...AEP9 – ASSIGNMENT TWO: ESSAY Immoderate expansion of urban area, known as ‘urban sprawl’, becomes a wide-spreading phenomenon in most countries nowadays. This is majorly due to the improvement of mobility at all levels and the great economic benefits lying behind the sprawled urban areas. However, urban sprawl not only degrades the environment and changes global climate, but also generates a number of social problems, such as polarization and inequality. To solve the problems resulting from urban sprawl, many international organizations put technology forward as the most efficient and economically feasible approach. This essay will outline how urban sprawl results in these problems and point out the risks of depending on technologies to address environmental issues as well as its limitation to solve the social ones. In many countries in the world, urban sprawl imposes great stress on both of ecological and social well-being. In the first place, urban sprawl causes a lot of environmental problems. One of the burning issues for the international community is global warming. In order to support the running of current transportation, the utilities to warm or cool spacious houses and household appliances in neighborhoods on the outskirts of cities, energy mainly created by fossil fuels becomes greatly demanded, thus giving rise to higher emissions of greenhouse gases, especially carbon dioxide, which is considered as one of the arch-criminals causing global warming (Gonzalez, 2005)...
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...Urban sprawl is the product of industrialization. The sprawl pattern of urban development reflects the progress of human society. However, in the original intention of increasing economic benefits and motivating automobile industries, urban sprawl also brings a series of malpractices gradually on contrary to the expectation. It results in not only the ecological problems, but also the social problems. Despite the fact that technological solutions serve humanity, assisting them to alter the natural environment, technological solutions have not achieved the capacity to solve all the problems absolutely in current society. Consequently, this essay holds the view that technological solutions cannot adequately address both the ecological problems and the social problems for the reason that technological solutions are just the makeshift methods to alleviate the exterior problems, and have not raveled out these problems from the fountainhead. Technological solutions only can try to mitigate the greenhouse gas emissions, but cannot completely cope with global warming at the background of global motorization, which is the deniable fact. Apparently, it is unfair and unpractical for developing countries to limit the carbon emissions. According to Huimin Li and Ye Qi (2012), the carbon emissions have positive correlation with the increasing of GDP. Hence, it is no denying that developing countries like China have tremendous demanding for boosting the industry and the manufacturing. For instance:...
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...Urban sprawl and motorization are currently critical issues, because together they cause environmental problems as well as ecological and social issues which pose a threat to human health and social stability. Urban sprawl also called urban development, as expansion from the centre to outskirt, more cars are used, and then, leads to more vehicles exhaust emissions which are the main factor of climate change. More car use results in motorization, a lack of communications with friends and family results in social fragmentation. The Global Climate Coalition (GCC), the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) and environmentalists suggest answers to these problems. This essay argues that some solutions work more effectively to these focusing on climate change, loss of land and negative impacts on public health. Climate change forms a serious threat to the environment, urban sprawl has resulted in serious emission of greenhouse gases as more cars are used which requires more energy use. Then, more and more global warming gases are released which leads to critical environmental problems. Martin (2007) points out car and land use lead to more greenhouse emissions. And cars and facilities are the main producers of global warming. Thereby, Environmental problems are having become acute in the twenty-first century. Gonzalez (2005) also indicates that expansion the city results in more emissions of greenhouse gases, particularly carbon dioxide, and more energy use which is also a main...
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...Assignment Two Urban sprawl, being one of the unavoidable adverse effects of global economic growth, means uncontrolled city expansion. It contributes to higher demand in consumption goods such as the gasoline and vehicles, which allows the economy continues to flourish in many developed countries as well as developing countries (especially in China). However, urbanization poses an acute ecological threat because it highly depends on the massive development of motorization which is a significant driver of more energy and lands consumption and more emissions of global warming gases. Furthermore, as the motorized urban sprawl means unhealthier, less affordable places for the poor to survive caused by the dispersal of their communities, on the one hand, and growing public health problems, on the other, it also creates serious social problems. To address these adverse effects of urbanization, the technological solution is recommended given that nowadays technology plays a crucial role in socio-ecological development. This essay will outline the problems driven by urbanization and argue that the technological solution is not the most fundamental one to deal with the social and ecological problem driven by urban sprawl. In terms of social problems associated with the spread of urban development, the technological solution may pose greater difficulties to cope with the social polarization in the sprawled cities. The global development of urban sprawl will lead to the explosion...
