...PAPER 1 (PROTESTANT REFORMATION) DOUGLAS HOLLOWAY STUDENT ID# 23766838 CHHI 302_DO5_201340 FALL 2013 DR. KEITH GOAD LIBERTY UNIVERSITY NOVEMBER 05, 2013 As a result of increased corruption in the Catholic Church, a significant number of priests in the 16th century tried to transform Christianity back to its previous Biblical basis and simplicity. Initially, priests channeled much of their efforts in reforming the church, but they discovered that it was very challenging, and the only viable solution was to split completely from the Catholic Church. There were four movements as a result of the reformation events. They include the Anglicans, Lutherans, Reformed Tradition (Calvin), and the Anabaptists. Key figures in the Protestants or protesters included John Knox, John Calvin, Zwingli, and Martin Luther. More doctrinal distinctions became obvious, and the previously integrated Christianity split into numerous warring groups. Between the 16th and 17th centuries, thousands of individuals were murdered as a result of Christian religion. In the current world, Protestants and Catholics in the spirit of ecumenism regard themselves as “brothers in Christ”. Martin Luther was in charge of Lutheranism and Anglicanism, Ulrich Zwingli for Reformed Churches, and Anabaptist and John Calvin broke with the beliefs of the Lutherans. The prominent figures in the reformed movement are discussed in details in this paper. Martin Luther (1843-1546) Martin Luther, a German reformer...
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...Kondrisack 1 Samantha Kondrisack Professor Joseph Parot History 364 October 12, 1996 Protestants and Catholics in America: Historical Tensions and Efforts Toward Religious Unity When America was being discovered, many of the people brought their beliefs over from Europe and other countries. People tried to educate the natives and have them convert. People needed to have their belief flourish so it that there would be a chance for their religion to survive. Among several different groups of people and their religions trying to gain the largest following, many ideas and people collided. This collision began many years of protests, fighting and wars. There was much tension toward many religious groups but there was a strong opposition between Protestants and Catholics. Protestants and Catholics view many beliefs in the same light but there are beliefs that separated these two groups. There were beliefs that separated Protestants from each other, but most of them began their beliefs protesting against Catholicism. Protestants were not developed in America. For Protestants,"Europe was the original scene of operations. The opening event was a movement that today goes by the name of Protestant Reformation."(Nuesner, 1994, p37) Catholic groups have their own reformations but for Protestants this was the beginning of their journey. The Reformation began because there were many leaders who did felt, Catholics were operating in immoral ways. Actually, Protestantism...
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...Edward acquired power congruous with his new position. He quickly established his own authority and began acting on his own judgment. Edward no longer doubted his authority and supremacy. He took a leading role in the Protestant Reformation, and his the central figure in the Joan Boucher incident and the attack on the mass. The "Stranger's Church” was established solely on his authority, despite heavy opposition from powerful bishops. Against the advice of his council, Edward appointed John Hooper to the bishopric of Gloucester. When a long struggle over Hooper's appointment ensued, Edward engineered the compromise which ended the year-long vestment controversy and brought about the eventual omission of vestment requirements. Without bothering to obtain the consent of parliament, he altered the long-accepted oath of supremacy. Edward was deeply concerned about reforms in the Church. Hooper's visitation substantiated his concern and indicated the need for immediate reform. In his Discourse £B ~ Reformation of Abuses, Edward discussed the reforms that he wanted instigated. He noted...
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...The Council of Trent occurred during the times of 1945-1563, it is known as one of the most influential councils of the 19th century. The council made many decisions for the church during its years in session, it was an effort to inaugurate the doctrines and traditions of the church, as well as to correct the corruption within it. It was in response to issues raised by the Protestant Reformation's, but it was also part of a period of catholic renewal which had begun many years before. The Council hoped to achieve in the three periods to interpret doctrine, correct morals, re-establish peace among Christians and to revoke infidels. The Council was called upon by Pope Paul III. The Council can be branched into 3 periods. It was met after much...
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...The English Reformation has a history of its own; a series of numerous events that brought about a reshaping of the Church, a paradigm shift in peoples understanding of ministry, as well as some other critical theological beliefs. And so it is also widely considered as the turning point for Christianity in England because it brought along reformed ideas, thoughts and ways of doing things, not only in the church, but also in England. A new dawn had come. The English Reformation is also remembered for the political ambitions and struggles which juxtaposed side by side with the theological and spiritual issues of the time. There were hot debate, burnings at the stake, organized coups, charges of treason and heresy and divorces which polluted the air. The history of the English Reformation certainly does not make for bedtime stories, nevertheless it is what it is and Christianity in England consequently took a dramatic turn of events. When we think of the Anglican Communion we think of the Book of Common Prayer and when turn the pages we can do nothing else but think of the scholar, priest and revolutionist who created it, Thomas Cranmer. Out of the smoke of the reformation arose the Archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Cranmer (1489-1556). Cranmer, amongst many is one of the iconic figures who helped influence Christian church history, and is often referred to as the ‘Architect of Church of England.’ In particular, Cranmer’s most noted contribution came to the surface during the...
