...Ethics: HIV/AIDS Name Institutional Affiliation Date HIV/AIDS for over three decades has been a global epidemic affecting all races, genders and ages. The prevalence of the calamity has not been limited by any borders as it has traversed the entire world to emerge as a global threat. Despite the emergence of other health epidemics such as Ebola and lately the Zika virus, HIV has remained not only as a giant slayer but also as a multitude slayer killing millions of victims since its inception into the earth’s surface. HIV is categorised as a virus, and it attacks the human immune system thus decreasing the ability of the human body to fight diseases while suppressing the multiplication of unwanted or dangerous cells such as cancer cells (Stolley & Glass, 2009). The origin of HIV/AIDS nonetheless is not without controversies with various theories as to how the condition emerged in existence. Despite the existence of the many controversies, there is the wider belief that HIV has its origins in the nation of the Democratic Republic of Congo specifically in Kinshasa around the 1920s. The most common answer to the origin of HIV/AIDS by scientists is that it originated from primates of a non-human kind in the form of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in Africa (Crawford, 2013). While it is believed that the virus had other sub-groups that equally gained human infectivity, the prevalent global catastrophe is associated a particular strain which is the HIV-1 that emerged in...
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...Assessing the Current Situation Capella University NPM 6108 Lisa Dennis 1605 Peachtree Street NE, Atlanta, GA 30309-2955 (404) 870-7700 ldennisldennis@yahoo.com Instructor: Dr. Boyd Johnson Organization Overview AIDS ATLANTA, Inc. is a non-profit 501(c) 3, which was incorporated in Georgia. AID Atlanta Inc. is a small organization by revenue operating in the Non-Profit & Professional Orgs. Industry. AIDS ATLANTA purpose is to provide financial and supportive services to those infected and affected by HIV/AIDS and to create awareness and prevention education programs in the community which has yet to overcome the challenges of stigma, discrimination and denial of the epidemic. AID Atlanta, Inc. has been saving and transforming lives since its inception in 1982. The agency was founded as a grass-roots response to the devastating and fatal impact HIV/AIDS was having on the Atlanta community. AID Atlanta quickly began expanding to offer a broader range of services, and has since grown to be the largest and most comprehensive AIDS Service Organization in the Southeast United States (www.aidatlanta.com, 2011). Role of Board of Directors Nonprofit boards generally have the duties of selecting and working with the Executive Director, amending bylaws, approving the annual budget and long-term strategic plans, and ensuring its own succession. There are 24 members on the Board of Directors, with 6 Department Heads Directors of Aid Atlanta. The Executive Director...
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...Debate on the Ethics of AIDS Vaccines Administration without Knowledge of Long-Term Side Effects? Debate on the Ethics of AIDS Vaccines Administration without Knowledge of Long-Term Side Effects? I. Introduction (Jessica and Chrystal) A. Why this topic is important? i. AIDS is a pandemic ii. B. Implications i. AIDS vaccine could potentially save billions of lives ii. . C. Objectives of the assignment. i. Identify a health care ethical issue ii. Present facts in an outline format. iii. Describe the pros and cons of the issue including an analysis. iv. Follow APA 6th formatting. II. Literature Review A. Review of the key articles on this topic (5 per team member). i. HIV/AIDS- Ethical/Legal Issues (Arora & Arora, 2009). This article … ii. AIDS Vaccines and Reproductive Immunology (Bourinbaiar, Jirathitikal, Silin, Nian-Qing & Abulafia-Lapid, 2007). This article… iii. Correlates of negative intent to receive an AIDS vaccine: an exploratory study (Crosby, Holtgrave, Bryant, & Frew, 2004). iv. AIDS Care (AIDS CARE), Dhalla S; Nelson KE; Singer J; Poole G. (2009). This article describe how developing an HIV vaccines may contribute to participants better follow-ups and may improve the patient’s knowledge and education regarding HIV/AIDS. v. Development of an AIDS...
