...birth to old age. His specific insights concerning human mental processes would affect the way people reacted to children and foment a deep interest in studies in human psychology. Though other psychologists have improved on Erikson’s initial findings, original findings retain a lot of significance. There is need to research and study Erikson’s work with particular interest in his explanation of the ‘adolescent stage’ Erikson’s Contribution Freud’s views about the nature and construction of the human personality significantly influenced Erik Erikson’s understanding of humanity. There was a considerable difference between the two men: whereas Erikson was an ego psychologist, Freud was an ID psychologist. Erikson stressed on the functions of society and culture and the divergences that can occur within the ego itself while Freud highlighted the conflict between the superego and ID. At all psychosexual phases, Erikson observed that the person grows in three levels concurrently: social, biological, and psychological, which represent the person, his or her connection to society, and individualism. His work was a lifetime representation of human development that consists of 5 phases up to 18 years of age. Three additional phases extended beyond adulthood. The first point concerns Trust Versus Mistrust. It is the period from birth to the end of the first year. Erikson affirmed that in this period, a child would learn to trust the outside world and his or her capacity to...
Words: 3420 - Pages: 14
...because he had big shoes to fill, and that being the work of Sigmund Freud, his teacher. 1. Four main ways Erikson extended Freud’s theory According to Engler, B. (2013) the first way in which Erikson extended Freud’s theory is whereby he had improved our understanding of the ego, showing that how the emergence out of the historical, genetic and cultural context of individuals helps the ego become a good problem solver as well. Secondly, he emphasised on Freud’s stages of development making strong social gestures towards it, however there was no clear statement of Erikson’s comments being made towards Freud’s work. Thirdly he extended our understanding of development by creating additional stages, making it the eight stages of psychosocial development placing prominence on stages from an individual’s infancy to old age. And lastly Erikson had discovered the influence of culture, society and history on the developing of personality and demonstrated this in psycho-historical studies of famous people. These four stages also strongly relates to how the broader and more social definition of the ego came about and how in some way Erikson had made it his own work by elaborating on Freud’s views of the ego. 2.1 An enhanced understanding of the...
Words: 3315 - Pages: 14
...stereotyping and prejudice among groups and race. In modern times, psychologists and scholars have focused their attention to human behaviour, the human mind as well as gender based issues within the political sphere and even within that area, issues of discrimination, stereotyping, prejudice especially gender do not cease to exist. Sexism has, in the modern era, gained much academic and social legitimacy. Scholars and feminists have thoroughly examined the politics of identification as follows: (a) Gender shapes not only who we are but the world(s) we live in (b) Resistance to changing our personal (gender) identities obstructs feminist movement (c) The identity of the modern subject is not gender neutral but masculine (and typically European) (d) Feminist identity is itself problematic given the diversity (non-identity) among women. (e) Identity groups most closely associated with political power have also been historically based on gender inequality. (f) As members of these groups, women have interests in their success, including the group's acquisition of political power competitors. Source: Peterson, V. (1996). The politics of identification in the context of globalization. Women's Studies International Forum. Groups may be...
Words: 3022 - Pages: 13
...culture, lineage, language, and history. Individuals throughout history have demonstrated a very strong affiliation with their heritage. This desire to preserve and learn the knowledge of their origins and of their family’s lineage has sparked an inquisitive spirit. The Hebrew Scriptures are a leading example of where we find the genealogies of the Israelites featuring a central role all throughout the text. The text has gives impeccable detail to these genealogies. The pedigree of each of these families is indeed unique. The history is personal and has been handed down throughout the generations through actual written texts or through an oral tradition. The connection to our ancestors reveals to many of us one thing- cultural identity. The cultural identity informs us of where we came from and how we fit in the changing world of today. This gift of tracing one’s lineage is both instructing and deeply rewarding. As an individual journey through their family’s history, they are enchanted, and cannot help but become more aware of who they are as an individual. Craig Thompson, contributor for Family Search, states that ultimately “knowing one’s heritage can put a new perspective in things…” Ancestral research in the United States, much like a number of pastimes in America, traces its beginnings to Western Europe. Much like the Hebrew Scriptures, the tracing of heritage dates back to the gospel of St. Matthew according to genealogist, William Roskey. From St. Matthew until some centuries...
