...The idea of having 2 well educated children was made out to be the more favorable option, over having multiple children. Millions of people submitted themselves for voluntary sterilization to prevent themselves from having more than 2 children or any children at all during this period of population control. The policy was taken very seriously by the country, as approximately 928,000 South Koreans were sterilized in the one year period between 1983 to...
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...European powers were involved in Africa since the mid-1500's but had restricted their area of influence to only the coastal regions of Western Africa, where powers such as Great Britain established hubs for their highly profitable slave trade (David). Over a period of nearly three hundred years, European ships had transported more than 11 million people from Africa to different areas of the world, including America after the slave trade was abolished in Europe, and sold them into slavery (David). In a period of less than 30 years from 1870 – 1900, European powers, consisting of countries like France, Britain, and Portugal, had increased their control of Africa nations from a mere 10% to 90% of the entire continent (David). There were several reasons for Europe's aptly dubbed “Scramble for Africa,” ranging from thinly veiled intentions of “liberating” Africa from Arab slave traders to not so thinly-veiled hopes of economic and political gains. During this time in history, Europeans strongly felt that they were the superior race and that the darker-skinned residents of Africa were their evolutionary inferiors (David). This deeply rooted idea of racial superiority undoubtedly played a role in the European powers' decision to insert themselves into the African continent in an attempt to “civilize” the native people, who surely perceived as savages by the Europeans. At The Berlin Conference of 1884-1885, thirteen European powers signed a declaration vowing to aid in the abolishment...
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...Race: The Cultural and Political Power of an Illusion in Latin America Race has been the most arguable and controversial subject in Latin American history. Since 16th century it has created a great deal of prejudice among Latin American people, it has been referred, as biological characteristics later modified to a social statue such are education, wealth and language. It has been under a heavy influence of cultural and political power where people were classified from their biological characteristics to their wealth. Through the time race has become the main tool for state creation and regulation. Race has become a status, which has structured and organized the nation but the term “race” has never itself been stable. In today’s Latin America modern theory of “race” has meaning of a political power, status and regulation, it’s a states way of monitoring and controlling of the heterogeneous nation. Race gradually has become a political cultural and economic power for Latin American state. In this paper I will argue about the idea that race in Latin America gradually has became just an illusion, a tool by which people were controlled structured and manipulated. Various articles will be presented to support and illustrate the transformation of the word “race “ and its cultural and political influence on Latin America. I will talk about the colonial to republic period idea of “race “ In Latin America and how the meaning of the word was manipulated. I will discuss the colonial...
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...(Hannaford, 1996, p.188). However, almost all studies agree that a distinctive development of racial thinking began to take place in the Nineteenth Century (Hirschfield, 1998, p.35). The Nineteenth Century saw the search for the historical and biological origins of race (Hannaford, 1996, p.235). It went beyond the simply classification of race and towards a more significant delineation of race into one that embodies characteristics, personalities and even mental abilities. Several key developments were relevant to this progression. These will be examined as follows: first the importance of the development of biological categories and the influence of power will be examined. Secondly, the development of scientific dialogue of Darwinism and Eugenics will be discussed. Thirdly, an examination will be made of the influence of nationalism and imperialism. Finally, the notion to which the discourse became self-serving will be considered in that as the connection...
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...belief base for racism came to a realization in the Americas during the modern period. No clear and explicit evidence of racism has been found in other cultures or in Europe before the modern period. The identification of the Jews with the devil and witchcraft in the general public of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries was perhaps the first sign of a racist view of the world. Real support for such attitudes came in sixteenth century Spain when Jews who had converted to Christianity and their descendants became the victims of a regular pattern of discrimination and segregation. The period of the Renaissance and Reformation was also the time when Europeans were coming into increasing contact with people of darker skin-color in Africa, Asia, and the Americas and were making conclusions about them. The reasoning for enslaving Africans was that they were unconverted and unbelievers of God, associated between darkness and evil but slave traders and slave owners sometimes took a passage from the book of Genesis as their justification. Ham, derives from the Hebrew Ch’m, associated with being black and burnt. The story was subsequently used to underpin theories of the origin of Africans and to justify their enslavement. (Rattansi p.17) When the state of Virginia decreed in 1667 that converted slaves could be kept in bondage, not because they were actual unbelievers but because they had unbelieving ancestors, the rationalization for black enslavement was as a result changed...
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...THREATS TO FUTURE STABILITY SECURITY AND PROSPERITY OF THE WORLD: THE MODERN EQUIVALENTS OF THE FOUR HORSEMEN OF THE APOCALYPSE INTRODUCTION 1. The end of the Cold War changed the world order and brought about several challenges for the international system. This occurrence, which was received with mixed feelings around the world, became the precursor of many challenges that we currently face as global citizens. The fall of communism and rapid spread of democracy around the world led to the fall of several autocratic regimes. This was followed by violent conflicts especially in sub-Saharan Africa and parts of Eastern Europe as people demanded more rights and freedom from oppression. Additionally, the advent of globalization which was brought about by rapid technological developments especially in the field of Information Technology (IT) led to interconnectedness among nations and economic interdependence. In my opinion, globalization and economic interdependence have been beneficial to most people in the world. However, the contemporary world is faced with several challenges which constitute threats to future global stability, security and prosperity. 2. This essay will portray my personal views of those threats that I perceive to be the most potent and thus represent the modern equivalents of the four horsemen of the apocalypse. In my view, the main drivers of change in today’s world are poverty, religious extremism, technological advancement and climate change. POVERTY ...