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...Research Proposal on HIV Posted at: February 9, 2010 under: Sample Research Proposals by admin @ 7:04 am Problem Twenty years ago, the subject of HIV (human immunodeficiency virus), which has been found to be the cause of AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome), would not have been the topic of a major and serious worldwide catastrophe. Twenty years ago, people were not phased by the effects that would be caused by this ever so populating disease, and no one would have ever realized that this disease would not be curable or helped without expensive medicine. Like a simple exponential growth equation, the AIDS virus has increased victim numbers by about forty million all over the world. AIDS has also shown that it is not discriminating; it has infected all races and all heritages. The AIDS crisis extends far beyond its death toll, because more than seventy percent of the thirty-six million people with HIV/AIDS live in sub-Saharan Africa. Last year alone, the disease killed 1.5 million people in Africa. One third of these victims are between the ages of ten and twenty-four. The disease has been described as a development crisis; it is profoundly disrupting the economic and social bases of families and entire nations at a rate of infection at 16,000 per day. Without immediate action, AIDS will surpass the effect of the Black Plague that killed forty million people in the late fourteenth century. It is estimated that only ten percent of the death that this disease...
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...Case: Anglo American PLC in South Africa (from Lesson 5) 1 Who are the various stakeholders that Anglo American needs to consider as it adopts an effective HIV/AIDs strategy? - Anglo American employees and their families - Government bodies - Non- Profit organizations (NGOs)/ World Health Organization (WHO) - Competitors/ Other large mining concerns or companies operating in South Africa - Pharmaceutical companies - National Union of Mine Workers - Financial Institutions - Shareholders 2 What are the pros and cons of Anglo American’s adoption of an aggressive strategy in combating HIV/AIDS among its South African workforce? What recommendations would you give the company concerning its HIV/AIDS policy? Pros: - Prevented further operating loss and increased productivity. - Bright future as government started national strategic plan to combat HIV/AIDS. - By adopting the strategy, the company achieves trust and commitment from ethical minded shareholders. - It got good response from WHO, Global business council for HIV/AIDS and other NGOs, this makes the company a socially responsible organization in Global business. - It became a trend setter for other major companies operating in South Africa, thus gaining a goodwill among other companies Cons: -This program had spiraling costs for the company as the distribution of the medicines remained high. - It was unable to determine if its efforts are making a difference in underlying problem as one...
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...Epidemiology Paper – HIV/AIDS Epidemiology is defined as “the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations, and the application of this study to control of health problems” (Stanhope & Lancaster, 2008, p. 243). According to Medscape’s (2011) website, sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are prevalent among homeless girls and women (both sheltered and unsheltered) and is attributed to lack of access to condoms, survival sex, prostitution, intravenous drug use, language barriers, and citizenship status. HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) is a virus that attacks the immune system, the body's natural defense system. Not having a good immune system means the body will have trouble getting rid of disease. The infection it creates and the virus is called HIV. One of the most important pieces of the immune system is the White Blood cells. The HIV virus targets and destroy a specific white blood cell called CD4+ cells. The human body can’t defend itself from infection if way too many CD4+ cells are neutralized. AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) is the last phase of HIV infection. People get rare Cancer or infections that healthy people almost never get if they have low amount of CD4+ with AIDS. This could be fatal. Although just because you have HIV, doesn’t mean you also have AIDS. It usually takes 10-12 years for HIV to become aids even without any treatment. If the HIV virus is diagnosed before AIDS develop, then medicines...
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...approximately one million people were currently living with Human immunodeficiency virus, or better known as HIV. This fast growing epidemic infects another unknowing person every nine minutes. With so many people being infected with HIV something must be done. However, what public knowledge can be used to spread information about this disease? Also, what rights are there for people currently living with this disease? The Office of Civil Rights is an agency that focuses on protecting the civil rights of Americans. This organization helps protect against discrimination in areas such as treatment centers, government-ran agencies, and day care centers. “OCR’s enforcement efforts protect the civil rights and health information privacy rights of people living with HIV, resulting in increased access to quality health care and reduced HIV-related discrimination, stigma and disparities” (HHS, 2011). People living with HIV have the same rights to privacy as any other patient. They also have the right to expect that all records and communications are kept confidential. These individuals can be protected because by law professionals must keep their information and treatment private. In order to protect the community from HIV, spreading knowledge and awareness is important. Free or low-cost testing should be provided for all in order to gain awareness of infection. People that do not have HIV need to understand how to protect themselves from becoming infected. Those already living with the disease...