Words: 1265 - Pages: 6
...CONNECTIONS 16(1,2): 23-36 © 1993 INSNA The Influence of Social Networks on the Acculturation Behavior of Foreign Students1 Tsung-chi Kenny Hsu Department of Radio/TV/Film, The University of Texas at Austin August E. Grant Department of Radio/TV/Film, The University of Texas at Austin Wei-wei Huang Department of Mass Communication, Fu-jen Catholic University, Taipei, Taiwan Cross-cultural communication scholars have looked at effects of interpersonal communication and both ethnic and host mass media uses on the acculturation behavior of immigrants for a long time. The present study employs an important network analysis concept, the social influence of alters on ego, in the field of cross-cultural communication. Using measures of alters' acculturation, English- and ethnic-language media uses, and years of residence in the U.S., a model is proposed and tested upon a sample of international students from a college campus. The results indicate that the alters' acculturation plays a central role in the pattern of relationships. INTRODUCTION To answer questions such as "what happens when individuals move from one culture to another" and "why are some immigrants more successful than others in adapting a new environment," social scientists have long employed the concept of acculturation to explain the process through which immigrants adapt themselves to the norms and values of the host culture (Gordon, 1964; Padilla, 1980; Gudykunst & Kim, 1984; Kim, 1977, 1988). The immigrant...
Words: 4747 - Pages: 19
...Case Study of Human Development Development throughout life differs from individual to individual. Each person has their own agenda for cultural identity, growth, health, socioeconomic status, education, gender, ethnicity, sexual orientation, and all inspire each person’s life story. Adulthood is frequently observed as when an individual is considered officially and developmentally prepared to hold responsibilities such as driving, voting, getting married, and entering the military. The course of becoming mature does not finish with adolescence but remains throughout adulthood as psychological, security and self-actualization requirements are met (Ehow, 1999-2011). Adulthood is separated into three categories, which are young adulthood, middle age and old age. In Erik Erikson's stages of human development, a young adult is an individual between the ages of 19 and 39. The early adulthood period in human development leads the middle adulthood phase. An individual in the middle adulthood stage is between 40 and 60 years old. An individual in their 60’s is considered late adulthood. During early adulthood the young adult phase includes the personal necessity for sex and intimacy. Isolation happens when an individual fails to achieve intimacy. The young adult finds out that love and compassion may help them to obtain what they desire. And when we don't find it easy to create satisfying relationships, our world can begin to shrink as, in defense, we can feel...
Words: 1388 - Pages: 6
...middle school counselor, was approached with an issue that involves two of her students. It appears that Billy has been making racial comments to Tommy, an African American boy. Ms. Carlson is aware of different schools participating in antiracist and multicultural education, however their school does not incorporate this type of teaching. The school is located in a conservative town and Ms. Carlson feels that this type of education will not be welcomed in the school district. She has asked me to speak with Billy and Tommy to see what factors play into a child who has become racist along with what type of behaviors or characteristics are shown in a child that has been a victim of racism. Note: all names have been changed to protect the identity of those involved within this essay. I spoke with Billy while at the school and learned basic information about his family, I also phoned his parents to ask permission to meet the family one evening. Billy has an...
Words: 3137 - Pages: 13
...integrate developmental theory, moral development, and gender and cultural influences. Erikson Erikson’s developmental theory will be used to analyze my life stage by stage. I will compare Erikson’s theory of development to Lawrence Kohlberg’s model of moral development and analyze how these theories have affected my development from birth to adulthood. Last I will evaluate hoe factors can be explained within the context of gender differences and environmental, cultural, and ethnic influences. We all have different personality traits many are inborn temperament traits and others were learned based on our environment and the support we receive in growing up. Erikson became a leading figure in the psychosocial study of human growth and development, formulating nine stages, with a “conflict” or “crisis” to be resolved at each stage for healthy development to occur (Crandell, Crandell, Zanden, p. 39, 2009). Each stage builds on the preceding stages and the crisis in each stage should be resolved by the ego in that stage. As employed by Erikson (1968a, p. 286), a crisis is not “a threat of catastrophe but a turning point, a crucial period of increased vulnerability and heightened potential.” More importantly he said, “remember that conflict and tension are sources of growth, strength, and commitment” (Erikson & Erikson, 1997) (Crandell, Crandell, Zanden, p. 39, 2009). Erikson first stage of psychosocial development is trust vs. mistrust the developmental period is from birth...
