...AP Biology Exam Review: Lab Essays At least one essay (FRQ) on the exam will be based on an AP laboratory. To prepare for this question, review the objectives for all twelve laboratory exercises. The College Board does not necessarily expect that you have completed that lab, but rather that you have investigated the objectives of the lab. You may be asked to “design an experiment to determine….” You don’t necessarily need to create a new lab; if you have done an activity that would answer the question, simply describe it. For a good response, you should include the following. 1. State a hypothesis [as an “if…..(conditions), then….(results)” statement] Be sure your hypothesis is testable. 2. Identify the variable factor. 3. Identify the control. Be certain to explain the control for the experiment. 4. Hold all other variables constant. 5. Manipulate the variable. 6. State how you would measure the results. 7. Discuss the expected results. Relate the results to your hypothesis. 8. Include steps to replicate or verify. You may be asked to graph data. Be sure to use a graph that is appropriate for you data. Bar graphs are used when data points are discrete (not related to one another), while line graphs are used with the data are continuous. If there is a data point at zero, be certain to extend your line to 0, but do not extend the line to 0 if there is no data point at zero. Other points to keep in mind: ...
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...Argumentative essay Many generations have believed that adding salt to water will help it boil faster, even your mum does it but does it really help?When testing this experiment we found that 25g of salt would change the solution of 1l of water . we found that you have to use the same heat source for this experiment to make sure that the results stay constant and after that you have to allow for your heat source to cool. The boiling temo of water is 100 d C but when water is added the solution is changed so much that it increases the boiling tempreture buy two degrees (mental-floss,2005) Infact, adding salt to your water does not lessen time taken to boil water Adding salt to water can increase the time taken to boil by up to 30 seconds. While experimenting we found that the time increased the time but up to 30 seconds. this can be proven in our results that were done numerous times to prove our theory and eliminate human error. Going up un 15g gave us and idea of how much it changes per 15g . the first 15-25 g there was very little change, this being said it changed by 5 – 10 seconds. And at 75g of salt we saw out biggest change of about 30s At 75g it reaches equilibrium and after that , no amount of salt added would change the time. We tried adding 100g salt to the 1l of water but found that the average boiling time stayed the same as the 75g of salt before. This is because in every solution at one point it will reach constant and at this point only changes to the amount...
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...How does intra- and interpersonal perception (understanding yourself and other people) contribute to individual success both at university and later at work? Introduction Intrapersonal and interpersonal perception exert a huge influence on one’s life, which is instrumental in achieving individual success. Those endowed with the ability of understanding themselves and other people are inclined to find the route to success. Before figuring out how intrapersonal and interpersonal perception (understanding yourself and other people) contribute to individual success both at university and later at work, a detailed research and a sequence of experiments are indispensable. This essay is just gives a comprehensive study on intrapersonal and interpersonal perception. Firstly, the essay will analyze in detail how intrapersonal perception contributes to individual success in academic performance and later at work. Secondly, it will explain explicitly how interpersonal perception funtions in interdependent relationship among people. Main Body a. Self-regulating and self awareness Intrapersonal perception means self-regulating involving self-monitoring on the basis of self awareness. Accurate self-monitoring of one’s mastery of material is a necessary skill for student success. Such skill enables students to have the awareness of when to prolong or terminate their studying for an exam and modify their studying strategies. Students who are aware of their own cognitive state are able to adjust...
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...Imagine this situation: a new company is testing an eye care product on a subject. In the test, a substance is placed in one eye of the subject, with the other eye serving as a control. The subjects are restrained, preventing them from responding naturally to the irritation, and their eyes are evaluated after one hour and then at 24-hour intervals for up to 14 days. Some continue to be evaluated up to three weeks later. The level of irritation to the eyes is scored numerically by observation of the three major tissues of the eye (cornea, conjunctiva, and iris). The subjects suffer from redness, bleeding, ulcers, and even blindness, and are likely killed upon completion of the experiment. The subjects were in fact rabbits in tests called “animal testing.” Animal testing has raised huge debates worldwide that has raised many questions. How important is animal testing for us humans? Are the results going to be the same? Most importantly, should we ban animal testing for the sake of the animals? Animal testing is a phrase that most people have heard but are perhaps still unsure of exactly what is involved. Whether it is called animal testing, animal experimentation or animal research, it refers to the experimentation carried out on animals. It is used to assess the safety and effectiveness of everything from medication to cosmetics, as well as understanding how the human body works. Animal testing, also known as animal research, plays a crucial role in scientists' understanding of...
