...Palliative Care and Surgical Disciplines: Palliation and surgery have a historical association. The word ‘palliative’ was first used by a surgeon, a urologic oncologist, who established the world’s first acute care hospital in-patient palliative care service at the Royal Victoria Hospital in Montreal in 1974 [2]. Surgeons, irrespective of their specialty, encounter a wide spectrum of death and dying in their daily practice – this may be a patient with severe trauma, burn or advanced stage cancer or a critically ill patient in a surgical intensive care unit (SICU); death may occur unexpectedly due to internal catastrophes such as bleedings, ruptures or perforations; occur peri-operatively in a patient with multiple morbidity and chronic diseases;...
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...euthanasia and assisted suicide is forbidden in the majority of countries and could be penalized by a fourteen years prison sentence. (“Euthanasia and assisted, intro”). Legalizing euthanasia is extremely controversial moral and legal issue throughout the world, but achieving that goal is extremely necessary. Although legalizing euthanasia could cause negative effects for society, the positive side of this controversy indicates that asking for death is important for those patients who have decided that after a certain point, the pain has exceeded the desire of living. On the one hand opponents of euthanasia have three main arguments against the practice: medical ethics, alternative solutions, and unintended consequences argument. First, according to the International Code of Medical Ethics, the most important medical ethics is that “A doctor must always bear in mind the obligation of preserving human life from conception” (World Medical Association, 1949). If doctors quit...
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...elements of the code of ethics should be considered? Are any in conflict? Maria is an LPN working in the community setting. A professional practice issue found in this scenario is the amount of time Maria received for orientation. She is fresh out of nursing school and is thrown right into work. The workload is quite high and she has not met those under her care or had time to research about her clients. There are three LPNs under her direction with 150 clients in total. That means Maria is caring for most of the clients instead of having the workload split equally between her and the three other LPNs. Maria currently has 65 clients, with 85 clients being split between the other three nurses. According to the College of Licenced Practical Nurses of BC Standard 3, Client-Focused Provision of Service (2014) says, Maria is supposed to “supervise, lead and assign appropriately to other members of the health care team” (p. 8)....
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...Prepared at an Associate’s Level and a Bachelor’s Level Nursing care today can be affected by the degree of education a nurse possesses. Licensures for nurses are diploma, associate’s and bachelor’s. Competencies vary depending on the degree obtained. The demand for nurses in healthcare has blossomed over the last twenty years. Unfortunately the amount of nurses with a higher degree of education only amounts to 50% and those with an associate’s 36.1% and 13.9% for diploma nurses. Research has showed registered nurses with a baccalaureate degree and higher have decreased the mortality rate and resulted in fewer adverse reactions in patient (Creating a More Highly Qualified Nursing Workforce. (2009). Nurse Leaders, higher institutions of learning, and employers are raising the awareness for nurses to continue their education in order to create better patient outcomes. Two Year ASN Degree An associate’s of science degree in nursing is a two year program. The duration of the program concentrates on clinical rotation which prepares the nurse for hands on bed side experience in a clinical setting. Core content focuses on a variety of topics but focuses on clinical rotation to introduce the nurse to bed side practice. An ASN degree offers a cheaper tuition for the student if cost is a factor in deciphering between pursuing an ASN or BSN in nursing. Areas of employment can include can include hospitals, long term care...
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...Introduction Palliative care is given to provide a comfortable environment for the patient who is dying and to improve quality of life by giving care to terminally ill patient. Palliative care is given to patient in relation to their cultural practices and spiritual needs (Davis and Kuebler, 2007) as the perceptions of a person about health and illness is defined by the cultural beliefs and values which are practiced in society (McGrath et al., 2006). Cultural diversity among various cultures is dependent upon belief system of people regarding death and dying (Clark, 2010). The following article has been focused on the role of different cultures and beliefs in palliative care and how nursing care would work in multicultural societies. Content...
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...regarding the placement of a tube feeding. The question is not initiated by the patient themselves. This is the reason why educating our patients are so important. In this paper I will discuss how important the role of the healthcare professional plays in advocating for a patient. To help answer this ethical dilemma several issues will be explored. I will focus on the seven principles of ethics, education, utilitarianism, top-down theory alternate treatment options. Will Tube Feedings Prolong Life? While working with the majority of geriatric population, we frequently come across patients with Dementia and Alzheimer’s disease. The most common problem in these patients is the inability to swallow as well as the patients are failure to thrive. Many healthcare workers and family members become upset when the patient does not have proper nutritional intake. As human beings it is our nature to take care of our loved ones when they are ill, this is our ways of showing love and affection tore’s each other. We often question the situation regarding the need for artificial feeding. Care givers have misconceptions if we provide artificial nutrition it will help prolong their love one’s life. Further need for education is need to help ease in the decision making. There are many complications we come across when thinking about placing a feeding tube in our love ones. Further explanation needs to be addressed to patients and family members prior to their decision. Over...
