...diagrammatic technique is given. Some implications for data integrity, information retrieval, and data manipulation are discussed. The entity-relationship model can be used as a basis for unification of different views of data: t,he network model, the relational model, and the entity set model. Semantic ambiguities in these models are analyzed. Possible ways to derive their views of data from the entity-relationship model are presented. Key Words and Phrases: database design, logical view of data, semantics of data, data models, entity-relationship model, relational model, Data Base Task Group, network model, entity set model, data definition and manipulation, data integrity and consistency CR Categories: 3.50, 3.70, 4.33, 4.34 1. INTRODUCTION The logical view of data has been an important issue in recent years. Three major data models have been proposed: the network model [2, 3, 71, the relational model [S), and the entity set model [25]. These models have their own strengths and weaknesses. The network model provides a more natural view of data by separating entities and relationships (to a certain extent), but its capability to achieve data independence has been challenged [S]. The relational model is based on relational theory and can achieve a high degree of data independence, but it may lose some important semantic information about the real world [12, 15, 231. The entity set model, which is based on set...
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...1. Consider the relation CLASS(Course#, Univ_Section#, InstructorName, Semester, BuildingCode, Room#, TimePeriod, Weekdays, CreditHours). This represents classes taught in a university with unique Univ_Section#. Give what you think should be various candidate keys and write in your own words under what constraints each candidate key would be valid. Answer: Possible candidate keys include the following (Note: We assume that the values of the Semester attribute include the year; for example "Spring/94" or "Fall/93" could be values for Semester): • {Semester, BuildingCode, Room#, TimePeriod, Weekdays} if the same room cannot be used at the same time by more than one course during a particular semester. • {Univ_Section#} if it is unique across all semesters. • {InstructorName, Semester} if an instructor can teach at most one course during each semester. • If Univ_Section# is not unique, which is the case in many universities, we have to examine the rules that the university uses for section numbering. For example, if the sections of a particular course during a particular semester are numbered 1, 2, 3, ..., then a candidate key would be {Course#, Univ_Section#, Semester}. If, on the other hand, all sections (of any course) have unique numbers during a particular semester only, then the candidate key would be {Univ_Section#, Semester}. 2. Consider the following relations for a database that keeps track of student enrollment in courses and the books adopted for each...
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...Employee Relations What are the implications of the decline in union forms of representation for effective employee voice within workplace? Introduction: Union has been a very important part in employee relations. This was actually the voice of employees towards the management/ employers at workplace. Basically union is “an association, combination, or organization of employees who band together to secure favourable wages, improved working conditions, and better work hours and to resolve grievances against employers” (Bagchi, 2003). Unions always try to protect workers right and maintain a balanced relationship between workers and management. Unions’ existence can be traced from the 18th century, when the rapid growth of industrialisation took place. This industrial growth drew attention of women, children, rural workers and immigrants to the work force in different roles and actions. This unskilled and semi-skilled work force continuously organized them to fit in to the system from the beginning; and later become an important arena for the development of trade unions. In recent age the relationship between employee and employer has changed so does the process of representation process. The relationship between employee and employer should have some sort of equality in it. But as a matter of fact this has rarely be a case when an applicant or employee gets the choice to select the desired workplace or work itself from the employers. It’s rather more driven by employers’...
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...the table structures for the entities shown in Figure P1.1. The structures should contain the attributes specified in the ERD. Use data types that would be appropriate for the data that will need to be stored in each attribute. Enforce primary key and foreign key constraints as indicated by the ERD. ****d on the referential integrity constraints, you should be able to identify a correct sequence in which to create the tables. The key point is that due to referential integrity constraints, the table contributing its PK as a FK must be created before the related table containing the FK. Database Schema Definition, Basic Constraints, and Queries Data Definition, Constraints, and Schema Changes CREATE TABLE -Specifies a new base relation by giving it a name, and specifying each of its attributes and their data types (INTEGER, FLOAT, DECIMAL(i,j), CHAR(n), VARCHAR(n)) - A constraint NOT NULL may be specified on an attribute CREATE TABLE DEPARTMENT ( DNAME VARCHAR(10) NOT NULL, DNUMBER INTEGER NOT NULL, MGRSSN CHAR(9),...
