...This paper will examine the ethical implications on psychological research of the Stanford Prison Experiment conducted at Stanford University in 1971. Ethics will be defined and the concept of risk/benefit ratio will be discussed. The Stanford Prison Experiment will be described. Finally, the impact of the Stanford Prison Experiment on psychological research will be evaluated. Ethics Defined Ethics is concerned with the principles of right conduct. In the philosophical use, ethics is a branch of philosophy that is concerned with the study of morals and how it is that moral decisions are made. Ethics also has a stricter use when dealing with the rules or standards that govern conduct and right behavior (The American Heritage Dictionary, 2000). Risk/Benefit Ratio Ethical approaches to research take into account the risk/benefit ratio. This simply means that the amount of benefit that comes from a study or research clearly outweighs any adverse risks to the subjects involved in the study or research. A study or research is only considered to be ethical if there is favorable risk benefit ratio (Wikipedia, 2008). Background on the Stanford Prison Experiment The Stanford Prison Experiment was created by Professor Philip Zimbardo who led a team of researchers at Stanford University in 1971. The study was designed to observe and study the human responses to captivity by both the inmates and the authority figures. In order to carry out the experiment, a mock prison was created in...
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...Ethics in Psychological Research Deception Deception in Psychological Research Deception in itself is fraudulent behavior. When someone seldom tells and untruth it appears to be harmless to some, however the same act could be devastating to the next person. Deception can effect one or millions. Take the case of Bernard Madoff who took it upon himself to deceive his clients who trust him to manage their financial holding for them be investing and earning them money in return. Madoff’s level of deception affected and damaged many families. What frame or state of emotional or mental state was he in, what was the thing that initially triggered Madoff to initiate his scheming plan? Ethics Code The code of ethics as it relates to psychology pertains to the educational, scientific, and professionals and their activities in the field of psychology which include training, service to the public and communities, intervention, clinical research, counseling. Some other areas include development and conducting assessments, along with program design, organizational consulting, evaluation consulting. Code of Ethics in Psychology applies in these areas as well forensic activities and administrations. Other venues that is different from the private sector as it applies to the conduct or behavior of professionals in the field of psychology which spam in a large area like the postal service, telephone service, the internet and most electrical communication devices. Detecting Deception ...
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... Ethics in Psychological Research Paper Lillie Johnson Psych/540 March 3, 2013 Cindy Fouhy Use of Animals 2. Introduction Through the study of animals in different forms of research, psychologists have introduced to us a understanding that is better of human issues in which solving a problem have been easily found. Issues in human like aging, drug addition, side effects, and anxiety have been built through the use of animals. In psychological research, the rules of ethics is a important idea. The rules supply an outline in which researchers are obligated to supply information concerning the motive of the research, deception in research, the use of animals in studies of research, and human care. My paper will focus on the use of animals as an issue of classical ethics in a psychological research. It will explain the benefit ratio as well as the concept of risk in using animal for experiments and determine what influence does the use of animal in research has...
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...article review is about an article entitled “What can Psychology Tell us About Business Ethics?” by David Messick (2009). This article was published in the Journal of business ethics. The article explores the relationship between business ethics and psychology through examining the concepts of discrimination and conflict of interest and how they influence ethics in business settings. The article affirms that as much as numerous studies have explored these two concepts from a psychological perspective; there is very limited information on how they influence decision making in business settings. The researcher explores various circumstances related to the two concepts while highlighting scholarly positions to position his arguments. The article is concluded by asserting that analysis of business ethics from a psychological perspective can enhance the ability of promoting high ethical standards business decision-making The position taken by the author is well founded as it is generated through amalgamation of relevant scholarly sources in the positioning of the relationship between business ethics and psychology (Fassin et al., 2011; Shakeel et al., 2011). The author also highlights individual circumstances where his individual unconscious thoughts may have influenced his decision-making. This not only enhances the authenticity of the work, but also its effectiveness to address the research issue. For this reason, it is a good read both in writing and content. Based on the...
