...Running head: Engel v. Vitale Engel v. Vitale Introduction of Case: Engel v. Vitale (1962) went before the Supreme Court. Several families claimed that it was unconstitutional for their students, who attended a public school, to have to recite a prayer created by the New York State Board of Regents each day before class. Citation: 370 U.S. 421 Facts of the Case: The Board of Education of Union Free School District No. 9, New Hide Park, New York, mandated that a school prayer created by the State Board of Regents be recited in front of a teacher at the start of each day. “Almighty God, we acknowledge our dependence upon Thee, and we beg thy blessings upon us, our parents, our teachers and our country. Amen” (Engel...
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...Falling Hazards The most common injuries workers suffer from falling objects are bruises, fractures, strains, and sprains. The objects that commonly fall range from large items such as roof trusses and steel beams to small items such as fasteners and small hand tools. Introduction: Hand tools include a wide variety of non-powered devices such as wrenches, pliers, hammers, and screwdrivers. These tools may seem harmless, but they are the cause of many injuries. The following is a summary of safety practices related to hand tools. General Hazards: • The two most common hazards associated with the use of hand tools are misuse and improper maintenance. • Misuse occurs when a hand tool is used for something other than its intended purpose. (An example would be using a screwdriver as a chisel. This may cause the tip to break and strike someone). • Improper maintenance allows hand tools to deteriorate into an unsafe condition. (Examples would include cracked wooden handles that allow the tool head to fly off or mushroomed heads that can shatter upon impact). • Specially designed tools may be needed in hazardous environments. (Always use non-sparking tools in the presence of flammable vapors or dusts. Insulated tools with appropriate ratings must be used for electrical work). Cause of health hazards · Static load Static load or effort occurs when muscles are kept tense and motionless. Examples of static effort include holding the arms elevated (Figure 1a), or...
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...Engels believed that “civilization moves in a vicious circle in which it is constantlky reproducing but is never able to overcome”(293). Engels believed that a capitalist is verys similar to all the previous rulingclasses. The capitalists removed profit value from the labouring class.Engels talks about historical materialism in society and the contradiction of the capitalist era. the development of human society has moved through a series of stages, from hunting and gathering, through pastoralism and cultivation, to commercial society.[5] Friedrich Engels wrote: "I use 'historical materialism' to designate the view of the course of history, which seeks the ultimate causes and the great moving power of all important historic events in the economic development of society, in the changes in the modes of production and exchange, with the consequent division of society into distinct classes and the struggles of these classes."[6] According to Marxist theorists, history develops in accordance with the following observations: Social progress is driven by progress in the material, productive forces a society has at its disposal (technology, labour, capital goods, etc.) Humans are inevitably involved in production relations (roughly speaking, economic relationships or institutions), which constitute our most decisive social relations. Production relations progress, with a degree of inevitability, following and corresponding to the development of the productive forces...
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...contribution of Marxism to our understanding of families and household. Marxism is the political and economic theory formed by Karl Marx and Freidrich Engels. “Religion is the sigh of the oppressed creature, the heart of a heartless world, and the soul of soulless conditions. It is the opium of the people.” – Karl Marx He is trying to say religion is the drug of people. It’s what keeps them alive in these wretched times. The oppressed creatures are the lower classed people forced to work every day just to feed their families. The heartless world are the capitalist, the selfish rich people who have never labored a day in their life. The soulless conditions therefore become the terrible conditions under which the poor have to work in. Marx is trying to show the system of hierarchy in the quote. Religion is the only thing the poor can hold on to, it can’t be taken away from them. Religion is the escape to find hope and salvation in the sense that one day they don’t have to work under the rich people. Marxism is the theoretical debate on understanding of different classes in society, taking as its starting point the necessary economic activities required by everyday people to provide for their material needs. Engels and zaretskys view will be discussed as well as the new rights, functionalists and Marxist feminists. Friedrich Engels Engels (1820-1895) was a German social scientist as well as becoming the joint father of Marxism. He had his own view of the theory. He argued the nuclear...
