...The world runs on products made from oil, or petroleum, which helps us do many things. These petroleum products are used to fuel our airplanes, cars, trucks, to heat our homes, and to make various products such as medicines and plastics. It is hard getting through our day without some aspect of it being dependent on oil. Because oil is crucial for everyday activities, there have been many methods that have been invented to extract the maximum amount of oil. Carbon dioxide (CO2) enhanced oil recovery (EOR) is one of those methods that produces additional oil after the main production phases. Oil development and production in oil reservoirs include three individual phases: primary, secondary, and tertiary recovery. With primary recovery, the...
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...Porosity Porosity is defined as the percentage or fraction of void space to bulk volume of rock. If the sedimentary particles of a rock were of uniform size and packing, as shown inFigure 1 , Figure 1 Figure 2 , Figure 2 and Figure 3 , the calculation of porosity would be a simple exercise in solid geometry. Of course, actual reservoir rock is a much more complicated mixture of particles, and its porosity must be measured directly from core samples or estimated by well log analysis. Figure 3 The proportion and distribution of void space in a reservoir rock can be modified by the processes of cementation, solution, fracturing, and recrystallization. In reservoir engineering, primary porosity refers to the void spaces remaining after the sedimentation of particles into the rock matrix. Secondary porosity is caused by solution channels, fractures, and vugs in the bulk volume of the matrix, and is developed subsequent to the deposition of the rock. Where both types of porosity exist, the system is referred to as a dual porosity system. The production sequence of a dual porosity system may be very different from that of a primary porosity system.Table 1 (below) gives a general range of reservoir rock matrix porosities. Generally, reservoir rock martix porosities in the lower ranges are of commercial interest only when a secondary porosity system is present. Table 1--Rock matrix porosities (after Levorsen, 1967) : Negligible 0-5 Poor 5-10 ...
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...Petroleum refers to the hydrocarbon compounds of crude oil and natural gas that are found in the underground rock formations Reservoirs are generally thousands of feet below the surface and are made up of the remains of small marine plants and animals that lived millions of years ago. Petroleum may also seep to the earth’s surface along fault lines and cracks Petroleum refers to both crude oil and natural gas Modern uses of petroleum and its byproducts include: Transportation fuels (gasoline, diesel, jet fuel, and compresses natural gas) Heating Fuels (Propane, heating oil and natural gas) Electric Generation fuels such as natural gas and fuel oil Manufactured products such as plastics and building materials. Crude oil refers to unrefined hydrocarbon mixtures produced from underground reservoirs that are liquid at atmospheric pressure and temperature Classified as either light or heavy depending on the density of the mixture Density is measured in API gravity Heavy crude oil has more of the longer, larger hydrocarbon molecules (greater density) Difficult to produce and transport to market; more expensive to process; weighs more but sells for less Natural Gas refers to hydrocarbon mixtures that are NOT liquid but gaseous at normal atmospheric pressure and temperature. Natural Gas is largely methane, which is a clear, odorless gas. It has the smallest natural hydrocarbon molecule (CH4). Natural Gas mare also contain some of the larger hydrocarbon molecules commonly...
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...Punipiao, oil is formed from compacted flora and fauna by high pressure and temperature. Various methods have been used to extract crude oil to make it available for both domestic and industrial. For instance, it can be used to generate electricity. The process of extraction, transportation and usage of oil causes devastating effects to the environment (Coletti & Hewitt, 2014). I agree with Punipiao statement of the process of formation and the three major methods of extraction; primary, secondary and enhanced recovery techniques. These methods have been widely used in Middle East. During transportation of crude oil leakages can emanate leading to environmental pollution. If oil spillage occurs in water bodies, aquatic life is affected which in turn causes acute and chronic diseases to human beings. Burning of fossil fuels causes air pollution since gaseous pollutants and chemicals are released to atmosphere (Jandak & Michelson, 2009). Response to Vicki statement Vicki findings focused much on extraction and harmful effects associated with oil. Extraction of oil majorly formed due to deposition of fossil remains at the bottom of the sea involves comprehensive mechanical process (Taylor, 2009). In Venezuela, the most common extraction technique used is pumping system which uses electric motor as the prime mover incorporated with gear box, polishing rod and a lever system connected to a sucker rod. I do agree with Vicki statement that transportation of oil can be accompanied...