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...Improving and Implementing Processes Session # (1202D) Jenna Marerra Kaplan University March 8, 2012 UNIT 1 ASSIGNMENT (With Diagram Response Should Run 2-3 Pages in Length) Q#1 Provide the name of the organization (this must be a real organization and you may use the organization where you currently work; describe the organization’s size and summarize the primary mission of the organization. Don’t simply copy from the organization’s mission statement. I chose to use WalMart for this assignment; WalMart’s primary mission is to bring consumers high quality goods at a low, discounted price. Sam Walton’s original vision was to accomplish this; although WalMart has grown substantially since its initial founding, this mission has not changed. WalMart employs just over 2 million people worldwide and has 8,970 locations. Q#2 From your research of the organization, identify a single Business Process Change that the organization will need to contemplate and undertake in the coming year. These changes can result from new technologies, economic issues, or changes in the marketplace. WalMart has successfully navigated the marketplace over the years, from green initiatives to economic slowdowns. A Business Process Change it currently faces is its employee relations. WalMart has taken a lot of heat recently for its labor relations, with issues running the gambut from wage violations (some employees allege they are paid less than the minimum wage requirement)...
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...HRM 6003 Human Resource Management Week 1: Case Study By Week 1: Case Study Strategy is defined as: a way of doing something, or a game plan or plan of action. As a HR manager you must possess the ability to look at things from a strategic approach (Anthony, Kacmar, & Perrewe', 2010). Over the years the whole approach to HR has changed drastically and continues to change. This approach requires an employer to see human beings as a resource to the organization. The development of people is now the most important asset of improving the performance of an organization; this is accomplished through improving designs and methods of Human Resource Management. Organizing means to structure, or put together in an orderly form. Organization design is the process of aligning an organizations structure with a mission. This process requires you to look at the complex relationships between tasks, workflow, responsibility and authority, and to make sure these all support the objectives of that business, agency or company (Organizational Design). Generally a company would have an HR Director or Manager to lead and manage the department. This person would be in charge of developing a relationship with senior management in order to align the HR goals for the organization. Next, you would need an Organization Development Specialist who would be a facilitator of organizational change. A company would also need an Employment Staffing Specialist which conducts interviews...
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...LIR 858 Alsadeg 1 Hussain Alsadeg Labor Relations Practice in Business and Employee Involvement The Industrial Relations approach to managing the employee/employer relationship has been losing the battle against the Personnel Management school practices. Most integral to the recent personnel management approaches is Employee Involvement. “Fifty-two percent of employees in the Workplace Representation and Participation Survey reported that some form of employee participation program operates in their workplace and 31 percent indicate that they participate in an employee involvement program” (Commission on the Future of Worker-Management Relations). Employee Involvement and empowerment practices are thought to weaken labor unions; as the approach to rewards and empowerment is distributed to individuals instead of being collectively bargained. While employee involvement has demonstrated to bring enhanced productivity and effectiveness, there is concern that employee involvement programs violate Section 8(a)(2) of the NLRA; this section of the law states: “Sec. 8. [§ 158.] (a) [Unfair labor practices by employer] It shall be an unfair labor practice for an employer--(2) to dominate or interfere with the formation or administration of any labor organization or contribute financial or other support to it: Provided, That subject to rules and regulations made and published by the Board pursuant to section 6 [section 156 of this title], an employer shall not be...
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...Employee Relations Introduction An employee relation process is a broad undertaking and involves many different aspect of the management interaction with employee and the employee with the management. Health care organizations typically manage their relationships through the human resource process which is guided by the policy and procedures of the organization (Flynn, Mathis, & Jackson, 2011, p. 203). Employee relations should be a key factor in the growth of an organization. The success of the organization can be measured by the employee’s satisfaction and should be a top priority of any organization. According to Flynn, Mathis and Jackson (2011), employers base relationships with employees upon a series of federal, state and local laws and statutes and through important court decisions, referred to as case law (p 203). Maintaining employee retention, satisfaction and loyalty should me the basic goals for any organization. To treat every employee with dignity, respect and treating all employees firm fair and consistent can lead to a healthy working environment. In the following paper a strategy specific to my organization for integrating job performance and training will be developed. Next, the most significant performance management challenges the organization faces on a daily basis. Following the significant performance management challenges an outline of such will be developed to improve the employee performance and encourage employee retention. Lastly, a set...
