...cavity (have a duct) * Endocrine glands are ductless and secrete their product internally to be transported by the bloodstream * The pancreas has both endocrine and exocrine functions Endocrine Glands The endocrine system consists of glands and tissues that secrete hormones. Endocrine Glands: * Are ductless; they secrete their hormones directly into tissue fluid * From there the hormones diffuse into the blood stream for distribution throughout the body Hormones: * Are chemical signals that affect the behavior of other glands or tissues. * Hormones influence the metabolism of cells, the growth and development of body parts, and homeostasis. Hormones can be categorized into peptide hormones and steroid hormones: * Peptide hormones: (non-lipid soluble) * Include proteins, glycoproteins, and modified amino acids. (non-lipid soluble) * The peptide hormones can not enter the cell * Peptide hormones bind to a receptor protein in the plasma membrane and activate a "second messenger" system. * Second messenger sets in motion an enzyme cascade that leads to a cellular response * The second messenger causes the cellular changes for which the hormone is credited. (the peptide hormone stays outside the cell and directs activities within) * Common second messengers found in many body cells include cyclic AMP and calcium. * Peptide hormone action is regulated by the...
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...The glands in human body are of two types. One is exocrine glands and the other is endocrine glands. Endocrine glands These are ductless glands that secrete substances directly into the blood and which influence metabolism, body growth, development, activity, repair and other bodily functions. The endocrine glands are the glands of internal secretion. Below are the major endocrine glands in the endocrine system; Pituitary gland – The Pituitary gland is sometimes called the "master" gland of the endocrine system, because it controls the functions of the other endocrine glands. The Pituitary gland is no larger than a pea, and is located at the base of the brain. The gland is attached to the hypothalamus (a part of the brain that affects the pituitary gland) by nerve fibres. The Pituitary gland itself consists of three sections: • the anterior lobe • the intermediate lobe • the posterior lobe The anterior lobe produces hormones stimulating the Thyroid gland, the Adrenal glands, ovarian follicles, Ovaries and Testes. It also produces hormones to stimulate milk production in females after giving birth. The intermediate lobe produces hormones that control the skins pigmentation. The posterior lobe produces hormones to increase absorption of water into the blood by the kidneys and hormones to contract the uterus during childbirth and stimulate milk production. Pineal gland – The Pineal gland is about the size of a pea, and is in the centre of the brain in a tiny cave...
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...zone, and what causes one to form? (9) - an area in coastal waters where there’s no oxygen -- fertilizers from farmland end up in coastal waters; grow algae up which sucks up the oxygen when they die; areas are growing; Gulf of Mexico has one size of state of Massachusetts 2. What was the largest public demonstration in American history? -- Earth Day; ~10% of country’s population participated (20 million) 3. When was the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) formed? What events prompted its formation? -- 1970; in response to concerns raised at Earth Day and congressional pressure. (skip to 23:00)-- industrial waste flowing into the Chesapeake Bay (could be pig farms in NC) 4. Why does the investigator say “these rivers are delivery systems” to the bay? -- waste seeps into ground or routed by pipes into local streams/rivers and goes right into the bay 5. How do Perdue and other large chicken producers arrange to grow chickens for consumers? (~33) Why don't they raise the chickens themselves? -- contract with farmers; Purdue owns the chickens and feed and everything EXCEPT the waste 6. What is the difference in opinion about chicken manure between Perdue and other large chicken producers and the chicken farmers (represented in the film by Carole Morison)? -- Carole Morison = "a mess" -- it’s a negative, purdue should take responsibility; Purdue = “a resource” -- farmers should consider it a valuable resource 7. Do you agree with Perdue or Carole Morison? Why? 8. What’s the...
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...How do hormones function in our bodies? What are hormones? Do you know anything about genetics? These questions and more will be discussed in detail in the following essay. Hormones and heredity are two very different things; the only thing they have in common is that they both start with the letter “H”. Let’s break them down individually for a better understanding of what they are and how they are related to our bodies. The endocrine system plays a key role in helping to coordinate and integrate complex psychological reactions. The endocrine glands release chemical substances called hormones that are carried throughout the body by the bloodstream to help regulate bodily activities. Hormones organize the nervous system and body tissues; for example, during puberty hormones trigger the development of secondary sex characteristics like breasts in females or a deeper voice in males. Hormones activate behaviors; they affect such things as alertness or sleepiness, excitability, sexual behavior, ability to concentrate, aggressiveness, reactions to stress, and even desire for companionship. They can also have a dramatic effect on mood, emotional reactivity, ability to learn, and ability to resist disease. There are various glands located in the body which help secrete hormones into our bodies; pituitary glands are located on the underside of the brain; it produces the largest number of the body’s hormones and has the widest range of effects on the body’s functions. The pineal gland...