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...Throughout history, there have been numerous socialist movements, but perhaps the most famous of these movements is communism. The figurehead of the communist movement is a man named Karl Marx, an outspoken leader in communist philosophy during the 1800’s. In 1848, he teamed up with his good friend Friedrich Engels to write what has become a classic example of political philosophy. In their book, the Communist Manifesto, Marx and Engels describe the proletariat as the revolutionary class because they believed that the proletariat’s terrible conditions would inspire them to revolt, rather than beat them down into submission; Marx was misguided in this philosophy because proletariat revolutions never accomplish true, lasting change, instead it is when the bourgeoisie revolts that revolutions have positive and lasting results....
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...MARXISM Over 150 years ago Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels wrote The Communist Manifesto. In The Communist Manifesto they were the first to give a thorough and scientific analysis of the laws and workings of capitalist society: why it results in the polarization of wealth and how it can be overthrown. In the last few years their ideas have been regaining popularity. At the end of 1999 Marx was voted the greatest thinker of the millennium in a BBC online poll. It is the economic crisis of capitalism internationally that has forced many to reassess their view of Marx. Capitalism is a cyclical system: crises can be caused by a number of factors, such as financial crashes or political unrest. Marx recognized that capitalism, despite all its abuses, played an important role in developing the productive forces and the world market. It was an advance from the feudal societies that preceded it. Today, capitalism has developed the world market and the wealth, science and technology have laid the foundations for a socialist society. Under capitalism, wealth and power have always been concentrated in the hands of the capitalists. And the development of technology is driven by the need for profit. The anarchy of the capitalist market always results in increasing wealth and power for a few but poverty for the many. Today the capitalists are a far wealthier and a far smaller class than they were in Marx's time. In the last 50 years the wealth gap between the richest 20% of humanity and...
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...Liberal capitalism was as well known and tried system in Great Britain during the 19th century. However, around the late 19th century a new system began to appear, communism. These two systems were quite different when it came to their political and economic views. This new system gave rise to some believing that maybe it was time for Great Britain to change their former system of liberal capitalism to one that is more communist in nature. Others believed it was better to leave the system as it was. To decide on which would be better for the country one must first look at the ideas that lay behind both liberal capitalism and communism. One had to delve into the core of both systems and discover not only the positive implications, but also the possible negative implications as well. The term liberal capitalism is one that was well known throughout Great Britain. It was a system based upon the individual. It was a system that was primarily driven by free enterprise and the existence of classes. The government had very little say in what the market was like; this was known as a free market. The primary view was that this was the best form of economic system due to the fact that the individuals themselves set the amount of production and the prices of those products. David Ricardo believed that the wages received naturally fluctuated to meet the minimum subsistence requirements for workers. As he stated, “The market price of labour is the price which is really paid for it” (“Ricardo...
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...wealth and poverty apparent in most industrialist cities and was further enforced by the onset of the First World War. The Metamorphosis reflects upon the economic struggle caused by the onset of the industrial revolution and the chaos caused by the onset of the First World War in Europe, between the large number of diverse economic and social philosophies such as the struggle between communism and capitalism which shaped the global struggles in the latter half of the twentieth century. In 1847 Frederick Engels, defined communism in The Principles of Communism as, “the doctrine of the conditions of the liberation of the proletariat” (1), the proletariat’s being the lower working classes which sell their labor to gain capital (Engel 2). The communist ideal calls for the rejection of capitalistic ideals and the adoption of a classless society with no private ownership of resources but rather public ownership of capital resources in order to avoid the evils of capitalism (Engel 13). The Metamorphosis reflects communistic ideals in its depiction of Gregor and the Samsa family, Gregor in the first pages of the book is depicted as a massive vermin, unable to provide or care for himself or his family (Kafka 3). Soon after we learn that Gregor works a low paying menial wage job as a traveling salesman (Kafka 4), Gregor’s lowly position presents him as the proletariat enveloped into...