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...Executive Summary Employee relationship is a very important issue in the modern business world. All the managers must maintain a good relationship with the employees attain the organizational goal. It will enhance the firm reputation and productivity of the firm. The employees will be ethically stronger. To maintain good flow of the business the manager must maintain a good employee relationship. So, managers must be aware of this issue. He/she can follow a lot of theories for maintaining a healthy and strong relationship with the employees. Learning Objective 1: Understand the context of employee relations against a changing background Task 1: Understanding Unitary and Pluralistic Approach Unitary Frames Unitary frame of reference is defined as a way of thinking, asset of assumptions, attitudes, views, values that are related with the management and organizational membership. The main theme of this frame is though the employees have different views based on their learning and education; they must have some common goals to be achieved while working in an organization. It finds expression by the implementation of the mission statements and it measures the success through the achievement of actually got. Unitary frames starts from the values and assumption. It says that workplace conflict is not expected at all between the manger and employee in the working environment [ (Dicker, 2003) ]. A conflict starts from two people’s behavior or occurrence that have a huge influence...
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...Weekly Review Workbook for Manage Employee Relations Student Name: Student Number: Assessment Task 1 – Written Assessment - Workbook Assessment One: Manage Employee Relations Content Revision Areas for Test Chapter 1 & Lecture Notes What is Workplace Relations? 1. The working relationships between employers and employees 2. The relationship between management and labour, shaped by individual employers and employees and by employer and employee organisations and government institutions, that exist at a workplace or in an industry and influences how effectively they work together to achieve their joint and separate goals. Name the measures of an organisation’s Workplace Relations? labour turnover absenteeism rates how easily an organisation is able to recruit the employees it needs The number of official grievances registered Material ‘shrinkage’, wastage and ‘spoilage’ Days lost through industrial action What are the three views of Workplace Relations? Define them. 1) THE PLURIST VIEW 2) THE UNITARIST VIEW 3) THE RADICAL VIEW 1. THE PLURIST VIEW Conflict as inherent due to diversity of goals and can be managed and contained by rules and regulations. 2. THE UNITARIST VIEW Conflict as occasional and temporary because employees and employers share same basic goals (creating wealth & value) so relations are essentially harmonious. 3. THE RADICAL VIEW Conflict systemic & never ending...
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...November 6, 2010 Table of Contents 1. Company Description………………………………………………………………… 3 2. Training Needs Assessment…………………………………………………………… 3 • Organizational Analysis…….…………………………………………………… 3 • Personal Analysis…….…………………………………………………………… 5 • Task Analysis……………………………………………………………………… 6 3. Training Program………………………………………………………………………7 • Objectives…………………………………………………………………………...7 • Prerequisites……………………………………………………………………...…8 • Location……………………………………………………………………………..8 • Training Class………………………………………………………………………9 Conclusion…………..…………………………………………………………………….. 11 4. References……………………………………………………………………………… 12 Appendix A: Example Employee Observation…………………………………….…… 13 Appendix B: Detailed Lesson Plan…………………………………………………….… 14 1. Company Description AOL one of the nation’s largest internet providers has been known to have problems like many major corporations in its day. However, one of the problems that AOL is facing is their lack of attention and care in the department of customer relations. A few years ago, AOL was subjected to litigation against 7,000 known customers in the state of Florida alone, who reported misconduct by the company’s customer service representatives. 2. Training Needs Assessment Organizational Analysis Based upon the evidence presented concerning AOL’s litigation procedures for poor customer relations, my organizational analysis for AOL would be that training within the area of customer relations definitely supports the company’s strategic...
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...1.Introduction Relational database design theory is mainly based on a class of constraints called Functional Dependencies (FDs).FDs are a generalization of keys. This theory defines when a relation is in normal form (e.g., in Third Normal Form or 3NF) for a given set of FDs. It is usually a sign of bad DB design if a schema contains relations that violate the normal form requirements. If a normal form is violated, data is stored redundantly, and information about different concepts is intermixed. To reduce the redundancy in a given relation we need to decompose it in two or more sub relations . Decomposition into highest normal forms required maintaining properties like loss less join decomposition and dependency preserving decomposition. To normalize a relation R we have to remove certain dependencies that exist in it like partial dependency& transitive dependency. Basic definitions 1.1 Functional dependency: In a given table, an attribute Y is said to have a functional dependency on a set of attributes X (written X → Y) if and only if each X value is associated with precisely one Y value. For example, in an "Employee" table that includes the attributes "Employee ID" and "Employee Date of Birth", the functional dependency {Employee ID} → {Employee Date of Birth} would hold. It follows from the previous two sentences that each {Employee ID} is associated with precisely one {Employee Date of Birth}. 1.2 Trivial functional dependency A trivial functional dependency...
