...what a computer is nowadays brings to mind a monitor, keyboard, processor and its other electronic components; however, that is not how things have always been. From the Chinese using abaci to count, to the Druids' usage of stones to follow the seasonal changes, to the Europeans using Pascalines and calculators to work out mathematical problems the concept of the computer has been around for hundreds of years (Hoyle). Therefore, the history of computers is important to observe not only for the influence it brought to our culture, but the progress it has made through time. The history of modern computers has been influenced by the earlier advancement of primordial technology. The abacus developed in circa 500 B.C for example, used pebbles, rocks, beads, or shells to keep track of the counters numbers. Furthermore, "the abacus was man's first attempt at automating the counting process" (Hoyle). In addition, the Pascaline, invented and built by a French philosopher and mathematician Blaise Pascal, was the first mathematical adding machine (Long 54). The Pascaline was a gear-driven machine that allowed the user to calculate answers without doing arithmetic (Hoyle). In addition to the abacus and the Pascaline, Babbage's Folly, also known as the difference machine, "hastened the development of computers. [and] advanced the state of computational hardware" (Long 55). This engine, designed by the Cambridge professor Charles Babbage, could do any of the basic functions of mathematics: adding...
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...a computer is nowadays brings to mind a monitor, keyboard, processor and its other electronic components; however, that is not how things have always been. From the Chinese using abaci to count, to the Druids' usage of stones to follow the seasonal changes, to the Europeans using Pascalines and calculators to work out mathematical problems the concept of the computer has been around for hundreds of years (Hoyle). Therefore, the history of computers is important to observe not only for the influence it brought to our culture, but the progress it has made through time. The history of modern computers has been influenced by the earlier advancement of primordial technology. The abacus developed in circa 500 B.C for example, used pebbles, rocks, beads, or shells to keep track of the counters numbers. Furthermore, "the abacus was man's first attempt at automating the counting process" (Hoyle). In addition, the Pascaline, invented and built by a French philosopher and mathematician Blaise Pascal, was the first mathematical adding machine (Long 54). The Pascaline was a gear-driven machine that allowed the user to calculate answers without doing arithmetic (Hoyle). In addition to the abacus and the Pascaline, Babbage's Folly, also known as the difference machine, "hastened the development of computers. [and] advanced the state of computational hardware" (Long 55). This engine, designed by the Cambridge professor Charles Babbage, could do any of the basic functions of mathematics:...
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...Ancient Egypt (constructed 2630 BCE–2611 BCE). The Khufu Pyramid stands 449ft high and is 755ft in width. The over 300,000 laborers used tools such as the plumb bob (a tool similar to a modern-day crane) which made a humanly impossible task possible. Throughout history, several man-made devices such as the abacus and slide rules have been built to aid people in calculating data. The original definition of a computer was any person who performed computation or was required to compute data as an integral part of their job. A computer is now universally defined as “a programmable “electronic device” that stores and processes data into meaningful information. In 1946, John Persper Eckert and John .W. Mauchly built the first digital computer (ENIAC) using vacuum tubes. Von Neumann designed the Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer (EDVAC) with a memory to hold both stored programs as well as data and the Conditional Control Transfer (allows the computer to be stopped and resumed at any time). The key element of Von Neumann was the Central Processing Unit. In 1948, Transistors replaced the vacuum tubes as a power source. Jack Kilby’s Integrated Circuit (built on a...
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...and personal information stored on computers has increased far beyond expectations. Governments, the military, and the economy could not operate without the use of computers. Banks transfer trillions of dollars every day over inter-linking networks, and more than one billion pieces of electronic mail are passed through the world's networks daily. It is the age of the computer network, the largest of which is known as the InterNet. A complex web of communications inter-linking millions of computers together -- and this number is at least doubling every year. The computer was originally designed as a scientific and mathematical tool, to aid in performing intense and precise calculations. However, from the large, sixty square foot ENIAC (Electronical Numerical Integrator and Calculator) of 1946, to the three square foot IBM PC of today, their uses have mutated and expanded far...