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...With reference to either Waste management in urban areas or Transport management in urban areas, discuss the extent to which sustainability can be achieved. Answer 1 (Transport) Sustainable management in urban areas is a constant theme for urban areas in both LEDCs and MEDCs. This essay will be based on whether transport management can be achieved sustainably and whether or not it is only transport management that can achieve sustainability or other aspects such as improved housing, preventing urban sprawl and protecting the environment also add to the possibility of achieving sustainability. Transport management in urban areas is approached differently in both LEDCs and MEDCs. However the problems as a result of increased congestion in cities are similar. Some of those problems include deliveries being late, causing businesses to slow down and therefore the economy of the area; increased car ownership and therefore congestion releases a lot of pollutants such as carbon dioxide and sulphur dioxide into the atmosphere. These cause problems such as acid rain when sulphur dioxide combines with water vapour forming sulphuric acid and carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas so increased levels add to the greenhouse effect and therefore global warming. Increased car ownership also lacks sustainability in terms of natural resource use so managing this transport in cities is important. In MEDCs the problem of obesity is rife with one in four adults in the UK that are obese and 10% of children...
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...anonymously, some of the major issues and concerns facing the profession today. These lists were then collected and transcribed on the whiteboard. All the expected themes were there — sustainability and global warming, equity and justice, peak oil, immigration, urban sprawl and public health, retrofitting suburbia, and so on. But also on the board appeared, like a sacrilegious graffito, the words "Trivial Profession." [1] When we voted to rank the listed items in order of importance, "Trivial Profession" was placed — lo and behold — close to the top. This surprised and alarmed a number of us. Here were members of one of the finest planning faculties in America, at one of the most respected programs in the world, suggesting that their chosen field was minor and irrelevant. Now, even the most parochial among us would probably agree that urban planning is not one of society's bedrock professions, such as law or medicine or perhaps economics. It is indeed a minor field, and that's fine. Nathan Glazer, in his well-known essay "Schools of the Minor Professions," labeled "minor" every profession outside law and medicine. Not even clerics or divines made his cut. Moreover, Glazer observed that attempts on the part of "occupations" such as urban planning to transform themselves "into professions in the older sense, and the assimilation of their programmes of training into academic institutions, have not gone smoothly." [2] But minority status by itself is not why "Trivial Profession" appeared...
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...with the negative influence occurring in the third world. There are lots of negative effects on most urban areas city on coast and riverbanks are vulnerable to climate change effects such as a increase in sea level (Nichcolls, cited in Hunt and Watkiss 2004, p.17). Climate change refers to any change in climate over time, whether due to natural variability or as a result of human activity (Parry M.L et al. 2007, p.13). The world’s urban population will rapid increase in the next few year, so the negative effects caused by climate change in cities should be solved necessarily. This essay outlines the major negative impacts by climate change, and evaluates three possible solving measures in many developing countries. The essay argues that three effective solutions are able to solve the problems of climate change in developing countries. Climate change negatively affects the urban in developing countries. The first environmental effect of climate change is a rising sea level. Rosenzweig et al. (2010, p.910) survey that city should obviously contributed to 71% of global energy-related greenhouse-gas. Most chief cities in developing country are located in low altitudes or near the seaside, which are brought calamities by the climate change. As the world warming, the threat from the ocean level increase poses alarming for cities. A rising in sea level has the direct influences on urban areas such as beach erosion and soil loss (Hunt and Watkiss 2011, p. 17). The second impact of climate...
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...Subject Code: APBL20045 | Subject Name: City Future | Student ID Number: 563013 | Student Name: Joel Madeira | Assignment Name or Number: Final essay | With reference to at least one work of fiction, critically discuss how science and technology feature in utopian or dystopian planning of future cities. The city of the future needs to change. With the population increasing at a rapid pace, more and more people favor to live in urbanized area. The result of the urban population explosion means that there is a need to change the physical dimension or space in cities, in order to cope with such a large amount of people. Cities will be dramatically restricted with the aid of science fiction and technology. This paper investigates how Ecumenopolis, the science fiction concept of city layout could be implanted or influence the future of cities, followed by how technology such as: transportation and telecommunication, could help satisfy social needs, which may again reshape the structure of cities in the future, finally by using examples from science fiction theme movies and novels to illustrate how humans could reshape their future cities and whether these advanced innovations would lead to a utopian or dystopian society. The most crucial element that cities of the future would face is in relation to the increasing population. It is unavoidable that for the next few decades, global population growth will escalate intensely. According to Vidal (2012), by 2050, 7 billion of...
