...of the Old World as well as the New. The development of America took place when a static and status-bound European was responding to new intellectual stirrings, growing trade, and competition among emerging nation- states in overseas exploration and commerce. In 1585 Raleigh established the firs British Colony in North America on Roanoke Island. English colonization in America differed in character and consequences from that of other European nations. The English Monarchs had destroyed the power of the feudal nobility and had established a strong centralized state and in so doing, the monarchs had encouraged the growth of the business middle classes, the merchants and entrepreneurs who were to be major agents of the modernizing process. By seventeenth centaury, England's imperial reach was global; it stretched west from Ireland to Newfound land to Bermuda, and eastward to the subcontinent of India. It was to the west in the New World in 1606 that King James issued charter to two joint stock companies to colonize the land that Sir Walter Raleigh had named Virginia in honor of the Virgin Queen Elizabeth. The company promptly sent out an expedition of 144 people and after four months arduous voyage they reached Chesapeake Bay in April 1607. The 105 surviving English men than proceeded up a great river, which they named for King James, and founded Jamestown- the first permanent English settlement in North America. For one category of immigrants the Virginia environment...
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...Urban Indian North America Mourning Wars – When Europeans came over and started interaction and trades with Indians, they affected Indians by brought diseases, which resulted in deaths of large amounts of Indians. Those deaths were devastating for Indians and resulted in mourning wars. When Indian communities lost members to disease or warfare, they often kidnapped neighboring enemies in mourning wars, adopting the women and children into their own community and torturing the men, enacting a ritual form of grief. As an example of a mourning war might be “Beavers Wars” (17 century - about 1640). The smallpox brought by Dutch and English killed huge amounts of Indians ( probably more than a half of the population of Iroquois). The lost of such a big amount of people set the Iroquois with other tribes on a warpath and resulted in a war between Huron and Iroquois. Columbian Exchange – when Christopher Columbus discovered the Americas it set in motion a movement of people between Old and New World. Europeans got interested in Americas and its goods. Columbian exchange was a transfer of people, plants, animals, and disease between the Americas and the rest of the world that began during the time of Columbus ( XV century- about 1493). The Columbian Exchange had an impact on European and Indian life. Many unknown goods were exchanged between colonialists and Indians, such as plans (corn, potatoes), animals (ships, lamas, horses), tools (weapons), which changed life for...
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...CHAPTER 3 America in the British Empire ANTICIPATION/REACTION Directions: Before you begin reading this chapter, place a check mark beside any of the following seven statements with which you now agree. Use the column entitled “Anticipation.” When you have completed your study of this chapter, come back to this section and place a check mark beside any of the statements with which you then agree. Use the column entitled “Reaction.” Note any variation in the placement of checkmarks from anticipation to reaction and explain why you changed your mind. Anticipation Reaction _____ 1. _____ 1. _____ 2. _____ 3. _____ 4. _____ 5. _____ 6. _____ 7. The British government usually left American colonists to make their own laws pertaining to local matters. American colonial trade was severely crippled by British trade laws. The European Enlightenment had little influence on the thought of American colonists. Because they were part of the British empire, colonists were constantly involved in England’s imperial wars with France and Spain. Parliament taxed the American colonists as a way to express its authority over them, not because it needed. the money. Colonists protested the Sugar Act and Stamp Act as violations of their rights as Americans. Colonists protested the Tea Act because it threatened to raise the price of tea. _____ 2. _____ 3. _____ 4. _____ 5. _____ 6. _____ 7. LEARNING OBJECTIVES After reading Chapter 3 you...
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...kept the English motivated to expand. Europeans set out on a cycle of overseas voyages that would lead to the organization of European trading posts and colonies in both the Americas and the East. Colonialism is defined as a structure in a colony with a specific linkage; meaning economic, political, cultural, and social ideologies. The colonies linked England to the United States. England, being the mother country, also had a very important role play. The mother country was responsible for providing money for supplies for voyages such as ships, food, soldiers, and weapons etc. Also, England was responsible for the processing and manufacturing of raw materials. Settlers of the colonies needed markets to sell their goods and labor. They also needed a source of labor for the production of raw materials. This new labor force was made up of Native Americans, indentured servants (white slaves who served terms of up to seven years as slaves), and Africans. Columbus and his crew stated that when they arrived in the Americas they found Africans already there. In 1502, the Spanish were the first Europeans to enslave Africans in the Americas. Yet the local population died from European diseases like smallpox and from overwork. Thus in 1502, ten years after Columbus' landing, the Spanish brought the first African slaves to Cuba from West Africa to replace Indian slaves who were dying out. This began the trans-Atlantic slave deal between West Africa and the Americas and the ...