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...History of Computer “Computer” is probably one of the most heard words nowadays. When we hear this word, we can picture a monitor with a rectangular box, keyboard and a mouse in technical sense. But literally what is computer? A computer is a general purpose device that can be programmed to carry out a set of arithmetic or logical operations automatically. Since a sequence of operations can be readily changed, the computer can solve more than one kind of problem. Conventionally, a computer consists of at least one processing element, typically a central processing unit (CPU), and some form of memory. The processing element carries out arithmetic and logic operations, and a sequencing and control unit can change the order of operations in response to stored information. Peripheral devices allow information to be retrieved from an external source, and the result of operations saved and retrieved. But the computer that we are used to seeing now is not a result of one day. It’s a result of many years. Many scholars have shared their idea to develop this device, though Charles Babbage is called the main person behind the invention of computer. A brief history of computer is provided below: I would divide the history behind computer into two parts. First one is history before birth of Jesus and second one is history after birth of Jesus. History before birth of Jesus: Actually there are not many events in this period that contribute to today’s computers but this period has...
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...methods which could be subtly incorrect. While consulting for the Moore School of Electrical Engineering at the University of Pennsylvania on the EDVAC project, von Neumann wrote an incomplete First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC. The paper, whose public distribution nullified the patent claims of EDVAC designers J. Presper Eckert and John William Mauchly, described a computer architecture in which the data and the program are both stored in the computer's memory in the same address space.[50] John von Neumann also consulted for the ENIAC project, when ENIAC was being modified to contain a stored program. Since the modified ENIAC was fully functional by 1948 and the EDVAC wasn't delivered to Ballistics Research Laboratory until 1949, one could argue that ENIAC was the first computer to use a stored program. John von Neumann also designed the instruction set for the modified ENIAC, and he should be given credit for this. The stored program version of ENIAC ran 6 times slower, but it was still entirely I/O bound, and...
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...ENIAC was the first computer to make history. It was considered the brain child of J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly. ENIAC, or Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer was launched in February of 1946. Eckert was considered an Electrical Engineering genius. Mauchly on the other hand was an expert in physics and math. The primary reason to build ENIAC was a need for faster calculations for the U>S> Army. The Army needed new firing tables for its guns, and each table had 2000 to 4000 trajectories. A soldier with a regular desk calculator could make one trajectory in about 12 hours. ENIAC could complete the same exact problem in about 30 seconds. That was 1,440 times faster than a person with a calculator. It could also perform 5,000 additions, 357 multiplications or 38 divisions. It was also used on weather predictions, random number studies, and wind tunnel designs. The funding for the ENIAC project was submitted to the U>S> Army on April 2, 1943. The project was to last about six months and would cost $61.700. This figure was wrong in time and final cost. The project ran for about two and a half years and a final cost of $487,000. When ENIAC was finally completed it contained 17,468 vacuum tubes, 70,000 resistors, 10,000 capacitors, 6,000 switches and 15,000 relays. ENIAC was considered a monstrosity and it was a staggering 100 feet long, 10 feet high and 3 feet deep and weighed roughly 60,000 pounds. Roughly 2,000 of the computers vacuum tubes were replaced...
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...First Generation (1941-1956) World War gave rise to numerous developments and started off the computer age. Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC) was produced by a partnershp between University of Pennsylvannia and the US government. It consisted of 18,000 vacuum tubes and 7000 resistors. It was developed by John Presper Eckert and John W. Mauchly and was a general purpose computer. "Von Neumann designed the Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer (EDVAC) in 1945 with a memory to hold both a stored program as well as data." Von Neumann's computer allowed for all the computer functions to be controlled by a single source. Then in 1951 came the Universal Automatic Computer(UNIVAC I), designed by Remington rand and collectively owned by US census bureau and General Electric. UNIVAC amazingly predicted the winner of 1952, presidential elections, Dwight D. Eisenhower. In first generation computers, the operating instructions or programs were specifically built for the task for which computer was manufactured. The Machine language was the only way to tell these machines to perform the operations. There was great difficulty to program these computers ,and more when there were some malfunctions. First Generation computers used Vacuum tubes and magnetic drums(for data storage). Second Generation Computers (1956-1963) The invention of Transistors marked the start of the second generation. These transistors took place of the vacuum tubes used in the first...
