...Business Ethics Concepts & Cases Manuel G. Velasquez ABSTRACT Summary of the main points of the first two chapters in the book. The remaining chapters are application of the concepts summarized as relating to political forms of government and market systems. These further chapters are less relevant to the DBA class that this summary was prepared for. Chapter 1 – Ethics & Business Ethics is the principles of conduct governing an individual or a group. It is the study of morality. Morality are the standards that an individual or group has about what is right and wrong, or good and evil. Moral norms can usually be expressed as general rules or statements, such as “Always tell the truth”. Moral values can usually be expressed as statements describing objects or features of objects that have worth, such as “Honesty is good” and “Injustice is bad”. Five characteristics can help pin down the nature of moral standards. 1. Moral standards deal with matters that we think can seriously injure or seriously benefit human beings. 2. Moral standards are not established or changed by the decisions of particular legislative bodies. 3. We feel that moral standards should be preferred to other values including (especially?) self-interest. 4. Moral standards are based on impartial considerations. – that is, a point of view that does not evaluate standards according to whether they advance the interests of a particular individual or group, but one that goes...
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...Ethical Principles John Durham III PSY/305 March 7, 2016 Dr. Daven Salmi Ethical Principles Introduction The ethical issue that I chose to examine was an article about the relationship between ethical and abusive coaching behaviors and student-athlete well-being. I found this article very interesting because not a lot of people are aware of the ethical issues that have been and are currently going on in the athletic background. Believe it or not there are many ethical issues that relate to psychology in the athletic field. Ethical Issues in Collegiate Athletics One of the biggest ethical issues in collegiate athletics was the abusive behaviors of the coaches to the athletes. This is a big ethical issue because the actions and behavior of the coaches resulted in the players to cheat. When you look at coaches you think of them as the parent of many children on the field or in the gym. The ability of coaches to impact the performance of their athletes is well established (Horn, 2008; Weiss, Smith, & Stuntz, 2008). When a coach instructs an athlete to perform certain actions the first response of the athlete is to do what the coach says. Part of the duty of coach is to prepare athletes for competition through physical training, planning, and instructions; as well as designing strategies and game plans that affect the performance of their athletes and teams during competition. Preparing and motivating athletes to succeed during competition is an important factor...
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...3 Ethical Principles Moral Objectivism- -Morality is objective- moral standards are not created by human beings or human societies -Moral standards are unchanging. Moral standards are eternal and do not change throughout time or from location to location. -Moral standards are universal-there is a uniform set of moral standards that is the same for all people, regardless of human differences like race gender, wealth, and social change (Fieser, J. & Moseley, A. (2012)) * I believe that there are several companies that would use moral objectivism but the one that come to mind would be the judicial system. With this they really don’t manufacture products nor do they produce profits. With the judicial system moral objectivism plays apart where the employees are treated equally and the extended group of people that plays a part of the judicial system abide by the rules of the government locally, state and federally. Psychological egoism- All forms of egoism require explication of “self-interest” (or “welfare” or “well-being”). There are two main theories. Preference or desire accounts identify self-interest with the satisfaction of one's desires. Often, and most plausibly, these desires are restricted to self-regarding desires. (http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/egoism/) Psychological egoism claims that each person has but one ultimate aim: her own welfare. This allows for action that fails to maximize perceived self-interest, but rules out the sort of behavior...
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...before she passed away, a doctor took a sample of her cancer cells, the cells from her cervix were later on named HeLa cells, and these cells helped pave the way to numerous experiments and research all over the world. Even though HeLa brought along many achievements with its discovery, it also brought disappointments to some researchers, and pain for her family. You see, she nor her family consented to her cells being sampled, or the amounts of experiments and research that occurred after. Her family was never aware that such actions even took place. Even so, on February 1st, 1951, the day Henrietta Lacks walked in to John Hopkins Hospital, was the day we started looking at cell research a lot differently. Ethical Principles On August 1st, 1920, Henrietta Lacks, a black woman from Virginia, was born. When she was just 21 years old, she moved to Baltimore, Maryland. February 1st, 1951; Henrietta entered the John Hopkins Hospital to see a gynecologist, complaining of irregular bleeding. It was then that Dr. Howard Jones discovered a purple lesion on her cervix. As per routine a sampling of the lesion, which was purple and bled easily when touched, was collected and taken to Dr. George Otto Gey. Mary Kubicek, laboratory assistant of Dr. Grey, then cultivated the sample; it was that very moment when science would be changed forever (Films for the Humanities & Sciences, 2012). When Henrietta Lacks’ tissue sample was cultivated, the cells did what no...