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... Abstract Ethic Awareness Inventory The Ethics Awareness Inventory is a series of question that can estimate one’s ethical method. It is vital to understand what the outlook is, because some individuals view what is right and wrong from their own standpoint. At the end of the test, it shows what type of ethical person you are. The results are different for each person, but some individuals base their ethical outlook on personality, responsibility, results, or equity. Ethics is very important in the area of research. The APA has set standards on research that should be done because there are some experiments conducted and test that may go against human surroundings making them unethical. If an experiment or test causes aspects of mental disturbance, ethical aspect has not been followed and it should not be carried out(APA, 2001). In the ethical awareness inventory, my ethical perspective is most closely aligned with equity and is least closely aligned with results. Personal Ethics, Principles, and Code of Conduct Personal ethics is what an individual believe what is right and what is wrong. Ethics can have an effect on the use of psychological standards to personal, religious, social, and organizational issues. In psychology, there is an ethical code of conduct, which professionals are required to obey. This code of ethics apply to the professionals activity they are engaging in. According to “Ethical...
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...Zimbardo Research Paper Dr. Zimbardo conducted a research study in 1971 where he took 24 male college students and divided them randomly between guards and prisoners. The guards created a “prison” like set up for their prisoners. The prisoners were arrested by real cops, blindfolded, hand cuffed and taken to the simulation prison where the guards brutalized, dehumanized, tortured them. The study was to see how behaviors change based upon a setting they were put into. Throughout this paper it will come to light on how unethical this study was but also how it changed the ways in which studies are now required to be handled with human participants (Films Media Group, 2012). Value of the Study in Relation to Social Psychology Dr. Zimbardo’s research study was able to show how healthy participants quickly changed their psychological and physical behaviors when they were placed into a prison like environment. The 24 participants were all good people who were put into a very bad situation where they had to choose to stay good or conform with the environment and do what they felt was rational behavior. This study was to last two weeks and after six days Dr. Zimbardo finally shut it down. This is because the prisoners were showing signs of extreme depression and stress anxiety, while the guards were becoming very abusive, hostile and dehumanizing the prisoners. There were only a few people who were able to not let conformity consume who they really were and destroy their...
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...CODE OF ETHICS FOR PHILIPPINE PSYCHOLOGISTS PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION OF THE PHILIPPINES SCIENTIFIC AND PROFESSIONAL ETHICS COMMITTEE (2008-2009) PAP Code of Ethics, page 2 PREFACE The Psychological Association of the Philippines (PAP) adopted a Code of Ethics for Clinical Psychologists in the 1980s, and this Code has remained unchanged since then. In 2007, the Board of Directors of the PAP resolved to constitute a committee to revise the code of ethics, with the goal of updating the code and making it more inclusive and applicable to all psychologists. In 2008, the PAP Board of Directors appointed immediate past president, Dr. Allan B. I. Bernardo as Chair of the Scientific and Professional Ethics Committee, in compliance with the PAP Charter. The PAP Board also appointed Dr. Ma. Lourdes A. Carandang, Dr. Natividad A. Dayan, Dr. Rosalito De Guzman, and Ms. Anna Guerrero as members of this committee. Given a clear mandate from the PAP Board, the committee set out to accomplish its task with the assistance of three graduate assistants: Mary Libertine Amor, Mary Grace M. Serranilla, and Sheri Anne C. Zerna. The committee chair and the assistants undertook the preparatory work which involved studying the old Code, and several documents related to ethical standards for psychologists (e.g., the Universal Declaration of Ethical Principles for Psychologists, the ethics codes of the American Psychological Association, the British Psychological Society, the Canadian Psychological...