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...In the late 1700’s and 1800’s several theories regarding the economy emerged. Some economic theorist such as Adam Smith, Karl Marx, and Friedrich Engels write about whats wrong with the economy and how they wanted to fix the economy. The eighteenth century thinker Adam Smith (1723 – 1790) is taken as a very useful example of liberal ideas. Adam Smith was both the explained and advocate of liberal capitalism, and the forerunner of the critique of capitalism. Smith believes that societies should be protected against the invasion of other societies meaning, societies should not be affected by other societies, and all citizens should have the same justice in every way. Smith thinks the motivation of improving your self work goes to the production of goods in a economic system. People want to improve their social status with improves the economy, the reason people work is to make money and money is the foundation to a stable government. Friedrich Engles and Karl Marx, they both believed in modern day communism and socialism. they both thought that the problem with society is that it was very hard to get a job wasn't like today with you give a application and they see if you qualify, back then very few jobs not a lot of shops to work at and even if a random person got a job witch is unlikely, the job would pay horribly; and when you don't have a job your poor, on the streets and starving. So at that point you either end up stealing money and food or you just die of hunger...
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...Engels and Marx: Fathers of Communism Alfredo Lopez English 1A Professor Snyder 12 May 2014 “In bourgeois society capital is independent and has individuality, while the living person is dependent and has no individuality.” –Karl Marx This single sentence is the foundation on which Karl Marx and Frederick Engels founded Communism. Their mission was to free the oppressed from the powers of economy and religion. According to the Oxford English Dictionary Communism is “A political theory derived from Karl Marx, advocating class war and leading to a society in which all property is publicly owned and each person works and is paid according to their abilities and needs.” Communism was formed to show that the working and poor class, often called proletarians or “blue-collar” workers, was the foundation for any strong country, that without these lower members of society, a country would fall apart. Marx wanted to show the world this so he laid out a plan for Communism, with ten essential points. Karl Heinrich Marx was born on May 5, 1818, in Trier in western German, the son of a successful Jewish lawyer. Marx studied law in Bonn and Berlin, but was also introduced to the ideas of Hegel and Feuerbach. In 1841, he received a doctorate in philosophy from the University of Jena. In 1843, after a short spell as editor of a liberal newspaper in Cologne, Marx and his wife Jenny moved to Paris, a hotbed of radical thought. There he became a revolutionary communist and befriended...
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...Find out what the Communist Manifesto is. Learn the main ideas of each chapter of the Manifesto, and the points of communism's political platform. Read the lesson, then take a quiz to test your new knowledge. We also recommend watching Karl Marx & Friedrich Engels: The Communist Manifesto and Balcony Scene in Romeo and Juliet: Summary, Analysis & Quiz The Communist Manifesto The Communist Manifesto is a brief publication that declares the arguments and platform of the communist party. It was was written in 1847 by political theorists Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, and was commissioned by the Communist League, a political party based in England. Summary The Communist Manifesto was published in 1848, and consists of a preamble and four chapters, which are summarized below: Bourgeois and Proletarians In this chapter, Marx famously states 'The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles'. The chapter lays out the position that the bourgeois, through competition and private ownership of land, are forever exploiting and oppressing the proletariat (working class). Marx then states that the system always results in class conflict and revolution, and should be replaced by communism -- a society without class distinctions. Proletarians and Communists This chapter explains the relationship between the communist party and other working parties, stating that the communist parties would not organize against them. The chapter also declares the...
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...This topic is just like debating that who is greatest — Jesus or Muhammad? Both of them have their respective specifications and they can’t be equated with each other. In an attempt to focus some greatest souls across the world, TopYaps lists top 10 famous people, better known for their unparalleled contribution in changing the course of world, the course of history. 10. Bill Gates: Bill Gates created his first computer program while still at high school, co-founded Microsoft in 1977, and by 1993 was the richest man on Earth. In 2000 Gates and his wife formed the Bill & Melinda Gates foundation, which is the largest charity in the world. One of its aim is to exempt the Third World of polio and other deadly diseases. 9. Martin Luther King, Jr.: Martin Luther King was a Baptist minister who campaigned against the segregation of blacks in the Southern states of the United States. He was influenced by Gandhi and believed in peaceful protest. He won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964. King was assassinated in 1968, but will always be remembered for his dignified, passive resistance to an unjust society. 8. Nelson Mandela: Nelson Mandela dedicated his life to the fight against apartheid – a policy which kept black and white South Africans apart and denied black citizens the vote. He was imprisoned in 1964 for his aggressive opposition to South Africa’s racist government and was held for 26 years. In 1990, after his release, Mandela was elected President of the African National...