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...Ethical Principles Paper Nadia Brown University of Phoenix Ethical Principles Paper Henrietta Lacks was born on August 1, 1920, in Roanoke, Virginia and she died due to complications of cervical cancer on October 4, 1951.She had been receiving treatment at the Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore, Maryland. At the hospital she was treated with radium tube inserts, which is said to be the standard treatment for cervical cancer in 1951. As a matter of routine, samples of her cervix were removed without permission. Henrietta was 31 years old when she died. In this time it was customary for doctors and researchers to remove cells from a person for testing. Likewise cells were taken from Henrietta. The problem was that the cells were taken from her body without her knowledge or consent. These cells were later used to form the HeLa cell. The HeLa cell has been used many times over in medical research since they were removed from the body of Henrietta Lacks. The lack of consent in this case shined a light on the legal and ethical issues involved in medical research. On October 4, 1951 Henrietta Lacks died, but unlike others her cells did not die. Samples of her cells were removed from her body without her permission. During this time doctors frequently removed cells from patients without their permission or consent. Informed consent did not come into practice until the late 1970s due to another controversial case, the infamous Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment of 1932-1972. ...
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...This supports ethical Principle 8.07 – Deception in Research The Bible has had a profound effect on billions of people, both believers and non-believers. Some ethical principles that can be derived from the Bible include the importance of caring for the stranger, the poor, employees, the environment, and animals. Demonstrating the importance of keeping honest records, Scripture (Proverbs 11:1, NIV): “A false scale is an abomination to God; but a just weight is His desire.” Researcher’s also have an obligation to behave in a manner that does not cause others to be suspicious of what they are doing. This includes using truly independent auditors and avoiding situations that give rise to conflicts of interest. Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct of APA ethics concerning research based on Biblical principles is an important step in caring for both the researcher and society. “These are the things that you are to do: Speak the truth every man with his fellow; with truth, justice and peace, judge in your gates. And let none of you contrive evil in your hearts against one another and do not love false oaths; because all these are things that I hate, declares the Lord.” (Zechariah 8: 16-17, NIV. Obviously, all types of deception and dishonesty are prohibited. The Bible (Exodus 23: 7) also states: “Distance yourself from a false matter.” Which include all kinds of falsehoods including press releases with misleading information, deceptive advertisements, deceptive...
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...Another Ethical Principle that is not being completely followed is 9.06, Interpreting Assessment Results, it is unlikely that there were no other linguistic issues with the WISC-IV and WISC-V. Code 9.06 states that psychologists should always consider the purpose of the test and each participants test taking abilities, as well as other characteristics that are being assessed such as “linguistic, and cultural differences, that might affect psychologists’ judgments or reduce the accuracy of their interpretations” (America Psychological Association, 2018). The very wording of this ethical principle states that the language of a test may reduce the validity of a test, it is difficult to see how the test is used for CLD students in the first place...
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...Ethical Advertising The Ethical Advertising Standard (EAS-405) states that “all advertising should be legal, decent, honest and truthful.” (International Charter, 2012) It continues by adding that all ads should be prepared with a due sense of social responsibility and that they should conform to principles of fair competition. (International Charter, 2012) EAS-405 consists of 25 articles that cover all aspects of advertising from decency and honesty to asterisks and abbreviations. Article 5 corresponds to truthful presentation. The article reads as follows: 1. Advertisements should not contain any statement or visual presentation which directly or by implication, omission, ambiguity or exaggerated claim is likely to mislead the consumer,...
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...ETHICAL PRINCIPLES IN BUSINESS 3.1 Ethics Ethics has been defined as concerned with the development of moral standards by which actions, situations and behaviour can be judged. (Boyd et al) Oelgeschlager. et al gave the simplest definition of ethics as standards conduct. Ethics is the discipline that examines one’s moral standards or the moral standards of a society. It asks how these standards apply to our lives and whether these standards are reasonable or unreasonable, that is, whether they are supported by good reasons or poor ones. Therefore, a person starts to do ethics when he or she takes the moral standards absorbed from the family, church and friends and asks: “What do these standards imply for the situations in which I find myself? Do these standards really make sense? What are the reasons for or against these standards? Why should I continue to believe in them? What can be said in their favour and what can be said against them? Are they really reasonable for me to hold? Are their implications in this or that particular situation reasonable?” Ethics is the study of moral standards, the process of examining the moral standards of a person or society to determine whether these standards are reasonable or unreasonable in order to apply them to concrete situations and issues. The ultimate aim of ethics is to develop a body of moral standards that we feel are reasonable to hold standards that we have thought about carefully and have decided are justified standards for us...
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...In regards to the above scenario, to guide the nursing care, I have considered the following ethical principles. The first one is autonomy, the right of the patient to receive pertinent information and determine the path of their own medical care. In this scenario, the patient lacks insight to her illness and therefor the capacity to make informed health decisions. As such, that means her husband has become the next of kin and the primary decision maker in regards to his wife’s health. As the nurse, my role is to respect the husband’s decision making role, as he is the next of kin. This leads to beneficence, the principle of doing good, providing care for the patient’s wellbeing. The patient, had a nursing care plan, for her fluid and sodium...