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...HIV/AIDS Affect on the African American Community Nicole Donald Capella University HIV/AIDS Affect on the African American Community HIV/AIDS is prevalent in the African American community. African Americans are among the highest risk group for contracting HIV/AIDS. HIV/AIDS has been an issue in the African-American community for a number of years. This learner will provide a general overview on the ethnic population under study but will have a particular focus on black heterosexual men for the purpose contributing to the much lacking knowledge base on this particular population subset. Problem Statement The topic of HIV/AIDS is relevant to mental health counseling because this disease can have a devastating effect on the psyche of any human being suffering with this illness. Many minority teens and adults have a passive attitude when it comes to HIV/AIDS, and when confronted with the issue, they need to have access to the proper channels for information and support. Over 33 million people worldwide are living with HIV infection, and approximately 56,000 new HIV infections are reported every year in the United States alone (Kamen, et al., 2012). Black heterosexual men (BHM) are seldom mentioned in HIV prevention research, policy, and interventions, despite evidence that heterosexual contact is becoming the leading exposure category for BHM (Bowleg & Raj, 2012). It is important to identify the risk factors and treatments available for African Americans with HIV/AIDS...
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...bloodstream to spread throughout the body. People carrying the lesions associated with the onset of syphilis usually transmit the disease (Ho, E. and Lukehart S., 2011). The chances that an exposed person may contract Syphilis is about 30% (Ho E. and Lukehart S., 2011). However the range may extend between 10% - 80%). Before the discovery of penicillin, the cure for syphilis did not exist. Patients with the disease suffered through the various stages of the disease until they died. One famous syphilis victim was the notorious gangster Al Capone. The discovery of penicillin changed the fatal outcome of the syphilis disease. However, one of the most egregious breaches of medical ethics occurred as part of syphilis research. The Tuskegee experiment represents that breach of medical ethics. The study of black men, from the Tuskegee area, infected with syphilis and studied without treatment provided America with the worst scandal in United States medicine. The study spanned approximately forty years. It happened...
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...Chapter FIVE gLOBALIZATION AND SOCIETY OBJECTIVES • To identify problems in evaluating the activities of MNEs • To evaluate the major economic impacts of MNEs on home and host countries • To establish the foundations for responsible behavior • To discuss some key issues of globalization and society—ethics and bribery, the environment, pharmaceuticals, and labor issues • To examine corporate responses to globalization Chapter Overview Globalization has become a major socioeconomic force and topic of debate in the twenty-first century. While Chapter One examines the forces and criticisms associated with the globalization process, Chapter Five focuses upon the impact of foreign direct investment on home and host countries. Following an explanation of the balance-of-payments effects of FDI, a series of ethical issues concerning the social responsibilities of MNEs is explored. The cultural and legal foundations of ethical behavior are examined, and the challenges of global warming, pharmaceutical sales, and child labor are highlighted. The chapter concludes with a brief discussion of the need for corporate codes of ethics. Chapter Outline OPENING CASE: ENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGES FOR NEWMONT MINING IN INDONESIA [See Map 5.1.] This case illustrates the effects of the changing and conflicting attitudes of the national and local Indonesian governments toward foreign direct investment. Headquartered in Denver, Colorado, Newmont Mining is the...
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...norm for being diagnosed with this disease. In 1983, the isolation of a T lymph tropic retrovirus was found. In January 1983, the CDC reported a new disease which could be sexually transmitted both homosexually and heterosexual, passed from mother to infant, through blood and blood products. A note was made that the disease could also be passed from a negative host, who carried the disease asymptomatically. On February 7th, the world takes notice of the African American blacks and their relationship with the HIV/AIDS epidemic. In 2006, blacks composed approximately 12% of the United States population over the age of 13. Out of that reported number it was estimated that 46% of them are living with HIV/AIDS. 63% of those cases were from between male to male cases, with 83% new cases being from high risk heterosexual black females. The numbers from the CDC report it is an estimated 12.3 per 10,000 blacks that are currently affected yearly. The hardest hit population by the HIV/AIDS virus in the United States has been the African Americans. Unlike some disease that affects certain races based on race or ethnicity, the blacks are targets because of their social and economic status. 25% of all blacks which live in the United States live in poverty. Based on that fact alone sociologists suggest that because of their social status it affects their judgment which it comes to high risk behaviors, which include sexual orientation and unprotected sex. The biggest advantage in today’s world...