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...of the endocrine system. It develops in the pituitary gland when too much of the growth hormone is produced. The pituitary glad is located in the bran and is the source of several hormones. Growth hormone is important in growth and regeneration of bones and other tissues by stimulating the liver to produce the hormone insulin – like growth factor. A tumor in adults is the most common cause of the excess growth hormone. Tumors can either be pituitary tumors or non-pituitary tumors. In most cases of acromegaly a beginning of noncancerous tumor of the pituitary gland is the main cause. The tumors can press on near by tissues as they grow and the pressure can cause some acromegaly symptoms such as headaches, impaired vision in addition to producing an excess amount of the growth hormone. In some cases acromegaly is caused by benign of cancerous tumors in other parts of the body, lungs, pancreas or adrenal glands. The tumors may actually secrete growth hormone. In other cases the tumors produce a growth hormone releasing hormone that stimulates the pituitary gland to make more growth hormone. Acromegaly is relatively a rare disorder that occurs in about 6 out of every 100,000 people. Gigantism is even more rare and the onset occurs usually at puberty. Acromegaly can be treated with surgery, medications and radiation. The care plan depends on age, size and location of tumor and other medical conditions you may have. The goal of therapy is to return your growth hormone. THF-I levels...
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...Foundations of Psychology Paper Geni Mayes PSY300 10/11/2013 Ashley Dolecki Foundations of Psychology Paper The five major schools of thought in psychology are psychoanalysis, behaviorism, humanistic psychology, Gestalt psychology, and cognitive psychology. However, there are many sub-categories to each of these basic schools each of them deals with all aspects from biological to environmental. The main different schools of psychology that vary both in attitude and in methods of working are these that consist of the Freudian, Jungian and Adlerian schools as well as Gestalts, behaviorist, and cognitive schools. Behaviorism is the term and school of thought from B. F. Skinner, who mainly focused on observable behavior. . His goal was of relating behavior to experimental conditions. Skinner had several theories in regard to operant conditioning. Skinner believed that learning is a function of overt behavior and changes in an individual’s behavior is a result of events that occur in the individual’s environment (Morris & Maisto, 2010). Psychoanalysis was invented by Sigmund Freud, who believed that the human mind was composed of three elements: the id, the ego, and the superego. This school of thought emphasizes the influence of the unconscious mind on behavior. Psychoanalysis delves into the innermost parts of the mind and reveals the causes of individual thoughts and behaviors. Freud researched repression, immorality of the subconscious, memory, par amnesia...
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...if you're a girl, the mammary glands in your breasts could someday make breast milk to feed a baby. Other glands release hormones (say: hor-mones), which are substances inside your body that tell it how to work and how to grow. Glands that do this are part of the endocrine (say: en-doh-krin) system. Puberty — body changes that turn a kid into an adult — depend on the endocrine system. Still other things that we call "glands" are part of your immune (say: ih-myoon) system. They release substances that help you fight off illnesses and, if you are sick, help you get better. When you have a bad cold and your neck glands are swollen, that is your immune system in action. Exocrine glands are a type of ductal glands that secrete their products (including digestive enzymes, and some hormone chemical messengers) into ducts that lead directly into the external environment. They are the counterparts to endocrine glands, which secrete their products (hormones) directly into the bloodstream (ductless glands) or release hormones (paracrines) that affect only target cells nearby the release site. The hypothalamus (from Greek ὑπό = under and θάλαμος = room, chamber) is a portion of the brain that contains a number of small nuclei with a variety of functions. One of the most important functions of the hypothalamus is to link the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland (hypophysis). The hypothalamus is located under the thalamus, one of the most evolutionarily...