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...URBS 380 Midterm Study Guide: For multiple choice, true/false questions and short answer, you may be asked about the following concepts or issues: Neo-classical assumptions about markets Know the three different kinds of agglomeration economies – what is the difference between them? which one is significant for innovation? Diseconomies of scale – know definition Human capital Comparative advantage Know the three assumptions that inform the ‘monocentric city’ perspective (refer to Kloosterman & Musterd article). As a supply-side strategy for influencing the location choices of firms, tax policy is used to address what kind of costs? Do taxes influence location decisions? Staple theory vs. export (or 'economic) base theory - know the difference If provided with the location quotients, know how to differentiate non-base and base industries If provided with data, know how to calculate a multiplier effect (know the formula!) & know what the number represents. Know what ‘leakage’ is (can refer to Loxley and Lamb reading), and what effect it has on the multiplier. Within the shift-share approach, what does the ‘shift term’ represent? Know the key assumption of the early version of ‘location theory’ In a polycentric city, does the central city still matter? Why or why not? (refer specifically to the Kloosterman and Musterd article) According to Rutland & O’Hagan (2007), the vertical disintegration of the traditionally large integrated...
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...With the growth of economy competition in the whole world, Sydney is driving the national economy where had contributed almost forty percent of Australia’s financial growth every year. Sydney expanded 4.3 percent in last year which is its fastest financial growth in recent 14 years and this city’s annual production achieved 353 billion which is almost a third of Australia’s whole domestic production. This essay chooses Sydney economy growth as a topic to examine the complex elements of increasing the financial rate, explore the reason why Sydney reached the fastest growth in recent years and find other advantages within the developed Sydney. The strength of the local economy with the largest development in the professional and business services sector which increased more than 500 new areas. After professional and business services, the second largest increases were in the food and drink department, follows by the retail and personal services. Not only the various sectors, the business numbers are increasing across all 10 villages in the local area within the biggest employment growth being on the boundary of the city central. Jobs in Ultimo and Pyrmont have raised 46% and the area near Chinatown and Haymarket improved 23.4% while the number of business in central area increased 37% in last five years. Sydney is regarded as the global city in Australia and the also leading knowledge-based economy in the nation. Despite the growth business regions such as North Sydney, Olympic...
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... http://jtlu.org . 6 . 1 [2013] pp. 7–24 http://dx.doi.org/10.5198/jtlu.v1.425 Linking urban transport and land use in developing countries Robert Cervero University of California, Berkeley a e mobility challenges of the developing world are considerably different than those in wealthier, advanced countries, and so are the challenges of coordinating transportation and land use. Rapid population growth, poverty and income disparities, overcrowded urban cores, poorly designed road networks, spatial mismatches between housing and jobs, deteriorating environmental conditions, and economic losses from extreme traffic by congestion are among the more vexing challenges faced by developing cities that could be assuaged through improved coordination of transportation and urban development. is is underscored by examples reviewed in this paper from South Asia, Southeast Asia, China, India, Africa, and South America. It is concluded that whatever is done to improve transportation and land-use integration must be pro-poor. e cardinal features of integrated and sustainable transport and urbanism everywhere—accessible urban activities and safe, attractive walking and cycling environs—are particularly vital to the welfare and prosperity of urbanites in the world’s poorest countries. Abstract: Keywords: Urban transportation; land use; Developing cities; Air quality; Poverty 1 The challenges of rapid growth in developing cities e...
