditioning and negative reinforcement. He developed a device called the "cumulative recorder," it showed rates of responding using a line, this device, he establish that behavior did not depend on the previous stimulus as Watson and Pavlov believed. Instead, Skinner found that the behaviors were dependent upon what happens following the response.(Waston, J. B. 1913) The behaviorism movement believes that behavior can be, measured also it can be trained; Watson set the stage for behaviorism, which soon become to lead psychology. While behaviorism did lose the hold it had on the other theories after 1950, however many of the main concepts are widely used today. The main components of the theory There are two concepts of behavioral theory that are very important one is classical and the other is operant conditioning, each involve the process of learning, however the processes are each different. Classical conditioning involves making an association between an involuntary response and a stimulus, while operant conditioning is about making an association between a voluntary behavior and a consequence. Classical conditioning can be used to increase the amount of a behavior, but it can also be used to decrease behavior. Classical conditioning theory involves learning a new behavior via the process. In simple terms two stimuli are linked together to produce a new learned response in a person or animal. There are three stages to classical conditioning. In each stage...
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...WEEK 3 Homework July 27, 2014 Operant conditioning is a learned condition that is rewarding of good behavior or for punishment of bad behavior. An example of operant conditioning can be positive reinforcement; like a child getting praise from the teacher for doing well on a test. Another example is negative reinforcement which is to take away something unpleasant for good behavior. A child makes straight “A’s” in all classes, so their parents allow them to have no chores for a week. Positive punishment is used to decrease bad behavior by making them do something unpleasant. For example; a child does not clean their room, so they receive a spanking. And negative punishment is to decrease bad behavior and take away something they enjoy. A child does not complete their chores as told or scheduled, so their parents take away their video games for a whole week. Observational conditioning is a learning behavior by watching the actions of people around them. An example of observational conditioning can be children thinking they know how to drive a vehicle after watching their mom or dad drive and making driving motions as they seen their parents do when driving. Social learning theory is a concept of learning from others in a group setting by watching the behaviors and actions others in the group. Prejudice is a negative attitude by a person or group towards another person or group. Prejudice is developed when a person or group treats another person or...
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