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...Christianity- The Largest Religion PREFACE “Universal Online Solutions”, presents a series of short articles on different religions. A Jew might contain more information on the Judaism. Same could be predicted about the followers of other religions. Then why to compose an article on any religion? That is for the two major reasons: First, all people do not have sufficient information on their own faith. It needs a lot of research to know about a religion. Some people manage to spend the required time and do the needed research. Majority cannot or do not concentrate on the religion. They have the faith because their predecessors had the same. A Christian child follows Christianity without any persuasion. This series will give the major information to its followers which they never struggled to obtain. The article will provide them all the necessary information about their faith in a concise nutshell. Efforts have been made, after extensive research work, to establish the basics of a faith, its worships, prayers, rituals, its history and all interrelated information in one thousand words or so. We have spent weeks in research to introduce this faith to our readers in its fullest context, enabling them to know all about their faith in a few minutes. Second, the individuals who are interested to know about other religions; but refrain to go through scriptures and revelations. This concise article will be of great interest to them. The article is neither a critical...
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...Enlightenment ~ Identify and discuss those reforms instituted by the Catholic Church at the Council of Trent that were put in place in response to the Protestant challenge. What changes did the Church refuse to make? Why? The Council of Trent was called as a response to the 'heresy' of Martin Luther, John Calvin and other Protestant reformers. It would also address the current problems within the Catholic church: corruption, despicable behavior, unreasonable financial demands, poor spiritual behavior, and the lack of concern for their parishioners. The council was to try and sway protestant reformers back to pure catholicism and the Holy Roman Catholic Church (HRCC). The pope of that time, Pope Paul III did not want change to his lifestyle, but wanted the protestant reformers dealt with. He did not attend the council meetings himself, but had representation there to voice his opinions and maintain his influence. He wanted to make sure the council would not become his superior, nor question his supreme authority. The Council would meet several times over a period of eighteen years, with three main sessions. Participants would change over the course of these meeting as well. Protestants were allowed to attend the second main session, but their demands were not addressed. The hope that the council would reunite Catholics and Protestants(reformers) was destroyed, the divide would only become deeper and everlasting. A major objection and high on the agenda to address was the practice...
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...Surname Instructor Course Date History of the Christian Church Introduction ------------------------------------------------- Top of FormThe Protestant Reformation referred to a religious movement in the 16th century that resulted in the division of Christianity into Catholics and Protestants. Europe was split into the Northern part which was occupied by the Protestants and the Southern part remained occupied by the Roman Catholics (Schaff 105). Christian humanism, on the other hand, refers to an intellectual movement that originated from the Renaissance, and it had the aim of eliminating corruption of the church and also in reviving the classical learning (Schaff 108).Comparison between the two movements These two movements were both aimed at eliminating corruption of the Roman Church, but they used different approaches. Christian Humanism aimed to reform the church by blending in some of the best classical learning to the Christian religion so as to formulate an ethical lifestyle. Protestant Reformation, on the other hand, had deeper demands that were based on doctrinal and theological grounds (Schaff 125). Christian Humanism did not agree with the Roman Catholic Church’s educational approach and hence they wanted to incorporate Renaissance humanism’s educational system which could provide them with solutions to the current problems they were facing at that time. For instance, Jacques Lefevre worked tirelessly so as to formulate an accurate text of the...
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...A Brief Talk on Protestant Reformation It was on the night before All Saints’ Day on which one of the largest crowds of the year would gather to see the relics which was rebuilt with the money came from the sale of indulgence in Wittenberg, Germany, Martin Luther posted on the door of the castle church his Ninety-five Theses, the Protestant Reformation began. That time was to some extent influenced by the Renaissance. On the one hand, the humanist called for a return to the study of classics and accurate texts, people applied recovery techniques to the study of the authorities and texts of the Church, prospering the printing industry by the large demand and flourishing the intellectual movement known as Christian humanism. A growing sense of individual accomplishment let people emphasize on good works, the obsession with original sin and salvation among the people imposed by the church made indulgence so popular. These factors spread the religion more widely and consolidated the status of Catholic Church. On the other hand, through the study of classical texts, people intended to believe the equality of everyone before God and questioned the use of indulgences which the church didn’t want to see. With the help of printing press, the new idea of church dispersed quickly. Besides, the princes wanted to centralized more power and money for the development of the social economy. The Church itself was always involved in the corruption scandal such as simony, nepotism, pluralism...