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...Running head: MEDICAL ETHICS: THE TRUTH BEHIND END OF LIFE MATTER 1 HLST 4010 Professor Geoffrey Reaume Lilyana Nooro 211862935 April 7th, 2015 MEDICAL ETHICS: THE TRUTH BEHIND END OF LIFE MATTER 2 Medical Ethics: The truth behind end of life matter When it comes to death and dying, the medical processes of these notions are highly controversial in ethical means. All forms of end of life are illegal in Canada, whether it is voluntary/non-voluntary euthanasia, assisted suicide, and some cases of refusal of treatment. These procedures affect someone who is terminally ill, undergoing a disease, experiencing severe,...
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...modern societies no longer see it as a crime, but rather as an individual choice regarding how to end one’s life. Although, euthanasia remains banned in many countries worldwide. The act of euthanasia has adverse ethical implications in nursing, as nurses are prohibited from participating in assisted suicide because it violates the code of ethics for nursing practice (ANA, 2001) which states that a nurse’s ethical goal and obligation is to provide humane and compassionate care to patients and respect their rights. This includes the provision of support to patients and families, ensuring that all options are exhausted to alleviate the pain and suffering associated with death. (ANA, 2010a)....
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...pain and sufferings. However, as many other countries are opposed to it, to legalized euthanasia in Canada has potential risks. The three possible dangers are: the possible removal of the Hospice or Palliative Care, it is against the doctors’ oath, and it could expand to other areas. The first argument is the possible removal of the Palliative Care in the health care system. The Canadian Virtual Hospice states that: Palliative care is a type of health care for patients and families facing life-threatening illness and it is also called end-of-life, or comfort care. It helps patients achieve the best possible quality of life right up until the end of life. Palliative care focuses on the concerns of patients and their families; considers the emotional and spiritual concerns of patients and families; ensures that care is respectful and supportive of patient dignity; respects the social and cultural needs of patients and families; uses a team approach that may include volunteers, social workers and spiritual leaders in addition to medical staff. Palliative care does not necessarily end when someone has died. Family members may need support as they grieve the loss of a loved one and try to manage numerous strains and stresses. Bereavement programs are often part of the comprehensive care offered as part of...
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...Dying in a Hospital Setting Elizabeth Allegro Aspen University Abstract Acute hospitals play a significant role in end of life care, it is the place where most people die. Evidence suggests that end of life care in hospitals needs improvement. The purpose of this paper was to investigate patient and family experiences of hospital death, the weaknesses within the hospital setting and possible solutions to improve. A literature search identified common themes, these included: * Hospitals are seen as a place of treatment and cure; death may be viewed as a failure. * Good communication between physician and patient is vital for a patient to make an informed choice regarding their care. * Patients may not receive palliative care if end of life is diagnosed too late. * A lack of resources such as short staffing contributes to suboptimal end of life care. Dying in a Hospital Setting Most Americans die in hospitals; many suffer unnecessarily due to the lack of knowledge about end of life care. Some patients receive aggressive treatments up until the time of death. Patients often suffer in vain attempts to prolong life instead of receiving compassionate, comfort care. Death is part of life, sooner or later everyone will face death. It would be easier if one was prepared for it. Communication is important to prepare for death. There is often an expectation of a cure when a patient is hospitalized;...
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...willfully causing death versus restraint from aggressive medical treatment when such procedures would cause no change in the outcome of the illness. This is sometimes referred to as death with dignity or palliative care, which is the “relief from pain and other distressing symptoms…” and “intends neither to hasten nor postpone death” (World Health Organization, 2011). This is the premise we intend to deconstruct. Euthantos, Greek for “good death”, translated as euthanasia in modern terms (Zerwekh, 2005), is commonly mistaken as the willful cause of death in persons unable to make decisions such as those with mental illness or defect. In actuality, there are different types of euthanasia; passive euthanasia, the hastening death by an act, or lack thereof, and voluntary/active euthanasia, known as physician assisted suicide. The nursing code of ethics forces us to take no part in actively ending a life, but where is the line drawn in accepting a patients wish to refrain from live saving measurements? Patients who wish to die with dignity should be afforded the right to determine their course of treatment and practitioners, at the very least, should respect those plans. Accepting a patient’s autonomy is “an agreement to respect the patient's right to determine a course of action” for their care (Potter, 2006, p. 67). On the same token if we accept their action, we must also accept their inaction. Additionally, the ethical code of non-maleficence represents doing no harm, but being ever...