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...With the advances in computer technology it is now possible for more and more Canadians to have personal computers in their homes. With breakthroughs in computer processing speeds and with computer storage capacity, the combination of this with the reduced size of the computer have allowed for even the smallest apartment to hold a computer. In the past the only places to have computers were military institutes and some universities; this was because of their immense size and price. Today with falling computer prices and the opportunity to access larger networks, the amount of computers has grown from just 10% in 1986 to 25% in 1994. Also, of the 25%, 34% of them were equipped with modems, which allow for connection to on line services via telephone lines. The primitive start of the computer came about around 4000 BC; with the invention of the abacus, by the Chinese. It was a rack with beads strung on wires that could be moved to make calculations. The first digital computer is usually accredited to Blaise Pascal. In 1642 he made the device to aid his father, who was a tax collector. In 1694 Gottfried Leibniz improved the machine so that with the rearrangement of a few parts it could be used to multiply. The next logical advance came from Thomas of Colmar in 1890, who produced a machine that could perform all of the four basic operations, addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. With the added versatility this device was in operation up until the First World War. ...
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...THE HISTORY OF COMPUTER One of the earliest machines designed to assist people in calculations was the abacus which is still being used some 5000 years after its invention. In 1642 Blaise Pascal (a famous French mathematician) invented an adding machine based on mechanical gears in which numbers were represented by the cogs on the wheels. Englishman, Charles Babbage, invented in the 1830's a "Difference Engine" made out of brass and pewter rods and gears, and also designed a further device which he called an "Analytical Engine". His design contained the five key characteristics of modern computers:- 1. An input device 2. Storage for numbers waiting to be processed 3. A processor or number calculator 4. A unit to control the task and the sequence of its calculations 5. An output device Augusta Ada Byron (later Countess of Lovelace) was an associate of Babbage who has become known as the first computer programmer. An American, Herman Hollerith, developed (around 1890) the first electrically driven device. It utilised punched cards and metal rods which passed through the holes to close an electrical circuit and thus cause a counter to advance. This machine was able to complete the calculation of the 1890 U.S. census in 6 weeks compared with 7 1/2 years for the 1880 census which was manually counted. In 1936 Howard Aiken of Harvard University convinced Thomas Watson of IBM to invest $1 million in the development of an electromechanical version of Babbage's analytical engine...
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...to assist with the US Census * 1933 Telex was conceived during at the time Germanys Third Reich, it allowed input of information to be delivered worldwide on paper as an output. * 1937-1942 John V. Atanasoff and Clifford Berry created the first digital electronic computer known as the Atansasoff-Berry Computer ABC for short. It was the first to use modern digital switching techniques and vacuum tubes as switches, and it introduced the concepts of binary arithmetic and logic circuits. * 1943 during WWII Military needs leads Tommy Flowers in completing a secret British codebreaking computer called Colossus and was named appropriately so due to its size and used vacuum tubes and 1,500 of them. * 1946 Hitler is defeated, and ENIAC was constructed at the Moore School of Electrical Engineering at the University of Pennsylvania by John P. Eckert, John W. Mauchly and their associates. It operated on a 10-diget numbers and could multiply numbers at the rate of 300 products per second. It was 1000 times faster...
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...I. Thinking Machines: The Creation of the Computer * High speed, small package * Two states: a.) ON b.) OFF * Creates its magic by calculating with the speed and accuracy that far surpasses its human inventors * Takes information , processes it, and outputs result, which is done by the partnership of the ff.: * HARDWARE – comes in boxes, physical components * SOFTWARE – disks, consists of instructions that tell the comp what to do (Example: using the keyboard to type in the input) * CPU (Central Processing Unit) – comp’s brain; processes input; magic is its blinding speed * Modern Processors are measured in mips (millions of instructions per second) * Processing CPU may retrieve data stored in Ram (random-access memory)or data stored on a hard drive * Modern ram – so quick. Every second, it can send the equivalent of ten thousand typed written pages of information to the CPU * Modern hard drives – can store the equivalent of 250,000 pages of typed material II. Calculating By Steam 19th century European Industrial revolution was underway; the development and production in commerce came from the maturing fields in engineering, navigation, surveying, finance, and science. The practical application of these fields relied on volume after volume of tables- for trigonometry, tides, interest rates, multiplication, and gravity. Tables were critical. The actual figuring was by people who specialized in mathematical computation. Surprisingly, these...
