...of light trapping and photosynthesis. Since the atmosphere now contained oxygen, aerobic respiration became dominant. Cells were now using oxygen to survive. The origin of life on earth began about 3.5 billion years ago. Fossils were found of the first bacteria as evidence. Prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus or membrane bound organelles. The early prokaryotic cells had a replicating membrane, nucleotides, and amino acids. Early cells used carbon dioxide and ATP to form complex cells. Prokaryotic cells have a nucleoid region which contains DNA. The DNA is loose and there are strands in the prokaryotic cell. Eukaryotic cells contain a nucleus and membrane bound organelles. Eukaryotic cells have been using oxygen since 1.7 billion years ago. Eukaryotic cells are larger and are more complex than prokaryotic cells. These cells have more structures inside of the cell. Eukaryotic cells are...
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...Biology Semester 1 Research Project Cellular Process Meagan Baggett 4th Period The endosymbiotic theory explains how eukaryotic cells may have evolved from prokaryotic cells. Symbiosis is a close relationship between two different organisms. The discovery of the endosymbiotic theory took hundreds of years to be considered as real and was eventually it was finalized. The endosymbiotic theory is believed to be first introduced and described by Andreas Schimper in 1883. Schimper was a German botanist and phytogeographer. He was born on May 12, 1856 and he passed away on September 9, 1901, at the age of forty-five. After studying at the University of Strassburg from 1874 to 1878, in the process acquiring his Ph.D, He left Germany...
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... | | |SCI/230 Version 7 | | |Introduction to Life Science | Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2008, 2007, 2006, 2005 by University of Phoenix. All rights reserved. Course Description This course applies a broad, conceptual understanding of biology. Students are introduced to scientific ideologies and concepts that not only shape our biological world, but also shape us as humans. Students examine the scientific method, evolution and biodiversity, the biology of cells, energy systems, the dynamics of inheritance, and the effect humans have on the environment. The text emphasizes methods and the theoretical foundations of ideas, while minimizing isolated facts. It stresses the integration of ideas, making connections that form our understanding of the living world. Policies Faculty and students/learners will be held responsible for understanding and adhering to all policies contained within the following two documents: • University policies: You must be logged into the student website to view this document. • Instructor policies: This document is posted in the Course Materials forum. University policies are subject to change. Be sure to read the policies at the beginning of each class....
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...that are advantageous for genetic studies. They all have a short life cycle, usually 7–12 days, and are easily grown in culture. Most species are self-fertile and each strain is isogenic. All kinds of mutants are easily induced and readily obtainable with particular ascospore color mutants. These visual mutants aid in tetrad analysis, especially in analysis of intragenic recombination Eukaryotic cell cycle The division cycle of most cells consists of four coordinated processes: cell growth, DNA replication, distribution of the duplicated chromosomes to daughter cells, and cell division. In bacteria, cell growth and DNA replication take place throughout most of the cell cycle, and duplicated chromosomes are distributed to daughter cells in association with the plasma membrane. In eukaryotes, however, the cell cycle is more complex and consists of four discrete phases. Although cell growth is usually a continuous process, DNA is synthesized during only one phase of the cell cycle, and the replicated chromosomes are then distributed to daughter nuclei by a complex series of events preceding cell division....
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...spent countless hours finding out what exactly causes cancer and how it can be stopped. In this paper I will explain what cancer is, how it occurs, and how it spreads in relation to DNA replication, the cell cycle, and the plasma membrane. The cell cycle is an important order of events in which a eukaryotic cell replicates its chromosomes into two daughter cells and then undergoes division of the cytoplasm (G:5). In cell division there are different checkpoints a cell has to go through and pass in order to continue the process of cell division. The checkpoints are G1, S, and G2. Cancer forms when one of the checkpoints have failed. In DNA replication the use of existing DNA is used as a template for the creation of new DNA strands. Errors in DNA replication are a cause in cancer. Errors can occur when the nucleotides do not pair correctly with one another. According to Dr. Pray in the research she conducted she found out that “In humans, if enough somatic mutations (i.e., mutations in body cells rather than sperm or egg cells) accumulate over the course of a person's lifetime, the end result could be cancer.” Roberts 2 Another factor in causing cancer could be the plasma membranes fluidity. The plasma membrane is a membrane that surrounds the cell, separating it from the external environment and selectively regulating the passage of molecules and ions onto and out of the cell (G:23). Once cancer has been formed inside a person their is the possibility of it being malignant...
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...| Syllabus College of Natural Science BIO/100 Version 2 Introduction to Life Science with Lab | Copyright © 2009, 2007 by University of Phoenix. All rights reserved. Course Description This course applies a broad, conceptual understanding of biology. Students are introduced to scientific ideologies and concepts that not only shape the biological world, but also shape humans. Students examine the scientific method, evolution and biodiversity, the biology of cells, physiology, the dynamics of inheritance, and the effect humans have on the environment. The text emphasizes methods and the theoretical foundations of ideas, while minimizing isolated facts. It stresses the integration of ideas, making connections that form an understanding of the living world. The weekly online labs add a practical component to the class. The labs build upon the concepts in the text and offer a chance to interact with the material and further their understanding. Policies Faculty and students/learners will be held responsible for understanding and adhering to all policies contained within the following two documents: University policies: You must be logged into the student website to view this document. Instructor policies: This document is posted in the Course Materials forum. University policies are subject to change. Be sure to read the policies at the beginning of each class. Policies may be slightly different depending on the modality in which you attend class. If you have...