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...WHY ETHICAL WRITING AND RESEARCH IS IMPORTANT TO THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE DISCIPLINE Ethics is a term used to refer to a system that consists moral values, code of conduct or the way people differentiate between the right and the wrong. It is a requirement by The American Psychological Association (APA) that all its members must adhere to the prescribed code of ethics that applies to the treatment of both the human beings and the animals. Currently, the researchers must abide to the prescribed ethical norms when conducting their research. Importantly, one must take into consideration whether the research they are conducting might harm the human or the animal subjects while doing the research. The following ethics consideration should be taken into account by the researcher; As a researcher, one should get an informed consent from their prospective subjects before starting any of their research. This informed consent means that, the subjects must have full knowledge about the impending research so as to decide whether to participate in the research or not. They must voluntarily agree to participate without any duress. A researcher should make a plan first before conducting his/her research and also in reporting research findings. The researcher must plan for the research project so as to reduce the chance for getting misleading results. Also, the project itself must be planned so as to fulfill the ethical accept-ability standards. In case of any doubt regarding questionable ethical...
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...University of Phoenix Material Codes of Ethics Comparative Chart Instructions Human services professionals often need to make ethical decisions when providing support to clients. Research the organizations in the chart below. Websites for the organizations can be found in Ch. 1 of Issues and Ethics in the Helping Profession. Complete the following tables to compare several organizations and their guidelines about their responsibilities to their clients, their responsibilities to service providers, their attitudes concerning the duty to warn and the duty to protect, and cultural considerations. Responsibility to Client |Organization |Responsibility to client | |National Organization of Human Services (NOHS) |Expanding professional development opportunities. Enhancing internal and external communications. Nurturing the financial | | |sustainability and growth of the organization. Promoting professional and organizational identity through certification | |American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy (AAMFT) |Advocacy efforts involving the profession of marriage and family therapy. AAMFT participates in numerous coalitions and | | ...
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...Ethics, Informed Consent, and Enforceable Standards William Neelsen Ethics, Informed Consent, and Enforceable Standards The clinician has high ethical standards as well as legal regulations to obtain the proper and legal consent to treat individuals in the field of psychology. Without bias to the methodology (research, experimentation, testing, or therapy), the psychologist is obligated by law, and the APA Code of Ethics to have consent to treat. The consent is in place for many reasons. The foremost is to inform the patient of the treatment plan to be undertaken, how the psychologist/clinician will administer care, and the prognosis of such treatments hopes to achieve (May, 2004). However, consent also places legal backing to the treatment given to the patient, recording necessary information such as possible diagnosis, personal and confidential information given by the patient, and a record of treatment versus effect. Informed consent creates a level and understood beginning to the treatment process, by which the patient and clinician are understood to the process of therapeutic services, or psychological testing and research that is to take place. The APA Code of Ethics is in place for the psychologist to have rigid and enforceable standards of not only how to effectively treat individuals in the therapy setting, but also of how to protect the confidential and highly sensitive nature of psycho-therapy. The psychologist in the clinical setting is observing and offering...
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...were randomly selected to participate in a simulated prison environment and were given roles as prisoners or prison guards. This was done to challenge the moral compass of “good” individuals in a negative environment, which in this case was a prison. Surprisingly, the participants truly embodied their roles. Throughout the experiment, the prison guards enforced their authoritarian power and tormented the prisoners both mentally and physically. Despite being the conductor of the experiment, Zimbardo also played a role as the superintendent of the prison. The Stanford Prison Experiment was significant due to its controversial nature and continued discussion in the classroom. The experiment itself was a form of field research. According to Kendall (2014), field research develops “a fuller understanding… through observations, face-to-face discussions, and participation in events.” Ultimately, a field study is an experiment that takes place outside the laboratory. It incorporates observation and interviews of individuals in a more “natural” setting in order to gather qualitative data. The Stanford Prison experiment consisted of all of these characteristics. Additionally, Zimbardo also incorporated participant observation within his fieldwork. Kendall (2014) defined participant observation as “the process of collecting systematic observations while being part of the activities of the group that the researcher is studying.” During the experiment, Zimbardo embodied the role as the prison’s...