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...The Endocrine System BIO / 101 The Endocrine System The endocrine system is defined as any system within an animal that regulates the functioning of the organism or is used in the production of hormones. These systems can range anywhere from a simple center in the nervous system to a more intricate collection of glands that are in the human endocrine system. Qualified endocrinologists have been analyzing the advancement of the endocrine systems and the roles that they play in an animals’ adaptive behavior in an environment as well as their production of offspring. It is surprising to find that the research of endocrinology in mammals has been advanced by research in non-mammal animals. For example, the mechanisms in the body that control salt and water content were discovered in fishes first, this led to the discovery of comparable functions in mammals. The understanding in how the endocrine system is structured in non-mammals offers critical information into understanding how the human endocrine system functions. The most basic endocrine system deals with the secretion and storage of hormones within nervous tissue or neurohemal organs. These hormones can be secreted directly into circulation of the body or stored into organs that have direct contact with the blood vessels that allow the hormones to be put into circulation. There are cells located within the endocrine glands that stem from various nerve cells that have traveled during the evolutionary process to different...
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...There's a special chemical released in the name of love. Just by hugging an important person in our lives we can produce a powerful love hormone in our body. Oxytocin is a neurotransmitter hormone released by the posterior pituitary gland. With only five percent of mammalian species having long lasting relationships and raising their young, I’d say this chemical is desperately needed. Many behaviors such as parental behaviors are associated with three peptides such as, oxytocin, vasopressin, and prolactin. The oxytocin is created by the hypothalamus that is located below the thalamus. The pituitary gland releases it into the circulatory system. The pituitary gland can do so because it can produce many different hormones that can control functions of other glands in the body. It is located just below the hypothalamus and is a part of the endocrine system. The circulatory system is responsible for moving water, oxygen, and many other items through the enter body. The circulatory system involves the heart, blood, and blood vessels to do so. A simple purpose that oxytocin helps with is breast feeding. Nursing creates spinal nerve stimulation that causes the hypothalamus to make oxytocin. The pituitary glands then secrete the oxytocin as well...
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...Write a 350- to 700-word essay in which you compare and contrast the influence of heredity and hormones on human behavior. Include in your essay a discussion on the endocrine system, identification of hormones and the glands responsible for secreting them, and genetics, behavior genetics, and evolutionary psychology. Format the essay consistent with APA guidelines. When comparing and contrasting the influence of heredity and hormones on human behavior a person would make sure and thoroughly look through and see the different mechanisms that make our bodies function properly. The endocrine system is a very important part of our bodies “make-up”, and it works very closely to the nervous system. The two systems are in constant conversation together. The endocrine glands release hormones into the body’s bloodstream. Now, traveling through the bloodstream may be a very effective way for a nerve impulse to travel, but it seems that hormones can take seconds, even minutes to reach where they are supposed to go. When identifying hormones a person would see that there are a few different kinds of hormones like; thyroxin, which is produced in the endocrine gland located right below the voice box. This hormone is responsible for the regulation of the body’s rate of metabolism. This hormone is responsible for how alert and energetic a person can be, or if they are fat or thin. But as with anything too much of anything can be bad. A person with an overactive thyroid can cause a...
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...Heredity and Hormones Page 1 Heredity and Hormones By 09/22/2010 Axia College Heredity and Hormones Page 2 Both heredity and hormones can and do affect human behavior. I personally feel that they each play as large a par as the other. There was a time in which scientists thought that hormones were the sole driving force behind human behavior. For example, people that have higher or lower testosterone levels can at times affect their levels of aggression. As time progressed, we have learned that heredity is indeed a factor to consider. Hormones can influence behavior but there are other forces at work. Heredity is like the beginning. We all start at ground zero with a blank slate. Heredity can nudge us north or east but it is up to us if we head in one direction or the other. Heredity is the potential for action. Hormones influence you further and changes throughout your life; but again, these are forces that are influences – not rules. The endocrine system plays a huge part in hormonal change. Interestingly enough, the endocrine system has not ducts to supply hormones. Because of this, all the hormones supplied by this system are inserted directly into the bloodstream. This system is also key in the fact that it is responsible for supplying thirty hormones to the body. The reason though for me to bring this system up in this setting is to address...