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...Gene Recognition A project report submitted to M S Ramaiah Institute of Technology An Autonomous Institute, Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belgaum in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Computer Science & Engineering Submitted by Mudra Hegde 1MS07CS052 Nakul G V 1MS07CS053 Under the guidance of Veena G S Assistant Professor Computer Science and Engineering M S Ramaiah Institute of Technology [pic] DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING M.S.RAMAIAH INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY (Autonomous Institute, Affiliated to VTU) BANGALORE-560054 www.msrit.edu May 2011 Gene Recognition A project report submitted to M. S. Ramaiah Institute of Technology An Autonomous Institute, Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belgaum in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Computer Science & Engineering Submitted by Mudra Hegde 1MS07CS052 Nakul G V 1MS07CS053 Under the guidance of Veena G S Assistant Professor Computer Science and Engineering M S Ramaiah Institute of Technology [pic] DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING M. S. RAMAIAH INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY (Autonomous Institute, Affiliated to VTU) BANGALORE-560054 www.msrit.edu May 2011 Department of Computer Science...
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...* DNA technology – Methods for studying and manipulating genetic material, has rapidly revolutionized the field of forensics, the scientific analysis of evidence for legal investigators * Has practical applications beyond its use in forensic science * Include the use of gene cloning in the production of medical and industrial products, the development of genetically modified organisms for agriculture, and even the investigation of genealogical questions * DNA evidence was used to solve a double murder in England * Showed that two murders could have been committed by the same person * Showed the innocence of someone who confessed to one of the murders * Showed the absence of a match in 5,000 men tested when the murderer persuaded another man to donate blood in his name * Showed a match with the murder and DNA found with both victims * Biotechnology: The manipulation of organisms or their components to make useful products * Grew out of discoveries made about 60 years ago by American geneticists Joshua Lederberg and Edward Tatum * Performed a series of experiments with E.coli that demonstrated that two individual bacteria can combine genes * Genetic engineering involves manipulating genes for practical purposes * Gene cloning leads to the production of multiple identical copies of a gene-carrying piece of DNA * Recombinant DNA is formed by joining DNA sequences from two different sources ...
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...Microbiology Mid Term Review What contribution did these dudes make to science and what type of experiments were involved in the discoveries they made? Louis Pasteur- Heat pasteurization- 1st vaccine for rabies. Found alcohol only produced in wine if yeast was present. “Swan necked” flasks experiment for spontaneous generation. Robert Koch- Studied anthrax, Koch’s postulates (germ theory) studied and awarded for TB research. Anton van Leewenhoek- Made the 1st lens to observe living microorganisms. The lens magnified up to 300x and were free of distortion. Edward Jenner- Studied small pox. Came up with the first vaccine for smallpox. Alexander Fleming- Discovered lysozyme (an enzyme) was found in tears, saliva, and sweat could kill bacteria. What issues and types of instruments are involved in visualizing bacteria and viruses with a compound light microscope? Reflection- transmission-absorption with florescence-refraction. Condenser-is a lens that serves to concentrate light from the illumination source that is in turn focused through the object and magnified by the objective lens. iris diaphragm-regulates the amount of light on the specimen. objective lenses- magnifies ranges from 10x to 40x, ocular lenses. stage- supports the slide for viewing. focusing knobs-moves the stage up and down for focusing. total magnification- take the power of the objective (4X, 10X, 40x) and multiply by the power of the eyepiece, usually 10X. What are the differences...
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...What is Life? Tara Megan Dean BIO/101 October 29th, 2012 Dr. Jeba Inbarasu Font should be Times New Roman University of Phoenix Material What Is Life? Read each statement. Write a 100-word summary explaining how that media piece supports that statement and include reference citations. 1. Find a media piece—article, video, presentation, song, or other—related to the scientific method, creating hypotheses, or designing experiments. Include the link or reference citation for the piece and describe how it helped you better understand how the scientific method is used to create hypotheses and experiments. * * “The Scientific Method Video,” is a unique way to present the scientific method by using rap to emphasize the important points. This includes that the scientific method begins with a question based on an observation, and then a hypothesis and prediction are made, experiments are conducted (which need to be reliable, include a variable and a control), and lastly findings are reported. It has been a long time since I have gone over the basics of the scientific method. This video helped me review what I find so fundamental and second nature. Also, I think it is helpful to note that as the textbook states, “These steps guide scientific investigation, but working scientist typically do not follow them rigidly.” This video is an interesting tool to review the scientific method and how it is viewed by the student rappers. (Brooks & Friebel, 2008) “The...