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...The History of Computers Thousands of years ago calculations were done using people’s fingers and pebbles that were found just lying around. Technology has transformed so much that today the most complicated computations are done within seconds. Human dependency on computers is increasing everyday. Just think how hard it would be to live a week without a computer. We owe the advancements of computers and other such electronic devices to the intelligence of men of the past. The history of the computer dates back all the way to the prehistoric times. The first step towards the development of the computer, the abacus, was developed in Babylonia in 500 B.C. and functioned as a simple counting tool. It was not until thousands of years later that the first calculator was produced. In 1623, the first mechanical calculator was invented by Wilhelm Schikard, the “Calculating Clock,” as it was often referred to as, “performed it’s operations by wheels, which worked similar to a car’s odometer” (Evolution, 1). Still, there had not yet been anything invented that could even be characterized as a computer. Finally, in 1625 the slide rule was created becoming “the first analog computer of the modern ages” (Evolution, 1). One of the biggest breakthroughs came from by Blaise Pascal in 1642, who invented a mechanical calculator whose main function was adding and subtracting numbers. Years later, Gottfried Leibnez improved Pascal’s model by allowing it to also perform such operations as...
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...remotely on the CNC using a Teletype connected via special telephone lines. This is the first demonstration of remote access computing. • 1941 Konrad Zuse finishes the Z3 computer. Using 2,300 relays, the Z3 used floating point binary arithmetic and had a 22-bit word length. • 1942 The Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC) is completed. The ABC was designed and built by Professor John Vincent Atanasoff and graduate student Cliff Berry between 1939 and 1942. • 1944 Harvard Mark-1 is completed. Created by Howard Aiken, and designed and built by IBM, the Harvard Mark-1 was a room-sized relay-based calculator. This machine had a fifty-foot long camshaft that synchronized the machine’s thousands of component parts. • 1946 The first glimpse of the ENIAC, a machine built by John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert that improved by 1,000 times on the speed of its contemporaries. • 1949 Maurice Wilkes assembled the EDSAC, the first practical stored-program computer, at Cambridge University. For programming the EDSAC, Wilkes established a library of short programs called subroutines stored on punched paper tapes. • 1950 The first commercially produced computer was built called the ERA 1101 by the Engineering Research Associates of Minneapolis. • 1953 IBM shipped its first electronic computer, the 701. During three years of production, IBM sold 19 machines to research laboratories, aircraft companies, and...
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...I am pleased to give you information on the history of computers. I learned a lot of important things about computers from our time and our past. Take a moment to enjoy my paper on the history of computers. I hope it’s as enlightening to you as it was to me. “Who invented the computer”? is not a question easily answered. The answer is that many inventors contributed to the history of computers. Computers are complex pieces of machinery made up of many parts each of which can be considered a separate invention. This paper covers some of the milestones in computer history, concentrating more on the history of personal home computers. For instance, in 1936 Konrad Zuse made the first freely programmable computer called the Z1. In 1944, Howard Aiken and Grace Hopper created the Mark1. Then in 1951 John Presper Eckert and John W. Mauchly produced the first commercial computer called the Univac. In 1953 I. B.M (International Business Machines Corporation) enters into the history of computers. At one time hardly anyone could access a computer simply because it was not at our grasp. Computers weren't considered mainstream until the 1980's, before that we had several other ways of getting work done. In corporate settings, secretaries and typewriters were used to do the bulk of the paperwork, most executives utilized more than one secretary. The issue with that would be that human error comes into play they had to correct mistakes using liquid paper. ...
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