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...Running Head: BEHAVIOURAL BUSINESS ETHICS Understanding Ethical Behavior and Decision Making in Management: A Behavioural Business Ethics Approach David De Cremer Rotterdam School of Management, Erasmus University London Business School Rolf van Dick Goethe University Frankfurt, Germany Ann Tenbrunsel Notre Dame University, Mendoza College of Business, USA Madan Pillutla London Business School J. Keith Murnighan Northwestern University, Kellogg School of Management, USA Abstract Management and businesses in general are constantly facing important ethical challenges. In the current special issue, we identify the widespread emergence of unethical decision making and behavior in management as an important topic for a future research agenda. Specifically, we promote the use of a behavioral business ethics approach to better understand when management, leaders and businesses are inclined to act unethically and why this is the case. A behavioral business ethics approach which relies on important insights from psychology should be a necessary addition and complementary to the traditional normative approaches used in business ethics. Understanding Ethical Behavior and Decision Making in Management: A Behavioural Business Ethics Approach The numerous scandals in business such as those at AIG, Tyco, WorldCom, and Enron have raised many concerns about the emergence of unethical and irresponsible behavior in organizations. The seemingly unending...
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...issue in psychological research Deception is defined as the provision of information that actively misled research subjects about particular aspects of the study being undertaken, ( as in Hertwig & Ortmann, 2008). This is a technique that has widely been applied by psychological researchers to collect information about human social behavior, justification given is that the research participant if given full disclosure may alter their behavior, and researchers end up with unreliable deductions and conclusions. Scientific researchers claim that not acquinting the research participants with full facts about the experiment does not constitute intentional deception, (Hertwig & Ortmann, 2008), since this prevents them from inferring the hypothesis being tested for and reduces bias in the study. The approach of deception infringes on one of the most important aspects of research, which has been the source of controversy for a quite sometime, it is participants informed consent. According to the American Pychological Association code of conduct states that it is imparative that the potential research participant be given information about the particulars of the research such as the kind of procedures that may be used and what is expected of them during the course of the research and whether they will be exposed to danger or not. This information gives the participant to make an informed decision whether to participate or not in the research, (American Psychological Association...
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...This piece of work aims to analyse the research methods concerning its use in the field of psychological research. The work will begin by rationalizing the importance of research and will identify the relevant body regulating psychological research in the UK. It will endeavour to present, an give an overview of the main research methods employed by researchers. The advantages, similarities and limitations of two of the methods will be explained. Finally, the ethical issues and criticisms identified in particular psychological experiments will be discussed. Psychologists use several methods of research, each of which provides information about human behaviour. These methods include: naturalistic observation, survey method, correlational method, the experimental method ( laboratory, field experiments) the correlational method and case studies. In general psychological research methods attempt to: Describe mental and physical behavior; explain the reasons for that behaviour, and predict the circumstances under which it might happen again (Mcleod 2012). None of the methods is able to study all aspects of human behaviour and thought. For example, In naturalistic observation methods participants are carefully observed in their natural setting without interference by the researchers. Researchers observe and record behaviour without trying to influence or control it while participants are not aware of observation. In survey methods a large group of people are questioned about...
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...Ethical Standards and Codes Jamaica R. Webster Survey of Professional Psychology/PSYCH 545 March 21, 2010 Dr. Mary Helen McGreevy, Psy.D Abstract This paper will prepare an explanation of ethical standards and codes. Ethics is a word that can be described or defined with a variety of meanings. This paper will analyze the impact of societal norms on the development of ethical standards and codes. This paper will also evaluate the impact of the American Psychological Association’s (APA) ethical standards and codes on professional practice in the field of psychology. This paper will also explain the importance of professional ethical standards and codes in the field of psychology. Ethical Standards and Codes Ethical standards and codes were set up by the APA. This code of ethics is a policy for all psychologists or other medical health professionals to follow the rules or law. In the field of psychology or other medical professional field, our paper will define ethical standards and codes, analyze the impact of societal norms on the development of ethical standards and codes, evaluate the impact of the APA ethical standards and codes on professional practice in psychology, and explain the importance of professional ethical standards and codes in psychology. Definition of Ethical Standards and Codes Ethical Standard are principles, which when followed, promote values such as trust, good behavior, fairness, and/or kindness. There is not one consistent set of standards...
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