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...Sedation verses Euthanasia The ethical principle of non-malefiecense is the duty to do no harm. This is promoted by doing three interventions. First intervention is avoiding deliberate harm, risk of harm that occurs during the performance of nursing actions. The second intervention is considering the degree of risk permissible. The third intervention is determining whether the use of technological advances provides benefits that outweigh the risks. The ethical principle of beneficence is the doing or active promotion of good. This is done by providing health benefits to the patients, balancing the benefits and risks of harm, and considering how a patient can be best helped. The ethical principle of Justice is the promotion of equity or fairness in every situation a nurse encounters. The two nursing implications that promote justice are ensuring fair allocation of resources, and determining the order in which clients should be treated. ("Ethical Principles," January 2011, p. screen) There are several nursing ethical arguments on Euthanasia. Those that are against mercy killing have the ethical arguments that euthanasia might not be promoting the patient’s best interest, accepting that it means acknowledging that some people are more important than others, weakening the society’s respect for the holiness of life, and arguing that if voluntary euthanasia were to become legal nationwide, then most probably involuntary euthanasia will be committed at a higher level. The ethical...
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...ETHICS, PUBLIC POLICY, AND MEDICAL ECONOMICS A Systematic Review of Satisfaction with Care at the End of Life Sydney Morss Dy, MD, MSc,Ã wz Lisa R. Shugarman, PhD,§ Karl A. Lorenz, MD, MSHS,§ k Richard A. Mularski, MD, MSHS,# and Joanne Lynn, MD, MA, MS,§ for the RANDFSouthern California Evidence-Based Practice Center (See editorial comments by Dr. Jean S. Kutner, pp 160–162) The objective of this study was to systematically review the literature to better understand the conceptualization of satisfaction with end-of-life care and the effectiveness of palliative care interventions on this outcome. Data sources included Medline and the Database of Reviews of Effects. The review included relevant qualitative studies and intervention studies using satisfaction as an outcome from 1990 to 2005. Reviewing 24,423 citations yielded 21 relevant qualitative studies, four systematic reviews, and eight additional intervention studies. The qualitative literature described the domains of accessibility and coordination; competence, including symptom management; communication and education; emotional support and personalization of care; and support of patients’ decision-making. For collaboration and consultation interventions, eight of 13 studies showed a significant effect on satisfaction. A metaanalysis found that palliative care and hospice teams improved satisfaction, although most studies did not include satisfaction as an outcome. For other types of interventions, only two of six...
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...March 14, 2014 Physician-Assisted Suicide Must Be Legalized Imagine that you just received a phone call from your physician’s nurse and she told you that the doctor wants to see you right away. When you ask her what is the problem; she tells you that it would be best if you came into the office as soon as possible. You tell her that there is no way that you can come in until next week; she asks if you can hold for a minute while she relays the message to your doctor, and the next thing you know your physician is on the phone and tells you that he wants to see you today. You try to rationalize everything that your physician could possibly tell you. Then you tell yourself that it cannot be too bad because you have always taken good care of your body, you eat right, you get plenty of exercise, and you see your doctor once a year. At the doctor’s office, the doctor informs you that there is no easy way of telling you that a large amount of cancer cells have been found in your blood work. As you try to speak, he continues to inform you that the cancer cells have completely taken over your blood and have migrated to your vital organs. As you try to speak again, he interrupts you one more time, however, this time it is to deliver the final blow; you only have six weeks left to live, which you will surely spend in extreme pain and unremitting suffering as your body goes into complete organ failure. Would you not want the option to end your pain and suffering and die with at...
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...End-of-life care in social work is a continuously growing and evolving field; the social work profession has embraced the challenge that comes from interaction with the dying process across multiple systems levels. A report from The Social Work in Hospice and Palliative Care Network stated the important role social work plays in end of life care: “Given the broad scope of practice and unique perspective, social workers bring to the field of palliative and end of life care, and to multidisciplinary teams their unique expertise in ethnic, cultural, and economic diversity; family dynamics; and social support networks. Their expertise in this field includes interventions for dealing with advanced chronic illness, trauma, grief, bereavement,...
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