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...American and Latino residents. The City of Newark is the largest city in the State of New Jersey. The City consist of over three hundred thousand residents that are living in poverty where the household medium is $12,000 yearly. The Health Department has vital agencies that support the resident’s immediate needs, such as WIC (Women, Infant, and Children) Immunization, Homeless Health Care Project, Sexual Transmitted Diseases, Dental and Medical Clinics, and most important Ryan White/ HOPWA Unit, for HIV/AIDS. The City of Newark at one time had the highest population of AIDS cases in the United States. The federal government had given the City of Newark $25 million dollars annually to combat the prevention and treatment of HIV and AIDS cases. The overall operating budget for the health department is $75 million dollars. The Ryan White AIDS Unit, consist of twenty employees, that administer financial services to community nonprofits and other entities in dealing with the HIV epidemic. It is imperative that funding from the city is allocated appropriately and expeditiously in order to meet the needs of its residents. The department contracts with homeless shelters, medical agencies, and food organizations to provide medical services. Mary Smith became Director of Health Services for the City of Newark Health Department in Newark, NJ in 1998. The Director is an appointed position by the City of Newark’s Mayor. The job itself is very political, to the extinct you do not have to...
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...Administrative Ethics Paper HIV status disclosure is part of huge debates because of its potential for HIV prevention and its link to privacy and confidentiality. In order to play a role in prevention it’s important for a person to disclose and disclosure is a way to open up to the HIV epidemic. A lot of research has been done and there are many current articles available to read. I have chosen three articles about the research done and its affects on HIV/AIDS patients who are reluctant to disclose they have HIV/AIDS. HIV/AIDS Patients Reluctant To Tell Partners Reluctance for HIV patients to tell their partners about positive test results is becoming a more common ethical problem. New York City Department of Health and Mental Services had a great idea in a study I read about in which field testing combined with counseling promoted the patient to tell their partner. According to (Renaud, T. C., Wong, M. R., Bocour, A., Udeagu, C. N., Pickett, L., Alt, E. N., & ... Begier, E. M. (2011) the studies on disclosure that were reviewed showed that, first although that disclosure is difficult, people keep their HIV status completely secret. Levels of disclosure are generally low, but middle levels are documented among certain populations.” Pregnant women were more likely the ones to disclose their HIV/AIDS status. Proposed Solutions Solutions that I would propose would be implemented would be for example field testing using the rapid test. The OraSure HIV-1 test is found...
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...health equality”. HRSA’s 2013 budget is $8.4 billion. The budget targets the critical health care needs of millions of people in underserved areas. Three major areas of the budget investments are: to narrow the gap in the accessibility to health services; to make more health professionals available in medically underserved areas and to be instrumental in the state and local communities quest to reach their targets in their health service needs. In addition, the budget includes $122 million to allow people who live in rural areas receive quality care and access to health care. Additional funds have also been provided by Ryan White HIV/AIDS program to help people who live with HIV/AIDS. This fund focuses on improving care for at-risk population exclusively on HIV/AIDS care. It provides financial resources and health care coverage for people with HIV disease. More than 236,000 Americans receive life saving medication and treatment with the help of this program. HRSA is in charge of procuring and distributing organ to patients waiting for the organ transplants....
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...Budget Cuts in a Shelby County Clinic: A Case Study Rebecca manages a Shelby County clinic in Memphis, Tennessee. The clinic serves the local Medicaid population. The clinic’s budget was cut by 15%. Rebecca must determine what clinical services can be eliminated or introduced to best address the healthcare needs of the patients. In order to make the best decision for the clinic and the patients, Rebecca will use the Informed Decisions Toolbox (IDT) (Arroyo et al, 2007). Following is a case study of Rebecca’s decision making process. The IDT will be defined and Rebecca will follow the steps to make an informed decision. Her decision to focus the clinic’s efforts on early intervention, preventive medicine, STD/HIV prevention, and case management will be explained. Why the Four A’s tool is determined to be the most effective in making the decision will be addressed (Arroyo et al, 2007). Finally, the use of the toolbox and the affect on the clinic’s accountability, knowledge transfer, and becoming a questioning organization will be studied. The Informed Decisions Toolbox (IDT) The Informed Decisions Toolbox (IDT) is a set of tools that can be useful to healthcare managers when making decisions. The toolbox consists of six steps that can lead to a well-informed decision: Step 1: Framing the question Step 2: Finding sources of information Step 3: Assessing the accuracy of the evidence Step 4: Assessing the applicability of the evidence Step 5: Assessing the "actionability"...
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