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...Super Freakonomics: Short Essay questions Chapter 1: Describe the evidence that suggests that Chicago prostitutes engage in price discrimination. In addition, explain why it is possible for this particular instance of price discrimination to be successful. There is a couple of different things that directly show how Chicago prostitutes engage in price discrimination, the first is by skin color. The book directly says “Prostitutes do not charge all customers the same price. Black customers, for instance, pay on average about $9 less per trick than white customers, while Hispanic customers are in the middle” (p 35.) Another big one is giving police officers “freebies”. Some of the more high class prostitutes were able to discriminate even further by raising their rates on people they didn’t like, while still offering the previous rate to favorite customers, this is represented in the book by the statement “She grandfathered in her favorite clients at the old rate but told her less-favorite clients that an hour now cost $400” (p 54.) The last big one to mention is price discrimination for drug dealers, or price negotiations for drugs. Prostitutes are savvy businesswomen who know how to price discriminate very successfully to get what they want. Many factors contribute to why prostitutes are able to pull off such successful price discrimination. The book outlines the two major conditions that must be met to allow price discrimination to be possible in business, customers...
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...approach uses IS-LM-BP framework to explain the changes that will occur in an economy as an effect of using monetary or fiscal policy, and how those changes will differ when the country operates under different capital mobilities and under floating or fixed exchange rates. One of the three components of this model, the IS curve, shows all of the possible combinations of income and the interest rates in the goods market. The LM curve relates to the interest rates and output on the money market. The BP curve is a line drawn on an IS-LM curve, which shows the different combinations of real income and interest rates at which the balance of payments is in equilibrium. The slope of the BP line indicates the degree of capital mobility in a country in a way that- the flatter the BP curve, the greater the capital mobility. The aim of this essay is to use this model in order to...
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...The Theoretical Perspective of the Cognitive Personality Approach Brett Abstract What I as an author am trying to do in this essay is to grab my audiences attention and explain and appeal to them about the theoretical perspective of the Cognitive Personality approach. I provided historical statements, theories, and research to make each individual aspect of the perspective as clear as possible. This essay will consist of the Theoretical perspective of the approach, Theorists who have contributed to this approach, Compare and contrast two theorists perspectives within this approach, Identify and describe measurement and assessment instruments, and Clinical application of the approach. If you believe the saying 'Perception is everything,' then you may well be a cognitivist. Cognitive theory is focused on the individual's thoughts as the determinate of his or her emotions and behaviors and therefore personality (Dasen). Many cognitive theorists believe that without these thought processes, we could have no emotions and no behavior and would therefore not function. In other words, thoughts always come before any feeling and before any action. The theoretical perspective of the Cognitive approach of personality can be simply described as what personality does, but is much more complex than that. Cognitive Psychology revolves around the notion that if we want to know what makes people tick then we need to understand the internal processes of their mind (Dasen). Cognition...
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...1.) Write an essay on the assumption of the “Rational Self Interest”. Make sure that you touch on each of the three components of this assumption that we discussed in class. Comment on the relevance of this assumption in our daily lives. Economics is defined as how we make choices with scarce resources to obtain our own needs, wants and desires. The Assumption of Rational Self –interests tells us that the definition of rationality means not doing something that will deliberately cause harm. We are told that with every decision we make, we must weigh the rewards against the punishments and that it is actually necessary for us to ask the question “What is in it for me”. There is actually a difference between acting selfishly and acting on the best of our own self- interest. Acting selfishly means that in doing so, you are causing harm to others. Acting in your own self- interest actually benefits others. Adam Smith is known as the father of Economics. In 1776 he purchased The Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. Today the title has been shortened and is known as Wealth of Nations. Smith was asking the question, why powerful countries such as Spain and Portugal collapsed while a small country such as England thrived. The biggest difference he found was that while Spain and Portugal denied their colonies education, England encouraged it. Smith believed that governments have to give people incentive to do well. He stated that self-interest should be encouraged in every person...