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...Punipiao, oil is formed from compacted flora and fauna by high pressure and temperature. Various methods have been used to extract crude oil to make it available for both domestic and industrial. For instance, it can be used to generate electricity. The process of extraction, transportation and usage of oil causes devastating effects to the environment (Coletti & Hewitt, 2014). I agree with Punipiao statement of the process of formation and the three major methods of extraction; primary, secondary and enhanced recovery techniques. These methods have been widely used in Middle East. During transportation of crude oil leakages can emanate leading to environmental pollution. If oil spillage occurs in water bodies, aquatic life is affected which in turn causes acute and chronic diseases to human beings. Burning of fossil fuels causes air pollution since gaseous pollutants and chemicals are released to atmosphere (Jandak & Michelson, 2009). Response to Vicki statement Vicki findings focused much on extraction and harmful effects associated with oil. Extraction of oil majorly formed due to deposition of fossil remains at the bottom of the sea involves comprehensive mechanical process (Taylor, 2009). In Venezuela, the most common extraction technique used is pumping system which uses electric motor as the prime mover incorporated with gear box, polishing rod and a lever system connected to a sucker rod. I do agree with Vicki statement that transportation of oil can be accompanied...
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...Iheanyi live in devastating conditions, day and night. The fact that most inhabitants don’t even get electricity for light during the night while citizens of one of the most oil rich places in the world, should blow your mind. Nigerians don’t have access to the plentiful oil surrounding them and the horrible conditions they live in because of such drillings is killing them. Their environment, economy, and daily conditions all reveal the suffering citizens endure as a result of oil. “Produced” water which comes from a well, is brought up along with oil and gas containing toxins such as: benzene, arsenic, lead, toluene, and varying amounts of radioactive pollutants (Haerens 27-32)....
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...Overview The oil industry is an integral part of the U.S economy and with new legal revisions in place; Royal Dutch Shell will be better able to develop technologies to continue advancing this industry. Also know as Shell, they are headquartered in the Netherlands and are the second largest energy company in the world. “Shell has operations in over 90 countries, produces around 3.1 million barrels of oil equivalent per day and has 44,000 service stations worldwide (Shell, 2011).” Shell Oil Company, its subsidiary in the United States, is one of Royal Dutch Shell’s largest businesses. It has integrated itself into every area of the oil and gas industry, including exploration and production, refining, distribution and marketing, petrochemicals, power generation and trading. It also has in its holdings major renewable energy activities, including bio-fuels, hydrogen, solar and wind power. Shell takes pride in being a leading innovator in the oil industry. Political Analysis At $1.8 trillion dollars a year, oil is the most traded commodity and the demand over the past year is rising. As discussion to extended drilling on U.S soil has intensified, President Obama has recently enacted a plan to place a hold on the 1,700 mile Keystone Pipeline Project after hearing concerns from environmental groups such as the BlueGreen Alliance. This comes after “the State Department subjected the Keystone Project to three years of review” (Krauthammer, 2011) and construction was set to...
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...Company in the world. It is in the Oil and Gas Drilling and Exploration Industry. In the oil and gas industry ONGC does a lot of research and development as well as refining and marketing. In 2007 they entered the energy field researching and developing alternative fuels. The company is currently recognized as the “Best Oil and Gas Company in Asia”, by the ‘Global Finance’ magazine. In 2007 it was ranked 369th by the Fortune Global 500 list of largest corporations by turnover. This is only a small measure of their performance thus far. By looking at this and many other achievements it is obvious that ONGC is not slowing down any time soon. When taking into account that it is doing business in what will soon be the most populated country in the world, they will only be growing from here. Our analysis will look at the internal and external factors that affect the business. It will show how strong they are in the Oil Industry but also focus on what they need to do to stay competitive. Strategic Profile ONGC is not only the number one Exploration and Production Company in Asia today, but is also the number 3 E&P Company in the world. It is in the Oil and Gas Drilling and Exploration Industry. In the oil and gas industry ONGC does a lot of research and development as well as refining and marketing. In 2007 they entered the energy field researching and developing alternative fuels. The company is currently recognized as the “Best Oil and Gas Company in Asia”, by the ‘Global...