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...1.What were the main causes, elements, and impact of the different approaches to colonies followed by the English, French, and Spanish? By Columbus’s discovery, Spain got a religious justification fro conquest and an army of seasoned soldiers, named conquistadores. Also, rulers in Spain developed efficient techniques for controlling new colonies. The conquistadores left a trail of destruction by attacking native villages and killed or captured the inhabitant since they preferred seeking gold and slaves to creating permanent settlements. In 1519, some Spanish soldiers landed on the coast of Mexico. Three years later, these Spanish soldier conquered Aztec empire. The three factors of Spanish victory were technological advantages, division within the Aztec empire, and disease. Later, some other Spanish soldiers conquered a richer empire, Inca empire. By 1550, Spain’s New World empire, which stretched from the Caribbean through Mexico to Peru, was administered from Spain by the Council of the Indies. The council enacted laws for the empire and supervised an elaborate bureaucracy to maintain political control and extract wealth from the land and its people. Then, two expedition went to north America to find gold and silver but they did not find any gold and silver. So Spain stopped to extend its empire and just maintained two precarious footholds in north of Mexico. By a large number of gold and silver flowing into Spain, it became the richest and most powerful state in Europe. However...
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...SPANISH EXPLORATION FROM THE ENGLISH EXPLORATION Sean Kazmierski HIEU 201 6 December 2015 Introduction Evidence of the earliest travel by European explorers into the ‘new world’ can be traced back to 1000AD. It began with the Vikings sailing from their native land in the British Isles to Greenland where they created a colony. Later, they left Greenland for North America where they saw virgin land with exotic plants, animal species, and indigenous people[1]. The Vikings returned home with stories about the marvels of the places they had visited, but their home authorities lacked the will power or the resources to make a follow-up on these explorations. As a result, European states continued to make commerce across the Mediterranean Sea with North Africa for many years that followed. Research has shown that the methods and motivations of exploration were unique from one state to the other. As Europeans continued their explorations, we will examine the similarities and differences on how the Spanish (1492-1548) and English (1584-1648) conducted their exploration and expansion. Comparison Between the British and Spanish in North America The first Spanish to arrive in America was Hernan Cortes in 1519. He did the groundwork for the creation of the Spanish colony. In 1607, Christopher Newport set foot in what would later become Jamestown, laying the foundation of the British Empire in North America. Explorers, such as Christopher...
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...Chapter Summary: The Spanish took over the Caribbean, Mexico, and Peru. They also wanted to conquer the Americas. Most of the native people were forced into slavery or they were swept away by the smallpox. Colonies were made in North America. The Europeans were beginning to mix with the indigenous people, even though there were still social and sexual hierarchies. Silver became quite important, so laborers were sent to mine for silver. There were three different labor systems; one came right after the other. Until the free laborer system got set in place. Europeans began settling in Australia, even though there wasn’t much trade going on at the time. Many more people traveled to the Pacific after Magellan and Captain Cook. I. Colliding Worlds...
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...Before the Seven Years’ War, otherwise known as the French and Indian War, the settler colonies of America, nicknamed the Thirteen Colonies, simply wanted very little government intervention from Britain in the mid-1700s. With a victory in the aforementioned battle, Britain believed they deserved territorial rights to land within the New World, and looked at these early colonists as violators that insulted British rule by taking independence into their own hands. Because the British government wanted it both ways, reaping unforeseen benefits from increased economic trade while not wanting to represent their own, who migrated to the New World, they were devaluing and doing their best to eliminate the liberties of these American colonists. Many...
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...The period of time from 1700-1750 in English North America was a pivotal term, full of growth and diversification, for the people, politics and commerce of the colonies. Revolutionary ideas were sparked by the spread of enlightened ideas to the New World, monetary monitoring by the English government, the developing complexity of the society in the colonies, and salutary neglect by England due to distracting European warfare. The justification for the future oppositional force against the English crown was defined by the important peoples and events of this time period. As a result of the British rise of power in the Atlantic World at this time, dramatic cultural developments occurred. Also thanks to the English dominance of commerce, manufacturing...
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...Five factors must be considered when discussing the causes of the American Revolutionary War. In July 1776, American colonists, who 13 years before, had considered themselves loyal Englishmen, took the unprecedented step of seeking a political separation from the British Empire. A “perfect storm” of economics, politics, society, philosophy, and communication technology helped create a situation in which it was possible for the colonies to not only separate from the empire but create a functioning government to take the place of the one from which they had separated. Economically, the colonies and England were extremely close. The colonies provided a source of raw materials for the Empire as well as a marketplace to sell goods produced by...
