...Essay Topic: Are the economic, social and environmental implications of the Coral Sea Commonwealth Marine Reserve Management Plan 2014 – 2024 on local communities and the fishing industry justifiable? Next year, on July 1, the world's largest marine reserve will come into effect. The Coral Sea Commonwealth Marine Reserve Management Plan 2014 -2024 is the culmination of more than a decade of campaigning by conservationists, consultation by the Federal Government and vehement opposition by industries and regional communities affected by the decision. On one hand, conservationists believe the nearly one million km² of ocean inside the Australian Exclusive Economic Zone will protect forever the pristine marine ecosystems of the Coral Sea - an iconic statement by the Australian government and its people that it's serious about marine conservation. However, the closure of some of Australia's richest fishing grounds will directly impact on commercial fishers and game charter operators, seafood distributors and wholesalers and other shore-based industries in regional ports such as Cairns. Many of these people claim the outcome has been achieved by the government based on emotive scaremongering campaign driven by a cashed-up environmental lobby without scientific basis. So, who is right? In a community where the local economy has become so reliant on the dominant tourism industry, isn't the marine park sending the right message to the rest of the world about its iconic natural wonders...
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...fishermen. The nature of such an open and accessible resource coupled with the issue of overfishing has resulted in a growing area of research and academia in sustainable management strategies. Economists became aware of the common property problems of the fishery through H. Scott Gordon in 1954 and have been concerned with effective measures of management ever since1. The economist, Parzival Copes 1986, pin points the problem that fisheries are absent of individual property rights. This, he argued, produces no incentive for fishermen to ‘husband the resource’ and invariably leads to excessive exploitation1. It is this exploitation that is a concern for governments worldwide as populations rise and the demand for such resources increase. This essay will look at one way of managing an Open Access Fishery, a strategy of Individual Transferable Quotas (ITQ), and will assess the effectiveness of such an approach. An early output-limitation management strategy has been to impose a total allowable catch (TAC) in fisheries to try and prevent exploitation and conserve fish stocks. These limits on the amount that fishermen can harvest each season are aimed at allowing conservation objectives to be met, but in reality they resulted in a racing mentality, a ‘race for fish,’ as soon as the fishing season began, concentrating fishing resources and harvests into the early stages of a season until the TAC had been reached, after which the fishery would be closed. ITQs were devised to alleviate...
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...Management of Anchovy Fishing in the Bay of Biscay The Bay of Biscay or Cantabrian Sea is located to the north of Spain and to the west of France. Commercial fishing in the Bay of Biscay provides many jobs in the local area. Anchovies fished in the Bay of Biscay can be sold fresh, canned and also for use as feed for fish farms (Lopez-Bote, C. J., Menoyo, D., Bautista, J. M. and Obach, A., 2002). Due to extreme depletion of anchovy stocks in the Bay of Biscay anchovy fisheries was closed in 2005, this was to allow the fish stocks to recover (Commission of European Communities, 2009). This caused major job losses for this sector (Barandic, I. B., 2009). It was announced in December 2009 that fish stocks had improved therefore the anchovy fisheries in Bay of Biscay would reopen (European Fisheries Commission, b, n/d). This was also due to a new Long-Term Management Plan set up by the European commission. In the new Long-Term Management Plan there are new restrictions on Total Allowable Catch (TAC) in place to ensure that the fishing of anchovies was sustainable (Commission of European Communities, 2009). This essay is a summary of the implications overfishing had on the area, the new Long-Term Management strategy in place and the strengths and weaknesses of this new strategy. History/ Implications Overfishing is a serious problem in the world’s oceans. ‘Exploitation of many stocks continues to be beyond sustainable levels, while the status of a large number of stocks still cannot...