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...the daily life of those living in the old south and even those living in the Northern Stares. Focusing primarily on the Old Southern States it is easy to see that slavery heavily affected the social, economic, religious, and political aspects of old southern life. To begin, the economic effect that slavery had on the southern states were numerous. Slavery allowed for enormous profits to be made by the America. The free labor used to pick cotton and other crops made it very profitable for the plantation owners and the owners of factories in the northern states. Another economic effect was the development of the south. Because slavery made it so profitable to continue an agricultural society, the south found very little use for industry and following the example set by the North. The social effects of slavery were also varied. One of the most important was the structure of society. The South was primarily agricultural because it was so profitable. It was therefore not necessary to develop an industrial base for society. Another social effect was the racism created by slavery. This contempt created between the races was a result of the institution of slavery. The effects of this racism were perpetuated throughout society for a very long time and are seen in our not too distant past. Religion was also affected by slavery. The result of slavery on religion was the creation of new beliefs and traditions. The slaves in the south were exposed to religion in their daily lives...
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...Throughout history, human races have become statistically more insignificant as time has elapsed. Through migration, genetic drift, random mutation, interbreeding, clustering, and natural selection, genetic variation has greatly increased, leaving behind the ‘set in stone’ categories of race that were once crucial in science. It is detrimental to not only individuals but also groups of people to base our medical research and genetic testing solely on race alone. Ancestry has proven to be a much greater marker for determining if individuals carry genes that code for certain genetic diseases. Where and who we descend from determines what genes we may carry, not simply which ‘race’ or social construction we belong to. The realization that the term ‘race’ is no longer genetically relevant or able to describe the immensity of differences between each and every individual comes from new discoveries in “human genome sequence variation research and molecular anthropological research” (Rosenberg, 2002). Many now understand that ‘race’ is not the correct term, but there is still debate over what framework to use that adequately reflects the new criteria of these recent findings (Royal & Dunston, 2004). This new research in genetic variation has made it near impossible to still believe that race is a genetically relevant way to classify human beings. Our background regarding the variation of our genetic makeup is essentially a melting pot. As ancestors carry on genes and incoming...
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...led to important insights into human evolution. He was raised on a dairy farm near Laidley, attended Toowong and Blenheim state and Ipswich Grammar schools. He graduated from the University of Queensland with first-class honours in biology, and studied medicine at University of Sydney. He acted vice-principal of St. Andrew’s College in 1917. He was a medical officer at Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, and as a captain in the Australian Army Medical Corps, served in England and France. In England, Dart took a post at University College, London, as senior demonstrator in anatomy. Then, he spent a year on Rockefeller Foundation fellowship in USA. He married to Dora Tyree, an instructor in anatomy, in 1921. In January 1923, he moved to South Africa, as a professor of anatomy at The University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg. In November 1924 Dart was given a fossil skull that had been found recently at Taungs. He extracted the fossil from the hard matrix and found that the skull was a child’s. It was a mixture of apish and human features. Its teeth were human-like while its brain was the size of an ape’s. Raymond Dart had found the missing link in the man-ape line of evolution. He died on 22nd November 1988 at the age of 95 in Reno, Nevada. I am interested in Raymond Dart’s work because it is fascinating to see what a unique species we are, and how we have evolved into what we are today. I also think it is important to understand the differences between us humans and animals...
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...be interpreted in different ways according to the culture of the people. In this topic discussion slavery and the atrocities associated with it will be examined and explored. . One of the largest and prime examples would be the African Trans-Atlantic slave trade. Although not the only slave trade engineered by Europeans, Jews and Spaniards it was by far the most horrendous of slavery. The Trans-Atlantic slave trade involved the kidnapping, torturing, and murder of an astounding number of Nubian African slaves. It has been reported that over 100 million slaves were transported from the African continent and brought to north and South America to help till the land and build. What most individuals fail to realize is that not all Nubian African Americans are descendants of slaves. History that has not been tainted or buried says that black Moors were living right here in North America before...
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...Sterilization of pregnant HIV women in Orosia This is a case of forced sterilization that takes place in the fictional state of Orosia, and the victim is the women called A.A. Forced sterilization can be defined as government policies which attempt to force people to undergo surgical sterilization, usually as part of eugenics programs intended to prevent the reproduction and multiplication of members of the population. It was recognized as a war crime at Nuremberg Process, developed between 1945 and 1946 on the initiative of the victorious Allied Nations at the end of World War II, in which were determined and sanctioned the responsibilities of directors, officers and employees of Adolf Hitler. It has been also recognized as a crime against humanity by the Rome Statute in the Explanatory Memorandum. This practice, also known as compulsory sterilization, has been usual during 20th century in several countries like Germany, USA, Japan, Russia, China, South Africa, India… But it is also happening in the 21th century, specifically in Uzbekistan. The Republic of Orosia became a member of the Council of Europe and ratified the European Convention on Human Rights in 1995. To be a valid procedure, it had to be carried out according to art.59 of ECHR. Firstly we have to notice that in this case there is a complaint from an individual against a state. This is possible because it is referred to in art.34 ECHR: “The Court may receive applications from any person, non-governmental...