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...SCI110 Assignment #2 Week 4 Melissa Garrett Assignment #2: Paper Due Week Four: In a documented essay of 900 - 1200 words please address the following issues, in your own words: * How does the study of heat relate to the kinetic theory of matter? * What is heat? * What is temperature? * What is the relationship between heat and temperature? * How are they different? * What are the various properties of a substance that determine its heat capacity? * What are the various sources of heat? Conclusions about the structure of matter have been developed by physicists and chemists over the past 150 years. To understand it further let us look at the structure and the processes that occur to determine the state in which it exits. Matter typically exists in 3 common states or phases: solids, liquids, and gases. It is made up of molecules. “A molecule is the smallest particle of a compound or a gaseous element that can exist and still retain the characteristic properties of that substance” (Tillery, B., Enger, E., Ross, F., Integrated Science 2009 Custom Edition, p.98). According to the Kinetic theory of matter, these molecules are in constant, random motion. Through the force of cohesion, molecules interact and attract each other. In the case of solids, which have a definite shape and volume, the molecules vibrate “in a fixed equilibrium position with strong cohesive forces” (Tillery, B., Enger, E., Ross, F., Integrated Science 2009 Custom...
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...theory: the rational actor model, which holds that individual choice can be modeled as maximization of an objective function subject to informational and material constraints, and the incentive compatibility requirement, which holds that macroeconomic quantities must be derived from the interaction and aggregation of individual choices. However, we must abandon the notion that rationality implies self-regarding behavior and the assumption that contracts are costlessly enforced by third parties. 1. Introduction The articles that serve as the focus of this Symposium on Altruism are among the best of a new genre. The genre is behavioral game theory, which may be loosely defined as the application of game theory to the design of laboratory experiments. Behavioral game theory aims to determine empirically how individuals make choices under conditions of uncertainty and strategic interaction. It is widely believed that experimental results of behavioral game theory undermine standard economic and game theory. This paper suggests that experimental results present serious theoretical modeling challenges, but do not undermine two pillars of contemporary economic theory: the rational actor model, which holds that individual choice can be modeled as maximization of an objective function subject to informational and material constraints, and the incentive compatibility requirement, which holds that macroeconomic quantities must be derived from the...
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...Piaget Versus Vygotsky Jean Piaget (1896-1980) and Lev Vygotsky (1896-1934) proposed the classical constructivist theories of cognitive development. Although often compared, the concepts differ significantly. Indeed, the purpose of this essay is to argue that Piagetian theory marginalizes the social contribution to intellectual development and that, consequently, the Vygotskian approach offers a more accurate and comprehensive analysis. This paper will begin with an explanation of the theories of cognitive development propounded by Piaget and Vygotsky followed by a definition of constructivist and social constructivist theory. The superiority of Vygotsky’s theory will be established via a critical examination of Piaget’s stages of intellectual development, his perspective on language acquisition, and the methodology of his classic tests. Piaget maintained that cognitive development is a continuous progression of assimilation and accommodation and that these complementary processes lead to adaptation. Knowledge is constructed progressively via a sequence of behaviours or mental operations, what Piaget termed schemas. Piaget proposed that children develop mental representations of the world based on physical or mental actions, which they execute on the environment. These initially reflex behaviours are repeated while intrinsic motivation encourages the child to apply schemas to different situations. Assimilation occurs when the new experience is incorporated into an existing...
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...Meat Consumption and Vegetarian People should eat less meat or become vegetarian? Steven Zhou Royal Roads University Marianne Kettlewell November 26, 2015 Meat Consumption and Vegetarian People should eat less meat or become vegetarian? Throughout human history, it is clear that carnivores have dominated food culture since Primitive Society. Meat has been maintaining the development in human beings for thousands of years. Unexpectedly, as time has gone by, the meat industry has caused major environmental and health problems. For instance, livestock is now responsible for 51% of the world's total greenhouse gas emissions, which negatively affects the environment. Eating lots of meats could also adversely affect health, leading to many illnesses like Hypertension and Hyperlipidemia. Therefore, some people think we should eat less meat or become vegetarian. Despite these strong arguments, personally, I do not agree with this opinion, for reasons outlined below. From a perspective of health, a vegan diet is harmful to the nutritional balance, for instance, vegetarians are short of protein and calcium. Meat, such as beef, has abundant protein, six ounces of lean, chuck beef, braised contains 49.2 grams of protein, 505 calories and 32.59 grams of fat (Dr. Decuypere's Nutrient Charts). What is protein? Protein is a nutrient that the body needs to grow and maintain itself. Next to water, protein is the most plentiful substance in our bodies. In other words, protein plays...