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...throne changed over from the Tudors to the Stuarts, the English began to create settlements in the Americas. Starting in the Chesapeake Bay area, the English traveled to the North in search of profit and power. The British empire looked for way to decrease the power of the large empires of France and Spain. In 1606, the current king of England created the Virginia Company, starting the voyages and creation of the English empire in the eastern portion of North America. When to Tudor family lost the throne to the Stuarts, King James I, previously James VI of Scotland, came to power. Different from the previous family of rulers, King James I encouraged the thought that only sovereigns answered to God. As he came into to power, the Church of England was divided. The divided Church constituted of reformist Puritans and conservative Anglicans. As a way to create more English power in the Americas, King James I created a joint-stock company, known as the Virginia Company. He hoped to gain profit and to weaken the powerful France and Spain. In May, 1607, the Virginia Company settled the first perpetual colony in Virginia. The men and boys settled near a river about 40 miles...
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...main options on the positions to take regarding the facts. Many still supported the need for a reconciliation with England, either for the tradition that it bound the colonies or for the protection of trade and security of the American continent. So the fear and uncertainty to be an independent nation in the future restrained settlers' minds. More and more, on the other hand, were the voices, who courageously invoke the separation from the motherland as the only real alternative for the development and prosperity of the colonies. Therefore, the idea of independence had been circulating in the debates and private conversations, but before January 10, 1776 no one had publicly supported his needs, urging Americans to actively pursue it. The English radical Thomas Paine, with his Common Sense was in fact the first to propose the American people the separation from Great Britain, as a concrete solution, reachable in a short time. The pamphlet had an enormous impact on the colonial debate thanks to the direct and effective way in which...
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...Terms: 1. Bering strait- a strait between Alaska and the Russian Federation in Asia, connecting the Bering Sea and the Arctic Ocean 2. Primogeniture- the state of being the firstborn child. 3. Charter- a document issued by a government that gives rights to a person or group 4. Mayflower compact- an agreement to establish a government, entered into by the Pilgrims in the cabin of the Mayflower. 5. Indentured servant- a person who came to America and was placed under contract to work for another over a period of time 6. Apprenticeship- a person who works for another in order to learn a trade 7. Jamestown- a village in E Virginia: first permanent English settlement in North America 1607 8. Martin Luther- was a German professor of theology, priest, former monk and a seminal figure in the Protestant Reformation. 9. Calvinism- a Christian set of beliefs that is based on the teachings of John Calvin and that stresses God's power and the moral weakness of human beings 10. Predestination- the belief that everything that will happen has already been decided by God or fate and cannot be changed 11. Separatists- a member of a group of people who want to form a new country, religion, etc., that is separate from the one they are in now 12. Heresy- a belief or opinion that does not agree with the official belief or opinion of a particular religion 13. Seditious- disposed to arouse or take part in or guilty of sedition 14. Blue Laws- one...
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...invasion of the German state of Saxony had sparked a worldwide series of conflict that also raged in North America. This war was known as the Seven Years' War. It was one of the largest struggles between England and France for dominance in world trade, naval power, and control of the land in North America. For nearly a century, the French and the British had coexisted peacefully in North America. The French explored and claimed a vast region of the land, from Louisiana in the South to the Great Lakes in the North. This region, enclosed by four major cities: Montreal, Detroit, New Orleans, and Quebec, was the Centre of the French empire in North America. (www.digital) history.org For the British, their empire was located at the eastern coastal line of the Atlantic Ocean. Both the French and the British had built communities, trading posts and fortresses to secure a hold on their own claims. Yet, by 1750's, things began to change as both English and French settlements expanded. The religious and commercial tensions began to produce many new conflicts. During this period, the English were getting prepare for the great population leap across the Appalachians into the Ohio valley and beyond. They were not impressed when France tried to claim the Ohio Valley as part of the French territory in the same year while they were prepared to use that region for settlement purpose. To prevent the English from expanding into the French territory, the French were prompted to construct new fortresses...
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...Chapter 6: The Dual for North America Facts: * England, France, and Spain (Old World nations) were all competing for the North American continent. Native American peoples were also competing. * 1688-1763: Four wars convulsed Europe and the New World for domination. The American people were unable to stay out of a single war. The Seven Years’ War in Europe, sometimes as the French and Italian War in America, set the stage for America’s independence. * France was convulsed during the 1500s by foreign wars and domestic strife, including the clashes between Catholics and Protestant Huguenots. On St. Bartholomew’s Day, 1572, over ten thousand Huguenots were butchered in cold blood. * In 1608, after finding Jamestown, the permanent beginnings of a vast empire were established at Québec, a granite sentinel commanding the St. Lawrence River. * France earned the lasting enmity of the Iroquois tribes, hampered French penetration of the Ohio Valley, ravaging French settlements and serving as allies of the British in the struggle for supremacy on the continent. * The government of New France (Canada) fell direct control of the king after commercial companies had failed or faltered. The people elected no representative assemblies and they didn’t enjoy the right to trial by jury as in the English colonies. * Landowning French peasants, unlike the English tenant farmers who embarked for the British colonies, had little economic motive to move. Protestant Huguenots...
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