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...CISN 351: Review Questions Chapter 2 2.1 What is a business intelligence (BI) system? 2.2 What is an ad-hoc query? 2.3 What does SQL stand for, and what is SQL? 2.4 What does SKU stand for? What is an SKU? 2.5 Summarize how data were altered and filtered in creating the Cape Codd data extraction. 2.6 Explain, in general terms, the relationships among the RETAIL_ORDER, ORDER_ITEM, and SKU_DATA tables. 2.7 Summarize the background of SQL. 2.8 What is SQL-92? How does it relate to SQL statements in this chapter? 2.9 What features have been added to SQL in versions subsequent to the SQL-92? 2.10 Why is SQL described as a data sublanguage? 2.11 What does DML stand for? What are DML statements? 2.12 What does DDL stand for? What are DDL statements? 2.13 What is the SQL SELECT /FROM/WHERE framework? 2.14 Explain how Access uses SQL. 2.15 Explain how enterprise-class DBMS products use SQL. 2.16 There is an intentional flaw in the design of the INVENTORY table used in these exercises. This flaw was purposely included in the INVENTORY tables so that you can answer some of the following questions using only that table. Compare the SKU and INVENTORY tables, and determine what design flaw is included in INVENTORY. Specifically, why did we include it? 2.17 Write an SQL statement to display SKU and SKU_Description. 2.18 Write an SQL statement to display SKU_Description...
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...TEST/ASSESSMENT COVER SHEET | | | Surname | Masango | Initials | EM | Student number | 2011133168 | Contact Number | 0823892708 | E-Mail Address | 2011133@ufs4life.ac.za | Module name | Labour Law | Module code | ARR214 | Assignment or Test Title | Assignment 1 | Lecturer | Adv DM Smit | Is this an authorised group assignment? | Yes | | No | | Has any part of this assignment been previously submitted? | Yes | | No | | Due date | 22 March 2014 | Date submitted | 22 March 2014 | Extension granted until (date) | | Signature of lecturer | | DefinitionsPlagiarism implies: * direct duplication of the formulation and insights of a source text with the intention of presenting it as one’s own work. Academic writing misconduct implies: * cribbing in tests and examinations; * collusion and fabrication or falsification of data; * deliberate dishonesty; * purchasing assignments, dissertations and/or theses on the Internet and presenting such documents as one’s own work; * presenting the same work for more than one course or in consecutive years; and * the submission of another person’s work as one’s own original work. | MARK | | % | Student statement: I have read the University’s Policy on the Prevention of Plagiarism and Dealing with Academic Writing Misconduct: http://www.ufs.ac.za/dl/userfiles/Documents/00000/364_eng.pdfI understand that I must: * abide by all the directives of this Policy...
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... Suggestion on Establishing Good Union Management Relationship in the Workplace Human Resource Management December 24, 2011 1 SUGGESTION ON ESTABLISHING GOOD UNION RELATIONSHIP 2 Introduction……………………………………………………………………… 4 Changing Union- Management Relations…………………………………… 6 Open Warfare………………………………………………………… 6 Adversarial………………………………………………………………………. 6 Accommodating………………………………………………………………… 7 Partnership……………………………………………………………………… 7 Overcoming Past History to Negotiate New Relationship…………………. High Integrity Relationship……………………………………………………. Role of Managers………………………………………………………………. 9 9 10 Dynamic Line Managers………………………………………………………. 11 Workplace Harmonies and Cooperative…………………………………………….. 12 Worker Participation and Employee Involvement…………………………. 12 Communication………………………………………………………………… 13 Training…………………………………………………………………………. 14 Employee’s Satisfaction……………………………………………………….. 14 Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………. 17 Reference……………………………………………………………………………….. 19 Appendix………………………………………………………………………………... 22 Table of Content Abstract SUGGESTION ON ESTABLISHING GOOD UNION RELATIONSHIP 3 Relationship between union and management has changed together with environment and economical condition from time to time. Union relations with management should be seen as an essential part of management system and techniques, and not as a discipline or activity apart...
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