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...fix nor cure plants from anything. Testing this out could affect something from the plant cell that's different from the animal cell. This paper will be diving deeper into each individual aspect and provide more information. First, Aspirin Is A drug that is supposed to to reduce pain and fever from infections. Aspirin is also an acid called acetylsalicylic, this as well helps with the irritation of cuts or illnesses. Aspirin interferes with blood clots, preventing anything bad to happen to them. Aspirin is a powder with the chemical formula C9H8O4. Aspirin...
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...microscopy, we are now capable of examining, determining and observing them. This experiment, which utilized the hay infusion as the residing area of microorganisms, investigated the living organism in a drop of water, their manifestation of the different attributes in life. During the run of the experiment, paramecium and specie 1 were observed and were tested to determine the impact of different stimulus to microorganisms in three setups. At the end of the experiment, the variety of setups has been shown to affect the number and kinds of species seen, such as placing hay infusion in dark and the other one, exposed to sunlight, adding brine and sugar solution on the setups. The third section of this paper will deal with relative number of species observed and seen. This paper tackles how microorganism thrive and exemplify mechanisms for survival in the different setups for comparison Moreover, this proves that even in a small drop of water, still, life can exist and microorganisms prosper. I. INTRODUCTION Life on Earth was said to have begun 3.5 billions of years ago. Until now it is still dominating, counting and adding years to life’s age. For an organism to be considered living or possesses life, they must portray different attributes of life. This include mainly by movement, irritability, contractility, perpetuation of life, adaptation, nutrition and growth and development. Living organisms come across our vision because of their relative size. We easily see...
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...with higher accuracy exploiting n-mer statistics with different classification algorithms namely Alternating Decision (AD) Tree, Best First (BF) Tree, Random Tree and Adaptive (Ada) Boost. On BaCello dataset [1], NcPred improves about 20% accuracy with Random Tree and about 10% sensitivity with Ada Boost for Animal proteins compared to existing techniques. It also increases the accuracy of Fungal protein prediction by 20% and recall by 4% with AD Tree. In case of Human protein, the accuracy is improved by about 25% and sensitivity about 10% with BF Tree. Performance analysis of NcPred clearly demonstrates its suitability over the contemporary in-silico nuclear protein classification research. 1 Introduction Nucleus, popularly known as the control center of a cell, is the central unit of eukaryotic cells [2]. Unlike other organelles, its function is regulated by two genomes due to the presence of an explicit nuclear genome. It performs a plethora of biochemical reactions like oxidative phosphorylation, Krebs cycle, DNA replication, transcription, translation, etc. In addition nuclei are also involved in apoptosis and ionic homeostasis [3]. Because of their multidimensional utility, nuclear proteins are associated with several diseases, including Xeroderma pigmentosum, Fanconis anaemia, Bloom syndrome, Ataxia telangiectasia and Retinoblastoma [4] etc. Md. S. Islam · A. Kabir Institute of Information Technology, University of Dhaka, Bangladesh. e-mail: saifulit@univdhaka.edu, alaol...
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...environmental and forest biotechnology, covering all aspects of the discipline biology. Articles published in the journal are papers reporting results of original research, reviews on specific topics not available elsewhere in up-to-date form and short communication in which advances in knowledge of significance are briefly announced. Submission of paper is taken to imply that it has not been submitted to other journals and that, if accepted, will not be published elsewhere. All papers submitted for publication in BIOTROPIA are evaluated by reviewers/experts in the field and subjected to editorial revision. Authors may suggest names of potential reviewers. BIOTROPIA uses anonymous reviewing, in which the identities of authors and reviewers are kept confidential. MANUSCRIPT SUBMISSION Manuscript in the Microsoft Word file should be sent through our Open Journal Systems (OJS) address: http://journal.biotrop.org/index.php/biotropia or through our email publication@biotrop.org. While for authors who do not have internet access, they could submit their manuscripts by airmail including the digital file (CD) to the Editor-in-Chief, BIOTROPIA, SEAMEO BIOTROP, Jl. Raya Tajur Km 6, Bogor 16134, Indonesia. BIOTROPIA publishes the following article types: • Research article A full article is expected to present an original and important major advance in bioscience having wide research scheme and deep discussion of the findings. Structure of the article consists of Introduction, Materials and...
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...|3.1 Diversity of |Objectives | |Organisms | | |3.1.4 Fungi |State the structure & life cycle of Rhizopus. | | |Explain nutrition in fungi. | | |Outline the structure & reproduction of Yeast. | | |Name 2 Beneficial & 2 Harmful fungi. | | |Mention that there are Edible and Poisonous fungi. | | |Identify and state functions for the following structures: rhizoid, sporangium, gametangium, zygospore. | |3.1.2 + 3.1.5 Handling |1.Discuss and outline the Laboratory Procedures for Micro-organisms | |Micro-organisms |2.State precautions used when working with microorganisms. ...
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