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...Chapter 2: The Ecology of Population Growth Review Essay by Max Kosusnik Earth’s population has increased by the billions at rates deemed too quick for us to be capable of controlling. We, as a race, grew to our first billion in 1804. In 1927, only 123 years later, we had reached our second billion. To make matters more substantial, it only took 33 years until we had reached our third billion, in the year 1960. The rate would speed up so much that, on average, every 13 years our world’s population would reach another billion, getting us to 7 billion in 2011. This fast paced growth comes with many consequences. Human demands will and possibly already have overrun the amount of our natural support systems, and our food supplies, such as our fisheries, grasslands, forests, soils, and aquifers. If our demands increase over the sustainable output these resources provide for us, then it will result in overfishing, overgrazing, overcutting, overplowing, and overpumping. A recent demographic projection by the U.N. shows that the world’s population will grow to well over 9 billion by 2050. Although many believe this will materialize, it is unlikely due to the hardships we will face increasing the food supply, global warming, and water shortages. Although world population growth has slowed down from the peak of 2.1 percent in 1967 to 1.1 percent in 2011, it is still unclear whether the population growth has slowed due to the shift to smaller families or the opposite, that we...
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..."Greening urban areas is not just about making places look nice. Evaluate the contribution of green areas in cities to meeting the goals of sustainable development" (40 marks) Sustainable development is most frequency defined as development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Thus, sustainable development means finding a balance between the fulfillment of human needs with the protection of the natural environment. Sustainable development can be conceptually broken into three constituent parts environmental protection, economic sustainability, and social wellbeing. In this essay I will evaluate how cities have used urban greening to make steps towards sustainable development. To do this I will focus on Singapore and Hamburg. Firstly, green urban areas act as vital regulating ecosystem services meaning they help to control the climate. Metropolitan areas like Singapore are often affected by the urban heat island effect whereby the inner city can be up to 5°C warmer than surrounding rural areas due to human activities (e.g. the use of cars). Areas of urban greening, for example Fort Canning Park, Singapore’s 18 hectare conservation park, have the ability to undertake the vital role of offsetting the urban heat island effect (UHI). Due to the parks location it acts as a green lung for Singapore’s CBD. With an estimated 1,700 trees the park absorbs heat and has an evaporative cooling effect. As well...
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...Essay on Native American Environmental Issues by David R. Lewis This essay is taken from Native America in the Twentieth Century: An Encyclopedia, edited by Mary B. Davis and published in 1994 by Garland Publishers of New York. The encyclopedia includes additional essays on mining, natural resource management, hunting and fishing rights, and economic development. It's a highly recommended resource. Reprinted without permission for educational purposes. Traditionally Native Americans have had an immediate and reciprocal relationship with their natural environments. At contact, they lived in relatively small groups close to the earth. They defined themselves by the land and sacred places, and recognized a unity in their physical and spiritual universe. Their cosmologies connected them with all animate and inanimate beings. Indians moved in a sentient world, managing its bounty and diversity carefully lest they upset the spirit "bosses," who balanced and endowed that world. They acknowledged the power of Mother Earth and the mutual obligation between hunter and hunted as coequals. Indians celebrated the earth's annual rebirth and offered thanks for her first fruits. They ritually addressed and prepared the animals they killed, the agricultural fields they tended, and the vegetal and mineral materials they processed. They used song and ritual speech to modify their world, while physically transforming that landscape with fire and water, brawn and brain. They did not passively...
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...Assignment 3.1: Determining Causes and Effects – Draft Version English 115 Known as the Laurentian Great Lakes for its connection to the St. Lawrence River, the lakes combined make up nearly 20 percent of the world's fresh water (Latham, Wright, & Tsang, n.d.) Lakes Erie, Huron, Michigan, Ontario, and Superior are 5 lakes that provide food, jobs, and recreation to the surrounding regions reaching into two countries. The New York Times (2010) also estimate more than 30 million people are the recipient of potable water from the lakes. With over 3.2 million harvestable fish worth an estimated 4.8 million dollars, Lake Huron is important to the fishing industry. According to McCrimmon (2002), Lake Huron alone has over 117 species of fish. Lake Huron, as well as the other great lakes, is also polluted. For this essay, pollution is the injection of biological or non-biological elements into Lake Huron which are detrimental to the health of the lake and its inhabitants. Sewage, along with additional factors and with far reaching effects, is the primary cause of the decline of the various benefits the lake provides; it is harmful and potentially fatal to people, jobs, the economy, and of course, the aquatic life and wildlife of the Lake Huron area. There are quite a few types of pollution which are damaging Lake Huron. Industrial sewage and waste may be, arguably, the most damaging cause of pollution. Additional causes of Lake Huron's pollution also come from biological...