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...had Northumberland established a Protestant church in England by 1553? After the downfall of Somerset in 1549 John Dudley, Duke of Northumberland, assumed the role of protector. By this point however the Church in England was already experiencing a state of unofficial Protestantism where there was no official church doctrine, freedom of religious speech, the removal of church images was in place and the First Prayer Book was introduced in 1548. In the first years of Northumberland's control he shaped Protestantism further in terms of ceremonial change. Up to 1552 parliament removed laws against clerical marriage, ordered destruction of remaining images and replaced ornate stone altars with wooden ones. All these moves, made under Northumberland's control, show the outside appearance of the Church becoming simpler and consequently more Protestant. The process of reformation continued in 1552. The New Treason Act meant that non-one could question the reform of Northumberland and shortly after this the Second Book of Common Prayer removed nearly all traces of Catholicism, reconstructing the Eucharist ceremony to a 'spiritual presence' and the Second Act of uniformity enforced this in every parish. The 42 Articles and the fabrication of a short catechism followed in line with realigning the church with the articles being based on the Protestant justification of salvation through faith alone and the catechism enforcing the work of Protestant Pastor John Calvin. Despite all this...
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... 1. Different views of Church History. 2. Apostolic Succession. 3. Veneration of the Saint/ Virgin Mary. B. Mass/ Sacraments/ Eucharist/ Purgatory. III. Protestant Reformation. A. Council of Trent. 1. Vatican Counsel II. 2. Biblical Canonization/ Apocrypha B. Evangelical Attitude toward Contemporary Roman Catholicism? 1. Areas of Agreement. 2. Area of Disagreement. 3 Different views of Church of Authority. 4. Different view on Salvation on justification. IV. Conclusion: Evangelicals persist that some of the Contemporary Roman Catholic teachings can be misleading, in spite of this salvation to the believer can still be achieved. Introduction Since the Vatican Council II commenced in 1963, the Roman Catholic Church had a paradigm shift in regard to its interaction with Protestant believers. The Catholic Church reformed their approach from a strict theological tradition to a refashioned tolerance to modern culture. The Roman Catholic Church has also reached out to Protestants and formed organizations such as...
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...Christianity and still today is the Bible. From its very beginnings in Jerusalem, Christianity has been profoundly influenced by various events. Christianity suffered many early persecutions but by 381 CE, it had been confirmed as the central religion of the Roman Empire. However, the collapse of the Roman Empire and its eventual division into the Eastern and Western Empires brought more conflict, and by the 11th century the Christian Church has become the Church of the West- the Roman Church- and the Church of the East- the Orthodox Church, known as The Great Schism. The sixteenth century brought more division with the Reformation in Europe and in England, with dividing into Protestant Churches and the Catholic Church, due to inadequacies in the Medieval Church such as the selling of indulgences and clerical concubinage. In addition, from the Protestant Churches, the many variants, which sub-divided from that helped created the concept of Pentecostalism- Variations of all Churches. The Christian Bible is a...
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...Joint-stock company- a new form of business organization spread into the commercial world with many investors. when the demand rose so did the profit. this made clear that one only owes another the money they had. this drifted away from traditional strict regulations of the economy for social reciprocity Protestant Reformation- started because of Luther’s revolt, it changed christianity forever and made lutheranism the state religion in Scandinavian countries, and calvinism competed with catholicism and reformed church of england in france and the netherlands, leaving states with nations of germany and switzerland for catholics, lutherans and calvinists Catholic or Counter-Reformation- a response to the protestant reformation. MAry I tried...
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...Emily McAlhany HST 6100 Dr. Vice September 27, 2013 Martin Luther’s Theological Stance Martin Luther was a monk but he constantly felt like God was mad at him, he tried everything but he still could not shake that feeling. He disagreed with what the Catholic Church taught in regards to getting into heaven. He, like Erasmus, did not like the selling indulgences to get into heaven. However, unlike Erasmus, Luther openly states ideas against the Pope. As a monk, Luther had to remember passages and recite them, and he admits that one word in a passage confuses him. This passage is in the book of Romans, and the word in righteousness. He said he meditated day and night to try and understand the context of the passage. He re-read the text as it was written and figured out the meaning. …I gave heed to the context of the words, namely, “In it the righteousness of God is revealed as it is written, He who through faith is righteous shall live.” There I began to understand that the righteousness of God is that by which the righteous lives by a gift of God, namely by faith. And this is the meaning: The righteousness or God is revealed by the gospel, namely, the passive righteousness with which merciful God justifies us by faith, as it is written, “He who through faith is righteous shall live.” Later in that same paragraph Luther talks about the things God does in us, like God gives us strength and wisdom. I think Luther is starting to tell us that it is through God’s Grace...
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...Martin Luther continued to argue against the Catholic Church’s teaching and practice of the time, he wasn’t happy with the fact that Pope Leo didn’t want to spend his own money on the refurbishment of his church so he made ‘get out of jail free cards’ which lead to people giving over their life savings to think they would clear their sins yet they were only giving their money away which made the church richer. Luther read through the Bible which no one at the time could because it was in a different language and he found that at no spot in the Bible it says that the Church. He wrote 95 complaints and nailed them to the building which was considered the start of reformation, the Pope then got angry about him exposing his crime and got threated to be excommunicated. Luther was than arrested but his supporters wouldn’t allow him to go jail so he went in to hiding, and worked at translating the Bible so that people would stop falling for the Churches crimes and after people read the Bible people were questioning the authority of the church. Martin Luther continued to revise his Bible translation for the rest of his life, publishing the last edition in 1545, just a year before his...
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