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...Chemistry Modern Analytical Chemistry David Harvey DePauw University Boston Burr Ridge, IL Dubuque, IA Madison, WI New York San Francisco St. Louis Bangkok Bogotá Caracas Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan New Delhi Seoul Singapore Sydney Taipei Toronto McGraw-Hill Higher Education A Division of The McGraw-Hill Companies MODERN ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY Copyright © 2000 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a data base or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher. This book is printed on acid-free paper. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 KGP/KGP 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 ISBN 0–07–237547–7 Vice president and editorial director: Kevin T. Kane Publisher: James M. Smith Sponsoring editor: Kent A. Peterson Editorial assistant: Jennifer L. Bensink Developmental editor: Shirley R. Oberbroeckling Senior marketing manager: Martin J. Lange Senior project manager: Jayne Klein Production supervisor: Laura Fuller Coordinator of freelance design: Michelle D. Whitaker Senior photo research coordinator: Lori Hancock Senior supplement coordinator: Audrey A. Reiter Compositor: Shepherd, Inc. Typeface: 10/12 Minion Printer: Quebecor Printing Book Group/Kingsport Freelance cover/interior designer: Elise Lansdon Cover image: © George Diebold/The...
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...effectiveness of weight loss in weight loss programs. I agree with this view and will justify it by introducing principles and backing them up with official academic research as evidence. Adverse emotions can facilitate weight gain and disruptions in dieting. I believe principles such as Drive Theory, Self-Determination, Self-Confrontation and Self-Efficacy can counter weight gain and promote weight loss in weight loss programs. The concept of exercise opposes this view as it states that it the level and moderation of physical activity directly affects motivation and emotion and hence, the regulation of motivation and emotion cannot do without exercise. However, further analysis will explain why this opposing argument is not concrete. The essay will demonstrate tighter links with how principles of motivation and emotion affect the measures of effectiveness in weight loss programs. Application of motivation and emotion principles in weight loss programs to lose weight effectively. Effects of motivation and emotion are the underlying core factors behind weight loss success. Research has shown that motivation is a strong determinant in self-regulation during weight loss (Teixeira et al., 2006). Also, it is reported that there is positive relationships between emotion-oriented strategies and eating. (Koff & Sangani, 1997). It is commonly believed that negative emotions leads to lack of motivation and triggers overeating (Herman, Polivy & Heatherton, 1990). However...
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...known by the readers. However, the bafflement happens when the readers find that what they are reading does not take them anywhere closer to the author, but rather causes nuisance. Instead of quenching the reader's thirst to get under the skin of the author, he/she breadcrumbs them with some basic biographical information to pull their legs and then they find out that they are not reading an autobiography. This author is presenting numerous "what-ifs" instead of the "what has happened". Celia Lury, in her book Prosthetic Culture: Photography, Memory and Identity (1998), illustrates that in contemporary Euro-American societies, the identity is not only self-constituted, but it is also considered "a property" which in turn leads people to experiment on their identities (1). She calls this experimentation "a prosthetic culture" in which "the subject as individual passes beyond the mirror stage of self-knowledge, of reflection of self, into that of self-extension" (3). She further explains: In adopting/adapting a prosthesis, the person creates (or is created by) a self-identity that is no longer defined by the edict 'I think, therefore I am'; rather, he or she is constituted in the relation 'I can, therefore I am'. In the mediated extension of capability that ensues, the relations between consciousness, memory and the body that had defined the possessive individual as a legal personality are experimentally dis- and re-assembled. (3) She contends that this way allows the object, in this...
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