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...Identification. Christopher Columbus landed in Puerto Rico in 1493, during his second voyage, naming it San Juan Bautista. The Taínos, the indigenous people, called the island Boriquén Tierra del alto señor ("Land of the Noble Lord"). In 1508, the Spanish granted settlement rights to Juan Ponce de León, who established a settlement at Caparra and became the first governor. In 1519 Caparra had to be relocated to a nearby coastal islet with a healthier environment; it was renamed Puerto Rico ("Rich Port") for its harbor, among the world's best natural bays. The two names were switched over the centuries: the island became Puerto Rico and its capital San Juan. The United States anglicized the name to "Porto Rico" when it occupied the island in 1898 after the Spanish-American War. This spelling was discontinued in 1932. Puerto Ricans are a Caribbean people who regard themselves as citizens of a distinctive island nation in spite of their colonial condition and U.S. citizenship. This sense of uniqueness also shapes their migrant experience and relationship with other ethnoracial groups in the United States. However, this cultural nationalism coexists with a desire for association with the United States as a state or in the current semiautonomous commonwealth status. Location and Geography. Puerto Rico is the easternmost and smallest of the Greater Antilles, bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the north and the Caribbean Basin to the south. Puerto Rico is a crucial hemispheric access...
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...Table of Contents Introduction The biological point of view It starts with children Getting parents involved with food choices Parents can lead by example But is it that easy? Let’s think about society as a whole 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 Solving the Problem of Obesity – Not So Simple? Obesity is without a doubt a growing problem in Australia. Reported data shows that in 2001 an estimated 2.4 million Australian adults were obese—16% of men and 17% of women aged 18 years and over. A further 4.9 million Australian adults were estimated to be overweight but not obese—42% of men and 25% of women aged 18 years and over. (AIHW 2003). According to the World Health Organisation (2007) these rates are still rising. It is well known that there is a link between overweight and obesity and physical illnesses such as diabetes, heart disease, sleep disorders and stroke. Obesity can also affect people psychologically affecting their self esteem, even their ability to socialise or work. Consequently this is a problem that should be addressed comprehensively as soon as possible. The purpose of this article is to demonstrate that a thorough sociological approach to the problem of obesity is needed, rather than one-dimensional answers that do not address all the issues affecting the rise of obesity in Australia and throughout the rest of the world. The Biological Point of View Some interesting points of view were raised in a recent article in Sydney’s Sun Herald (Marriner, 2011). This article...
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...The Gilded Age The purpose of this essay is to show how the Industrial Revolution of the Gilded Age contributed to increased problems in gender, race and class in the latter half of 19th century America. Mark Twain coined the term "The Gilded Age" between the years 1870 and 1900 America in reference to the gold gilding that became popular in the era, but also masked very serious social conflicts that arose across the country (Twain, 1996). Ultimately, with economic growth came wider income gaps and brutal social issues with gender, race and class that divided the country. Throughout the Gilded Age, swift financial growth simultaneously increased the size of the labor force, which in turn increased wages (Roediger, 1991). Given that these wages were higher than in Europe, people immigrated to America en masse, which then increased the overall poverty rates (Roediger, 1991). The Gilded Age also transferred industry from independent craftsman toward railroads, factory manufacturing and mining, which created less skilled and more regimented labor forces. This meant that people were forced to work under poor conditions, which stripped workers of their independence, which was the American way prior to the Industrial Revolution (Twain, 1996). These mass-production methods were created as offshoots of the steam engine with technical advancements expanding the size of workforces, making them larger and set up to accommodate more production, which created new jobs with a higher...
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...HOUSES ASSIGNED FOR BENEFICIARY IN THE SAMPLE…. 25 3.2.2. DWELLERS WILLINGNESS TO BUY HOUSES 26 3.2.3. PRICE OF HOUSES AND THE FACTORS THAT AFFECTS THE PRICE OF HOUSES ………………………………………………………………………………...26 3.2.4.CONSTRUCTION MATERRIALS AND THE MARKET PRIC………………..27 3.2.5.GENERAL OPINION OF DWELLERS 28 3.2.6. PRICE OF CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND BENEFICIARY OPINION.29 CHAPTER FOUR 33 4. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 33 4.1. CONCLUSION 33 4.2 RECOMMENDATION --------------------------------------------------------------------- 34 Bibliography………………………………………………………………. 36 Appendix I …………………………………………………………… 37 Appendix II ………………………………………………………… 38 CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY Ethiopian urban centers face a number of socio-economic problems. Unemployment, poverty, weak economic base, growing housing problem and slum dwelling with a weak...
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