Words: 3010 - Pages: 13
...CHAPTER 1 some of your own emotional roadblocks on the path of cultural competence? What are your reactions to the quote by Vernon Jordan, Jr.? What were some of Mark Kiselica’s obstacles to developing cultural competence? What is your reaction to the following statement: “Without awareness and knowledge of race, culture, and ethnicity, counselors and other helping professionals could unwittingly engage in cultural oppression? What led me to become a counselor? What were my first experiences of people of color (or of Whites)? What did I learn from my family about cultural diversity and differences? What are my stereotypes and biases about individuals from other groups? Identify Mark Kiselica’s emotional roadblocks to developing cultural competence. How come Mark Kiselica over-identified with people of color? What influenced Derald Sue to go into multicultural psychology? Compare and contrast the journey's of Mark Kiselica and Derald Sue CHAPTER 2 What challenges do you think counselors face in gaining cultural competence? Would you be willing to explore your own racism, sexism, heterosexism, able-body-ism as it relates to cultural competence? If so, why? If not, why not? What is worldview? How does your worldview influence how you relate to other people, institutions, nature, time, etc.? As a counselor, how would you implement the Multidimensional Model of ultural Competence into your work with clients? What are some culturally appropriate intervention...
Words: 1389 - Pages: 6
...Psychobiography of “The King of Pop”- Michael Jackson Psychology 4306 Dr. Susan Henney University of Houston-Downtown Cortney Guentert Psychobiography of “The King of Pop”- Michael Jackson The King of Pop as many people may remember him by, but the name that everyone around the world knows is Michael Jackson. Born August 29, 1958, Michael was the seventh of nine siblings all of which were raised in a strict Jehovah’s Witness environment (AceShowbiz). Due to the strict belief that forbids any leisure activities that were forced upon by his parents, Joseph and Katherine Jackson, Michael shunned upon the religion and started sneaking out of the house to practice singing and playing music. His father was a very abusive man towards the children, his mother even took part in it as she never did anything to stop it, they kept their nine children locked inside a small two-bedroom household; hence the need for an escape. Upon the knowledge of Michael’s and his siblings’ singing and music talent, Joseph and Katherine eventually became their managers; Joe whom forced them into the industry (AceShowbiz). In the early 1960’s, Michael, alongside four of his brothers and sisters formed the “Jackson 5”. The Jackson 5 was the key to unlock all future success and led them to the signing with record label, Motown Records in 1968; it was especially a door opener for Michael as he was the lead singer. The Jackson 5 put out 14 albums and then Michael finally brought out his first solo...
Words: 1954 - Pages: 8
...Sociology 100 – Key theorists Bauman, Zygmunt (1925– ) A Polish-born sociologist who was expelled by the Communist government of Poland and dismissed from Warsaw University. He left Poland in 1968, working in Israel (and briefly in Australia) and then in Britain, at Leeds University. Bauman is a prolific and highly influential writer whose work extends beyond academic sociology. His study of contemporary ‘liquid’ society and postmodernity, and the ethical and moral consequences of living in such a society, have made him one of the most influential social theorists of modern times. Liquid society – postmodernity, ethics and moral consequences. Bourdieu, Pierre (1930–2002) A French sociologist and anthropologist whose work attempted to deal with how people contribute to their own domination. Developing the concepts of ‘habitus’, ‘cultural capital’, and ‘field’, Bourdieu examined processes of subordination and resistance in a number of areas of social life, including education, art, literature, language, television, and the globalised economy. Bourdieu’s most famous book is Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste (1984). Globalised economy, subordination and resistance in social life. ‘Culture capital’ Burke, Edmund (1729–97) An English politician and writer, often seen as the father of modern conservatism for his hostile reaction to the chaos and violence of the French Revolution. For many, his defence of tradition and individual liberty is...