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...Determining Causes and Effects Known as the Laurentian Great Lakes for its connection to the St. Lawrence River, the lakes combined make up nearly 20 percent of the world's fresh water (Latham, Wright, & Tsang, n.d.) Lakes Erie, Huron, Michigan, Ontario, and Superior are 5 lakes that provide food, jobs, and recreation to the surrounding regions reaching into two countries. The New York Times (2010) also estimate more than 30 million people are the recipient of potable water from the lakes. With over 3.2 million harvestable fish worth an estimated 4.8 million dollars, Lake Huron is important to the fishing industry. According to McCrimmon (2002), Lake Huron alone has over 117 species of fish. Lake Huron, as well as the other great lakes, is also polluted. For this essay, pollution is the injection of biological or non-biological elements into Lake Huron which are detrimental to the health of the lake and its inhabitants. Sewage, along with additional factors and with far reaching effects, is the primary cause of the decline of the various benefits the lake provides; it is harmful and potentially fatal to people, jobs, the economy, and of course, the aquatic life and wildlife of the Lake Huron area. There are quite a few types of pollution which are damaging Lake Huron. Industrial sewage and waste may be, arguably, the most damaging cause of pollution. Additional causes of Lake Huron's pollution also come from biological sources such as, ironically, other aquatic life...
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...Since its conception in 1920 by Jan Smuts Holism, it has developed and solved many issues (Gharajedaghi p.2013 558). Pollution is a complex issue which is intertwined in different processes and impacts in diverse ways. Thus, the topic is significance in pursuing ways to help solve the pollution. Ocean pollution also referred to as marine pollution is a wicked problem which has been increasing in complexity day in day out. This is because of the increasing population growth which stands at 7.2 billion worldwide (Noga & Wolbring 2013 p.3615). The increased industry establishment is directly proportional to chemical waste which settle in the oceans. It causes death of marine animals and plants hence poor marine ecology. The aim of this essay is to use the knowledge and skills acquired in role of systems thinking to address Ocean pollution as a sustainability challenge. It will explore various sources of ocean pollution, types and elucidate possible strategies which could be adopted as mitigation...
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...theories and models developed in organisations, this assignment aims at finding out the founding principles of a good OR/MS model and general issues encountered in the setting-up of OR interventions. To try out and compare the insights presented, this assignment proposes to study a specific case about OR modelling in Fishery management. Fishery Management is related to the preservation of fish resources and optimisation of catch and profit of this industry, in a context of high-yield practices and increasingly more complex environmental issues present. This case applies to a large and complex system linked to today’s topics issues of sustainable development. In addition, a personal experience of analytical project related to an internship position as assistant project manager in a leading oil company is proposed to illustrate this essay. This essay concludes by giving recommendations about what could be the characteristics of an ideal portrait of OR/MS model. Introduction: In a letter addressed to English universities after the Second World War, general Pile, a popular British officer who commended the Anti-Aircraft Command, claims for men of sciences ‘able to quickly understand complex issues and to find them simple’. Thus, supporting the fast economic growth in Europe after war, operational research (OR) and management sciences (MS) answered needs for better understanding and simplification of problems and arrive at optimal solutions to complex decision-making problems...
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...Aswani Southern State University Author Note Akshay Aswani, student of composition and rhetoric class, Southern States University Akshay Aswani is a student of Bachelors of Business Administration in Southern States University Correspondence concerning this essay should be addressed to Akshay Aswani Composition and rhetoric, Southern States University. Fashion Valley. 123 Camino De la Reina Suite 100 East San Diego, CA 92108 Contact: akshayaswani@yahoo.in Abstract This paper reveals the Development of science and technology in various sectors and its effects on human beings. Major development in transportation was airways which reduced the travelling time to an extensive level. In communication sector, Mobile phone reduced the distance and turned the world in globalized village. In medical field, treatment of dangerous diseases like Cancer and tuberculosis has been invented. In this essay comparison is done between present and past due to development of technology. In which way science and technology has made the life of human being luxurious and easy. Which has resulted in saving lots of time of human beings and performing the difficult task in a lucid way. Various examples are given in the essay which clarifies the advantages and disadvantages received by human being due to development of technology. Moreover in the end my opinion towards the topic is given Keywords: Development, extensive, luxurious, lucid, Development of science and technology...