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...Airways was incorporated soon after. Singapore’s separation from Malaysia saw the company renamed to Malaysia-Singapore Airlines (MSA) in 1965. In 1972, MSA went separate ways to become Singapore Airlines (SIA) and Malaysia Airline Limited (subsequently renamed to Malaysia Airline System (MAS)) independently. As of 31st December 2013, MAS operates a fleet of total 147 aircrafts (108 MAS + 39 Subsidiary). Other MAS subsidiary providing air services included MASkargo, Firefly and MASwings. MAS has been suffering from losses continuously since year 2011 even though revenue and passenger increased in the year 2013. Coupled with the MH370 and MH17 tragic incidents in year 2014, Malaysia government called for a recovery plan to be executed to turn MAS back to profitability. The recovery plan was put together by Khazanah Nasional (Federal government Investment Arm, which happens to be majority stakeholder of MAS) and to be carried out by MAS. An estimated total fund injection of RM6 billion by Khazanah Nasional over three years hoping to resuscitate loss-making MAS. External Environment Analysis 1. PESTEL Analysis – Macro Environment Political: * Political environment is stable - it can be predict that in the coming years the stability will continues....
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...Enhanced Geothermal Systems Ali Yasir Stuart School of Business Enhanced Geothermal Systems Page 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS SECTION 1: SYNOPSIS Scope EGS, a viable option SECTION 2: INTRODUCTION Overview of the Process Basic concept Process Optimization SECTION 3: RESOURCE-BASE IN THE U.S What the facts say? Heat Content SECTION 4: ECONOMICS Potential Cost of Development Levelized Cost of Electricity SECTION 5: EMISSION REDUCTION POTENTIAL Summary of Regulations Potential Environmental Impacts Summary of Environmental Benefits SECTION 6: CURRENT DEVELOPMENTS & GOING FORWARD EGS Worldwide EGS Development in the U.S Obstacles to Further Development in the U.S Policy Options to help promote EGS SECTION 7: CONCLUSION REFERENCES 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 14 15 16 17 19 20 20 21 23 24 25 26 27 28 30 Enhanced Geothermal Systems Page 2 PREFACE There is a pre-dominating energy crisis in the United States, as the country is currently relying on a finite supply of fossil fuels. This energy crisis, along with economic growth and environmental stability must be sustained by developing alternative, renewable energy sources. Population is expanding at a geometric rate and each doubling will increase energy demand that will far exceed supply. China and India have recently developed into industrialized nations and several more will follow. Many leading scientists describe the “tipping point” for carbon dioxide emissions as having already passed, meaning it could be too late for renewable...
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...Well Control and Blowout Prevention - The objective of this project is the development of technology for the purpose of safe handling of high subsurface pressures of different gas formations during the time of drilling operations. Improved/Enhanced Recovery - This project aims at developing the methodology of locating very large volumes of by-passed oil using various reservoir simulation studies which is followed by reservoir field studies.56912 Formation Evaluation - This project deals with the development of various interpretation techniques for well logging data. Also there will be topics such as pore pressure inference from MWD data several models for sandy-shales and also evaluation of fractured formations. Environmental Control - This project focuses on the oilfield process improvements and also modifications leading to pollution prevention and several productivity enhancement techniques. Other topics for doing projects •Multi Dim Simulation of Slug-Flow Phenomena in Off- and On-Shore Pipe Systems •Theta Enterprises Software •Software for Reservoir Engineering •Knowledge Capture Base •Geological and Stratigraphical Characterization of Oil and Gas Reservoirs •Stochastic Pet Economics •PEPE Marketing •PEPE Controller •Integrated studies at the oilfield •Implementation of a visitor guiding system •Creation of a reservoir model •Acquisition and implementation of a PE Wiki •Realization of a virtual PVT-Lab for deployment in Internet •Acquisition and...