Words: 2010 - Pages: 9
...Psychodynamic Counseling Lec 2: * Psychodynamic therapy (insight-oriented therapy) focuses unconscious processes in behavior * Goal is client’s self awareness and understanding influence of the past on the present * 4 schools of psychoanalytic theory * Freudian (Sigmund Freud) * Sexual and aggressive energies in the ID (unconscious) are controlled by Ego (bridge between ID and Reality) * Ego Psychology * Enhancing ego functions according to demands of reality * Object relations (Winnicott) * Human beings are shaped in relation to significant others * Struggle is to maintain relations with others while differentiating ourselves from them * Self Psychology (Heinz Kohut) * Self refers to perception of experiences * Brief therapy focuses on issue and therapist is active in keeping the discussion controlled Lec 3: Object Relations Theory: * Object: a person * Relations: interpersonal relationships (including past) * Object Relations: inner images of self and other * Holding Environment “Psychic space between mother and infant (between psychological and physical)” * Theory : “failure of mother to provide a holding environment results in false disorder” * Transitional Object “object chosen by the infant or a living object” * Object cannot be imposed by another person * Functions of transitional objects: * Prevention of catastrophic anxiety due to separation ...
Words: 2018 - Pages: 9
...illness whilst recovering (Cardwell, 1996). He diagnosed her illness as hysteria and developed a form of therapy to treat her symptoms (Webster, 2015). (Cardwell, 2004) Freud compared the mind to an iceberg with the water above being the conscious and the water beneath the unconscious part of the mind. The id - the primary part of personality follows pleasure and gratification, and dominates the unconscious part of the mind. Ego - driven by reality principles and penalties of an action dominates the conscious mind. Superego contains conscience and guilt, and also dwells mostly in the conscious mind. The superego develops as we become aware of societal rules. (Cardwell, 1996) According to Freud we have two drives which are sex and aggression. Our sex motivates us to live, prosper and reproduce, whilst aggression represents power and a survival instinct. The id advocates behaviours that will result in a sexual satisfaction whilst the superego requests conformity to the moral customs of society, leaving the ego caught between two conflicting demands. The ego finds it hard to maintain balance between these demands and is...
Words: 3310 - Pages: 14
...COMPARING AND CONTRASTING FIRST AND SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION http://www.literature.freeservers.com/image_polat/ccfsla.html | The Critical Period Hypothesis | Neurological Considerations Psychomotor Considerations Cognitive Considerations Affective Considerations Linguistic ConsiderationsIn the Classroom: The Audiolingual Method | The increased pace of research on first language acquisition in the 60s and 70s attracted the attention not only of linguists of all kinds but also of educators in various language-related fields. Today the applications of research findings in first language acquisition are widespread. In language arts education, for example, it is not uncommon to find teacher trainess studying first language acquisition, particularly acquisition after age 5, in order to improve their understanding of the task of teaching language speaker to native speakers. In foreign language education most standard text and curricula now include some introductory material in first language acquisition. The reason for this are clear: We have all observed children acquiring their first language easily and well, yet the learning of second language, particularly in an education setting, often meets with great difficulty and sometimes failure. We should therefore able to learn something from a systematic study of that first language learning experience. The purpose of this chapter is to set forth explicity some of the paramters for comparing and contrasting the two types...
Words: 3474 - Pages: 14
...A Analyzing a Major Issue: Bullying Starts at Home Week 8 Assignment 2 Submission Alexandria DeAngelo June 15, 2014 People argue that bullying starts in the home, but what if it’s bigger than that? Some cultures are known for their hierarchy of the family model. The man is at the head of the family; he and his sons are of the most importance, and the mother and children are secondary. This type of hierarchy often leads to bullying that begins in the home, and leaks out into the community, sometimes even an entire culture. What evidence the literature available to date demonstrates ethnic groups, or culturally identified customs that promote bullying behaviors in men? When someone thinks of bullying, a typical image that comes to mind is a school hallway, a bigger kid throwing a smaller kid into a locker, and some belittling phrases. However, bullying can occur in many different forms, and on different levels of severity. In some cultures, men are taught growing up that they are dominant over females. “Many have debated the definition of culture. Overall, most agree with the definition that culture is an acquired and transmitted pattern of shared meaning, feeling, and behavior that constitutes a distinctive human group” (Ayman & Korabik, 2010). As these young boys grow up, become husbands and fathers, these men begin to treat their wives poorly, often bullying them verbally, mentally, or even physically. This bullying can lead to violence. When young children...
Words: 1683 - Pages: 7