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...An analysis of two of the main environmental impacts of global warming and an evaluation of two recent solutions to this problem. Contents page Introduction- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 3 Causes of global warming- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 4 Environment impacts- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5 Increasing cyclones and flood risks- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5 Changing marine biodiversity- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -6 Other impacts- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -10 Latest solutions- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -10 CO2 absorption- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 10 Renewable energies- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 11 Other solutions- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -12 Evaluate the two latest solutions- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 13 Summary- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -13 Reference list- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 15 Introduction Global warming has become one of the most challenging problems in the world today. This is the observed...
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...ENVIRONMENT A RESOURCE BOOK Edited by Adil Najam Mark Halle Ricardo Meléndez-Ortiz TRADE AND ENVIRONMENT A RESOURCE BOOK Edited by Adil Najam Mark Halle Ricardo Meléndez-Ortiz Trade and Environment: A Resource Book © 2007 International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD), International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development (ICTSD) and the Regional and International Networking Group (The Ring). Trade and Environment: A Resource Book Edited by Adil Najam, Mark Halle and Ricardo Meléndez-Ortiz ISBN 978-1-895536-99-7 Published by International Institute for Sustainable Development, International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development, The Regional and International Networking Group This publication is available online at http://www.trade-environment.org http://www.iisd.org http://www.ictsd.org http://www.ring-alliance.org Cover photos from iStockphoto. Readers are encouraged to quote and reproduce this material for educational, not-for-profit purposes, provided the source is acknowledged. Printed on 100% post-consumer recycled paper. Trade and Environment: A Resource Book The International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD, http://www.iisd.org) contributes to sustainable development by advancing policy recommendations on international trade and investment, economic policy, climate change, measurement and assessment, and natural resources management. Through the Internet, we report on international negotiations and share knowledge...
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...scale and in prominent pervasiveness, Nigeria is generally perceived as a newly-emerged modern state, which is characterized by rapid industrialization and extensive urbanization (Jiboye,2011).In particular, the term “State” is defined as the politically organized people of a particular land(Antai& Moradi, 2010). When it comes to the cohesion and stability of modernized state, it refers to the condition of a system which is the condition of Nigeria as a whole. In this essay, the threats on the cohesion and stability of Nigeria induced by industrialization and urbanization are assessed in threefold: health threats, criminal threat and threat regarding food insecurity. The aforementioned threats to be analyzed are intertwined with the concept of urbanization and industrialization and the repercussions of food insecurity and the physical health threat in urbanized cities are interrelated with the criminal threat, which could be accounted by mental illness(Antai& Moradi, 2010). With this introductory overview, the essay proceeds to outline the modern situation of urbanization and industrialization in Nigeria with definitions conceptualized. The following part is an evaluation of the health threats comprised of two section, in which the overcrowding issue is explored and illustrative case study focusing on health surveillance in Niger Delta is examined. The next part dwells on the positive correlation between crime rate and urbanization. In the final part, the risk of imperative food...
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...Many things threaten our world: war, climate change, and poverty are among them. While many people are concerned with our economy, our oil dependency, and dwindling food and water supplies, others acknowledge the simple reason as to why we are faced with these issues – the Earth is overpopulated. Exponential growth has been seen in our world population over the past two centuries, with a grand total of 7 billion (6.97 as of my last essay) people roaming the Earth today (Tomkin, 2011). Mankind has ventured a long way to reach the position we are in currently, and in this essay I will explain how we got here and where we might be headed, citing examples of previous efforts to combat overpopulation. I then will suggest my own solution to the problem, and then give detailed analysis as to why my method should be implemented. Over the course of mankind’s time on this planet, the population has changed rather drastically. Since long before the birth of Christ, thousands of years ago, the Earth had held a stable number of approximately one million people (Zhang, et al, 2011). The stability was vastly due to the scavenger lifestyle of early humans, a world where only the strong survived. Throughout the Middle Ages population increased to an estimated 250-500 million people, yet took hard hits due to disease and plague (Rosling, 2010). The flux in population was due to the invention of agriculture, which at this time was the sole reason that Earth’s carrying capacity had increased...
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