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...political leaders, notably V. I. Lenin and Mao Tse-tung, to impose communism on more than twenty countries. Marx was born in Trier, Prussia (now Germany), in 1818. He studied philosophy at universities in Bonn and Berlin, earning his doctorate in Jena at the age of twenty-three. His early radicalism, first as a member of the Young Hegelians, then as editor of a newspaper suppressed for its derisive social and political content, preempted any career aspirations in academia and forced him to flee to Paris in 1843. It was then that Marx cemented his lifelong friendship with Friedrich Engels. In 1849 Marx moved to London, where he continued to study and write, drawing heavily on works by David Ricardo and Adam Smith. Marx died in London in 1883 in somewhat impoverished surroundings. Most of his adult life, he relied on Engels for financial support. At the request of the Communist League, Marx and Engels coauthored their most famous work, “The Communist Manifesto,” published in 1848. A call to arms for the proletariat—“Workers of the world, unite!”—the manifesto set down the principles on which communism was to evolve. Marx held that history was a series of class struggles between owners of capital (capitalists) and workers (the proletariat). As wealth became more concentrated in the hands of a few capitalists, he thought, the ranks of an increasingly dissatisfied proletariat would swell, leading to bloody revolution and eventually a classless society. It has become fashionable...
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...por mucho tiempo, que en muchos sentidos la progresión de nuestra historia se asemeja a un bucle; aunque claro está que muchos dirán que tal afirmación no es verdad, porque si aquélla fuera cierta dónde quedarían todos los avances científicos, tecnológicos, industriales, arquitectónicos, económicos, artísticos, entre otros, que hemos visto a través del desarrollo de la especie humana. Por supuesto, nada de esto se puede negar, pero si nos remitimos exclusivamente a la razón, al comportamiento, a las acciones que desencadena nuestro pensamiento racional, lo planteado comienza a cobrar sentido. Para analizar esto con algo más de detalle, podemos abordar los tres últimos siglos, por medio de figuras históricas como Immanuel Kant, Friedrich Engels, Karl Marx y Hannah Arendt. De tal manera, en el siglo XVIII Kant en su texto “Respuesta a la pregunta ¿qué es la ilustración?”, expresa la necesidad del hombre de salir de la minoría de edad, la cual se puede entender como la falta de capacidad del hombre para razonar por sí mismo, dependiendo de otros (como el Estado) para tomar sus decisiones; incapacidad que se origina porque es más cómodo y fácil permanecer en la ignorancia y dejar que sea otro el que decida el rumbo de nuestras acciones, que esforzarnos para pensar por nosotros mismos, que tener el valor para trabajar duro por la libertad, por la libertad para pensar,...
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...KARL MARX (Reflection Paper) For me he was not that concerned about the feelings of those individuals with whom he came in contact. Karl Marx believed that a perfect society is one governed by communism and where religion was just a thing of the past. His theory stems from the negative qualities of capitalism where it sometimes seems as though the rich feeds off the hardship of the poor and his belief that religion’s chief purpose is to provide reasons for keeping things in society just the way the oppressors like them . No thinker in the 19th-century has perhaps had so direct, deliberate and powerful influence upon mankind as Karl Marx. The strength of his influence was unique. He completed the bulk of his work between 1844 and 1883, a period of democratic nationalism, trade unionism and revolution. Great popular leaders and political martyrs appeared upon the historical stage, their words stirring the enthusiasm of their audiences. Indeed, within Marx's lifetime, a new revolutionary tradition was born, and Marx's name would be forever associated with that tradition. Yet Marx was not a popular writer or orator. Like most Victorians, Marx wrote extensively. The Grundrisse, a work not published in Russian until 1941, or in English until 1973, is really little more than a series of preliminary notes Marx made in preparation for his three volume masterpiece, Das Kapital. The Grundrisse is a 900 page notebook. The three volumes of Das Kapital weigh in at 2500 pages, and the...
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