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...Code of Ethical and Principles For Baderman Island Resort By Loretta Riccardelli July 4, 2013 Instructor: Karen Heyse Code of Ethical and Principles Baderman Island Resort has a code of ethical and principle rules that must be followed by employer and/or employees to the letter. This code is how “we” or “Company” stand by to the fullest in protecting you as “employees” and our “clients”. 1. Dress Code: * No jeans are to be worn on days not designated. Those who wear jeans to work for no matter what the reasons are, will be sent home or dismissed. *Men are to wear suite with white shirts only. * Women are to wear dress, or skirts not shorter than 1 inch past the knee. Nylons are to be worn and heel or flats. No flip-flops. Blouse cannot show cleavage that is inappropriate. 2. Wages & Hours Company shall set working hours, wages, and overtime pay in compliance with all applicable laws. Workers shall be paid at least the minimum legal wage or a wage that meets local company standers, whichever is greater. Overtime must be cleared with management. 3. Discrimination: Company shall employ workers on the basis of their ability to do the job, without regard to race, color, gender, nationality, religion, age, maternity, or marital status. 4. Environment: Company must comply with all applicable environmental laws, and regulations. Employees are to keeping their work area free of any unnecessary debris. 5. Working with Clients: Management and employees will...
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...The American Psychological Association’s (APA’s) ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct (APA, 2010, p.4) clearly states that practitioners are to act without bias to all people so as to decrease prejudice and act in a multiculturally competent manner. Principle E: Respect for People’s Rights and Dignity states: Psychologists are aware of and respect cultural, individual, and role differences. Psychologists try to reduce the effect on their work of biases based on those factors, and they do not knowingly join in or tolerate activities of others based upon such prejudices. The growing multiracial population has caused a need for professional psychologists to become knowledgeable about unique identity issues that may influence therapy with multiracial clients. The central goal of this article is to offer clinicians with current theory and...
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...Ethical Principles Paper PSY/305 Name Date Instructor: Henrietta (Loretta) Pleasant, born in August of 1920 in Roanoke, VA, was an African American woman who was raised by her grandfather in a small cabin on a plantation. At the age of 14, she gave birth to her first child, a son, followed by a daughter four years later. She married the father of her children, her first cousin David Lacks, shortly thereafter. After having moved to Maryland for work, the couple had three other children. The last, Joseph, was born in November of 1950, and two months later, in January of 1951, Henrietta went to the hospital with abnormal bleeding. A malignant tumor of her cervix was discovered, and was treated with radiation therapy, which was ultimately unsuccessful. Mrs. Lacks died on October 4, 1951, at the age of 31. During the course of her treatment for cervical cancer, a section of the tumor was removed and sent to the pathology lab. While being treated with radiation, two more samples (one of healthy tissue, and one of cancerous tissue) were also removed without Henrietta’s consent or knowledge. These cell samples were given to Dr. George Otto Gey, a scientific researcher who had spent years trying to figure out how to keep cells alive outside the human body. In Henrietta’s cells, he found his answer. The cell line grown from Henrietta Lack’s sample, now known simply as HeLa, has been utilized in research and medical labs throughout the world since the 1950s. The controversy ...
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...Principles of Medical Ethics Of these nine principles physicians, should always have an honest relationship with the patient. Never discussing any of the health matters about patient to anyone other than the patient. These principles of medical ethnics are to be followed by all physicians that practice medicine. According to the American Medical Association these principles are not laws, but high standards of conducts that which define honorable behavior from the physician. Physician shall be dedicated to providing competent medical care to all. Physicians should also uphold, respect, and abide by the law. There should never be any irresponsible acts of service rendered to patient. At all times patient should be treated with respect, and dignity, and allowed to have the right to make competent decision about their own care. Emphases of Principles of Medical Ethics The emphases concerning these nine principles of ethics, is simply for the physician to respect the autonomy of the...
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...There are five ethical principles that one must live by, these are: integrity, competence, responsibility, respect, and concern. Understanding these principles would be crucial in a situation like an ethical dilemma. Comprehending what these mean would benefit one in maintain an ethical life. This paper will discuss the five ethical principles, what I understood easiest, and which were harder to grasp. Integrity is defined by Cox, La Caze and Levine (2013) as “following high standards of honesty, justice, and fairness, and avoiding opportunities that would violate your completeness or wholeness” (para. 3). I personally believe this to be an accurate representation of integrity, at least moral integrity. Breaking down the definitions of each standard is where it became a bit confusing for me. Plante (2004) notes that one must tell the truth to be honest. Plante goes on to state that it is possible to tell the truth while simultaneously misleading another person. The latter confused me until I reread the text. I see how ones attempt at their own selfish gains would cause...
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