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...for plastic to decompose. Pollution caused by plastic is a world-wide problem. Researchers estimate that there is an ever increasing "garbage patch" of plastic twice the size of the state of Texas moving in the North Pacific Ocean. Humans, ecosystems, and wildlife are seriously challenged by debris from plastic. Disposable plastic water bottles for bottled water are made out of oil which is a finite natural resource known as Polyethylene terephthalate (PET). PET bottles require energy to manufacture and transport. The amount of oil used to produce water bottles each year which equates to 17 million barrels of oil is the same amount of oil that would fuel over 1,000,000 cars for a year (Palliser, 2010). * Strategies for promoting positive environmental behavior * The use simple strategies of reducing, reusing and recycling can play a major impact on the reduction of plastic bottles and their impact upon the environment. There are more than 50 billion bottles of water purchased globally. It is estimated that 80% of these bottles end up in landfill. It requires 17 million barrels of oil to produce bottled water containers. In the United States 1500 plastic bottles are...
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...2010) INDUSTRY STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENTS During the course of the year, international economic conditions exhibited a marked improvement with the global economy getting into an early recovery mode. The vital statistics of the engine of the world economy entered the positive territory. After June 2009, world trade flows entered into an expansionary mode after declining for several months and GDP growth turned positive. A corrective policy action on both fiscal & monetary fronts has been at the very core of the recovery witnessed. However, the recovery process has not been uniform and has varied in speed & strength across countries and regions, with emerging economies leading the way. While the recovery has been early, it is still nascent and fragile and the key risks and destabilising factors continue to exist. This calls for further reforms in the financial markets and controlling fiscal deficits in the light of rising commodity prices & high unemployment rates. The recent debt crisis in Greece has only highlighted the fragility of the recovery process and raised questions on the credibility of the economic recovery and the stability of financial markets. Indian Economy Indian economy has been amongst the first economies to emerge out of the grips of recessionary forces in a incredible recovery led by the industrial and services sectors. The acceleration in the growth of the manufacturing sector from 3.2% recorded in 2008-09 to 10.8% during 2009-10 has been particularly remarkable...
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...Industry Analysis On Oil and Gas Oil and Gas is one of the oldest industries in the world. Oil & Gas industry, also called Energy industry is sub divided into multiple segments- upstream, where crude oil is extracted from oil reservoirs (could be on land or in sea), midstream (it include the transportation of crude oil to refineries) and downstream (refining the crude oil to manufacture for consumers petroleum products like petrol, diesel, aviation fuel etc. India is the fifth largest energy consumer in the world with primary commercial energy consumption in 2004 was 375.8 Million Metric Tones of Equivalent(MMTOE) (survey 2005). In 2004, the consumption of oil and gas formed a major percentage in the world energy consumption basket. In India, however, coal still dominates the major source of energy. Indian oil and gas industry has emerged as significant contributor in growth of Indian economy. After establishment of New Exploration Licensing Policy (NELP) in 1997 efforts were made to strengthen the industry which include acquisition of oil and gas assets in India and abroad, identifying new oil and gas fields, improving techniques to enhanced oil recovery. Despite of several efforts made by Indian government, India has not made any major breakthroughs in the field of oil and natural gas that has hold a place of key importance in India’s economy. The prospects of Indian oil industry are for more exciting than any other, which India being...
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...for crude oil. I will try to discuss how Marathon could keep the price at the pump the same without losing any profits – even if global crude production has decreased by 10%. Finally, I will discuss President Obama’s June 2010 deep-water drilling moratorium. It was originally for six months; I will try to determine the impact of a continued moratorium on deep-water drilling for retail gas prices in the U.S. WHICH OF MARATHON’S PROCESSES CAN BE IMPROVED THE MOST? A business needs to be at least as efficient as its main competitors, in order to be able to compete and survive in the long-term. A more efficient business will produce goods at a lower cost than competitors can supply. A more efficient business can generate more profit, possibly at lower prices. (Tutu2u.net) In analyzing Marathon’s product processes, there are areas that are open to a large number of efficiency improvements. Particularly, the world will run out of oil sometime in the distant or near future. Both Marathon as a company (and the United States in general) has to explore and find oil more efficiently so that the use of oil as a resource can be optimized. Therefore, that is the area of the oil production process that could be improved the most. A new source or field can change the whole game in terms of the other processes down the line (that is, as far as transporting, refining, and other processes). The well-drilling process can be improved in the following ways: * “Slimhole oil production”:...
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