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...Anatomy & Physiology II EXAM 1 Notes: CHAPTER 17: ENDOCRINE SYSTEM 17.1 -You have to have the communication and control network for your 100,000,000 cells -Communication System: NERVOUS * Functions: 1. Collects Information 2. Processes Information 3. Initiates Response * Communication Method: -Nerve signal travels along the neuron then the neurotransmitter is released into the synaptic cleft * Target Cells: 1. Other Neurons 2. Muscle Cells 3. Gland Cells * Response Time: RAPID * Duration of Response: SHORT (terminates with removal of stimulus) -Communication System: ENDOCRINE (Chemical Communication System) * Functions: 1. Maintaining homeostasis 2. Regulating development, growth, and metabolism 3. Controlling Reproductive Activites * Communication Method: -Produces and releases hormones-regulatory chemicals (proteins or lipids) secreted into the blood stream and affects target cells. * Target Cells: -A variety of cells with a specific receptor for a hormone that initiates or inhibits selective cell activities. * Response Time: LONGER * Duration of Response: LONGER LASTING (mins to days and weeks) 17.2 -Endocrine Cells: 1. Derived from epithelium with connective tissue framework 2. Have extensive blood supply to facilitate rapid uptake of hormones 3. Two Locations: -Single Organ: pineal, thyroid, pituitary, parathyroid, and adrenal glands -Cells in...
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...2008 Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 1 When some children are born, they have a disorder that is passed from one parent or both through the genes that are the basis for their being alive. These diseases are called genetic disorders. Some of these disorders are rare and don’t have a cure. One such disease or disorder is Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 1, or MEN1. I will explain what this disorder is and what body systems it affects. MEN1 is a relatively uncommon inherited disorder where less than 1 person in 20,000 will carry the gene. It is passed down in families from 1 generation to the next and affects males and females equally, it occurs in all racial groups. This disease can be inherited if only one parent has MEN1. Diagnosis of the disease is done through genetic testing or following a patient medically over several years and seeing if the patient has symptoms of the disease. MEN1 affects the endocrine glands: the pituitary, parathyroid, and pancreas glands that regulate different hormones that control the functions of various tissues throughout the body. Normally, the hormones released by endocrine glands ore carefully balanced to meet a body’s needs. In patients with MEN1, the endocrine glands may become overactive at the same time or throughout a lifetime. Similarly, different areas of within the endocrine glands may become overactive at different times during life. By age 30 most people who inherit MEN1 will have some type of endocrine gland overactivity...
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...almond. Despite its small size, the hypothalamus plays a large role in a number of functional and behavioral activities that are essential for our everyday survival. The overall role of the hypothalamus is to collect and fuse together a variety of information from the body and to organize responses that maintain homeostasis, meaning to keep the human body in a stable yet constant condition. Carrying out this single overriding task requires coordinating the activity of the autonomic nervous system and the endocrine system, ultimately influencing several important behaviors (Culberson). The hypothalamus responds to a variety of signals from the internal and external environment including body temperature, hunger, feelings of being filled up after eating, blood pressure and levels of hormones in the circulation. It also responds to stress and controls in our daily bodily rhythms such as the night-time secretion of melatonin from the pineal gland and the changes in cortisol, the stress hormone, and body temperature over a 24-hour period. The hypothalamus collects and combines this information and puts changes in place to correct any imbalances...
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...and Hormones BEH/225 3/7/2013 David Stephensen Axia College of University of Phoenix The behavior of humans change depending on each individual as each person is different. The tendencies of committing a crime, or be more intelligent or very aggressive are signs of human behavior. In biological terms these are the outcome of behavior are as a result of hormones and genes. Heredity is the foundation upon which human behavior is built. Human behavior can be influenced by genes that are already present in the framework of the person. Genes are inherited when they are passed down from parent to child. The environment can cause our genes to change, or mutate. The way that heredity influences behavior over time may change and it may not always have an influence in the future. The endocrine system is a system of glands where each gland has a type of hormone that secretes directly into the bloodstream. Hormones are chemical substances released into the bloodstream through the endocrine glands and serve a similar function or purpose to the neurotransmitters. Hormones direct such processes as metabolism, growth, and sexual development, it also have numerous affects depending on gender. The nervous system and the endocrine system work together in a constant chemical dialog. The endocrine gland consists of Pineal gland, pituitary gland, parathyroid, thyroid gland, pancreas, adrenal glands, and the gonads which consist of female ovaries, and male testes. Since hormones have...
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