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...Volume 10 Number 6 June 4, 2007 Black Intellectual Genocide: An Essay Review of IQ and the Wealth of Nations Girma Berhanu Göteborg University Sweden Lynn, Richard & Vanhanen, Tatu. (2002). IQ and the Wealth of Nations. Westport, CT: Praeger. Citation: Berhanu, Girma. (2007). Black intellectual genocide: An essay review of IQ and the Wealth of Nations. Education Review, 10(6). Retrieved [date] from http://edrev.asu.edu/essays/v10n6index.html. Abstract I review the book IQ and the Wealth of Nations, written by Richard Lynn and Tatu Vanhanen. I critique the authors’ major assertion that a significant part of the gap between rich and poor countries is due to differences in national intelligence. The authors claim that they have evidence that differences in national IQ account for substantial variation in per capita income and growth of a nation. This essay review debunks their assumptions that intellectual and income differences between nations stem from genetic differences. This critique provides an extended review of the research literature that argues against these assumptions and presents a different picture from that presented by Lynn and Vanhanen about the concept of intelligence, what IQ measures and does not measure. The essay exposes the racist, sexist, and antihuman nature of the research tradition in which the authors anchored their studies and the deep methodological flaws and theoretical assumptions that appear in their book. The low standards of scholarship...
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...Shift in England, which began in the late 15th century and was completed in roughly 1550. With some differences in vocabulary, texts from the early 17th century, such as the works of William Shakespeare and the King James Bible, are considered to be in Modern English, or more specifically, are referred to as using Early Modern English or Elizabethan English. English was adopted in regions around the world, such as North America, the Indian subcontinent, Africa, Australia and New Zealand through colonization by the British Empire. Modern English has a large number of dialects spoken in diverse countries throughout the world. This includes American English, Australian English, British English, Canadian English, Caribbean English, Hiberno-English, Indo-Pakistani English, Nigerian English, Philippine English, Singaporean English, and South African English. compounds formed from Greek & Latin elements: The same method may be employed in forming words elements derived from Greek and Latin. Eugenics is formed with 2 Greek roots, eu-meaning well, and yes-meaning to born. The world therefore means well born and is applied to the efforts to bring about well born offspring by the selection of healthy parents. prefixes and suffixes: The addition in the start of word is called prefixes. Sub=substandard, extra=extraordinary. The addition in the end of word is called suffixes. Help=helpless, kind=kindness, love=loveable. coinages: A considerable number...
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...Abortion 1 Running Head: ABORTION Abortion Abortion 2 Abstract Abortion has placed a varying degree of cultural and religious views thus creating tensions between women’s rights, and political views that have resulted in a social problem that is not allowing our society to progress and create a solution. Abortion 3 Pregnant women used different ways to practice abortion during the ancient times. They used herbs, sharpened instruments and also applied pressure to abdominal areas. It’s stated that the Egyptian people were the first to perform the very first abortion that was actually seen by individuals. The abortion didn’t involve a doctor or surgical instruments; it involved climbing, hot water on abdomen, weightlifting, climbing, and paddling. All these activities are things that most doctors tell pregnant women not to do. But the Egyptians used it as a form of abortion. The Romans started laws concerning the acceptance of abortion, but it didn’t start until the 13th century. Their reasons for abortion was to help with the sizes of families, protect how women looked, and also hide the fact if they were pregnant and not married. Doctors and scientist did many researches on abortion and said the only way a women could have an abortion was if the baby was still a fetus. This research was done during the 18th and 19th century. It was known as “quickening” the pregnancy. After the baby came out of the fetus stage, it would be impossible to perform an abortion...
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...Running head: Transcultural Nursing Assessment Transcultural Nursing Assessment Deborah Hill St. Francis University Abstract Giger and Davidhizar’s Transcultural Assessment Model is a valuable and functional assessment tool that evaluates the different cultural variables and how those variables effect health, illness and behaviors (Giger, 2013). This philosophy considers the uniqueness of each individual, understanding that the individual is unique, a product of their culture, religion, environment socioeconomic status and diversity. Giger and Dividhizar propose that, as health care providers, we need an acute awareness of the ethnicity and culture of each individual, having the knowledge and understanding to care for them as their culture, religion, values and belief system necessitates (Giger & Davidhizar, 2002). This model of nursing assessment focuses on six factors, or phenomena, that address important areas of cultural influence which impact our ability to provide diverse clients with the most effective and efficient care. The six phenomena are communication; space; social organization; time; environmental control; and biological variations. This assignment involves the use of the Transcultural Nursing Assessment model in the care of Ms. B, an 82 year old, African American female. Introduction America has been called the melting pot of the world. The term indicates that America is a county made up of immigrant cultures, religions and various ethnic...
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